INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEMS
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY
CIS 235 - INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION SYSTEMS
WEEK 2
A. DEFINITION OF HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM:
Health Information System (HIS) is a unity of order that contains data, information,
indicators, procedures, devices, technology and human resources that are interrelated and
integrally managed to direct actions or decisions that are useful in supporting Health
Development.
In the health information system, this information contains health data that has been
managed or packaged so that it takes the form of value and meaning that is used to increase
understanding in the process of developing health status. There are several forms of health
information in health services such as; health service process information, medical products,
vaccines and health technology, medical personnel and health payment system information.
B. LEGAL BASIS OF HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM:
The legal basis for the implementation of the Health Information System in Indonesia
includes:
•
Article 28 of the 1945 Constitution; Everyone has the right to communicate and obtain
information to develop themselves and their families social environment, and has the
right to seek, obtain, own, store, process and convey information using all available
channels.
•
Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 36 of 2009 concerning Health.
•
Government Regulation No. 46/2014 on Health Information System.
•
Minister of Health Regulation No. 1144/ Menkes/ Per/ VII/2010 on the Organization
and Work Procedures of the Ministry of Health mandates the data and information
center (PUSDATIN) as the task force of the ministry of health in the field of health data
and information.
•
Decree of the Indonesian Minister of Health No. 511 of 2003 on the National Health
Information System Development Strategy Policy (SIKNAS).
•
Decree of the Indonesian Ministry of Health No. 932/Menkes/SK/VIII/2002 on the
Implementation Guidelines for the Development of District/Municipal Health
Information Reporting Systems.
•
Decree of the Minister of Health No. 004/Menkes/SK/I/2003 on Decentralization
Policy and Strategy in the Health Sector.
•
Minister of Health Decree No. 43 of 2019 on Community Health Centers.
•
Decree of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 837 of 2007 on the
Development of the National Health Information System Online Computer Network
(SIKNAS).
C. HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM OBJECTIVES:
In accordance with the development and increasing need for information in the world
of health. The development of the Health Information System (HIS) has the following
objectives:
•
Prepare quality, reliable, accurate, timely and useful information as a pillar of
information.
•
Reduce the risk of data duplication
•
Improve information and data security
•
Set up a simple interaction process facility.
•
Organize access for easy reference for all stakeholders.
•
Manage data integration.
The purpose of Health Information System Regulation is to:
a.
Ensure the availability, quality and availability of knowledge-based health information
b.
Participation of social and professional organizations in the implementation of health
information systems.
c.
Realizing the implementation of SIK that covers the National Health System that
provides results and benefits especially through consolidation efforts in terms of
cooperation, organization, unification, and alignment in contributing to the
implementation of sustainable development in the health sector based on Government
Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 46 of 2014 concerning Health
Information Systems.
D. HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND SUB-SYSTEMS:
As in other systems, health information systems consist of interconnected components
that can be grouped into two parts, namely the Information Process which contains data
collection, data reception, data processing, data analysis and information presentation.
Furthermore, Information System Management; ICT resources include hardware, software
and brainware and organizational rules.
E. SCOPE OF HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEMS:
The scope of the Health Information System is as follows:
a.
Geographic information system
b.
Information system for health offices, hospitals, clinics and health centers
c.
Disease surveillance information system
d.
Food alert information system
e.
Health information system in times of disaster
f.
Health worker education e-learning
g.
Nutrition reporting system, personnel information system
h.
Health department website design
i.
Spatial distribution of malaria cases
F. HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM RESOURCES:
The government and local authorities will help provide health information resources
to facilitate the implementation of health information systems in accordance with their
responsibilities. Health information resources include:
•
Device:
Every health facility organizer, including those who organize Health Service
Facilities, must provide Health Information System infrastructure including institutions,
devices, technology, and human resources. The management of the Health Information
System at the national, provincial, district/city, and Health Service Facilities uses Health
Information System devices consisting of hardware and software.
Electronic software and hardware must have the capability:
1)
Receive, transmit, process, and publish electronic documents according to standards set
by the Government.
2)
Retain data for a period set by the Minister of Health.
3)
Automatically backup data that is stored separately to anticipate damage or unwanted
incidents to the Health Electronic System.
4)
Easy to repair quickly in the event of a breakdown, damage, or untoward incident during
its operation.
5)
Easily adapt or connect to the Health Electronic System developed by the national Health
Information System organizer.
Ministers and leaders of third-level Health Care Facilities build a national Health
Information System network for electronic communication of national-scale Health Data and
Information. Meanwhile, Governors and leaders of second-level Health Service Facilities
build regional Health Information System networks for electronic communication of Health
Data and Information on a provincial scale. Meanwhile, Regents/Mayors and leaders of first-
level and second-level Health Service Facilities build a Regional Health Information System
network for electronic communication of Health Data and Information on a district/city scale.
The Health Information System network that is built must be multilevel and integrated. The
national Health Information System network is managed by the Minister. The regional Health
Information System network is managed by the governor or regent/mayor and integrated with
the national Health Information System network. If there is limited space and infrastructure
for electronic devices and software, health services located in remote, border, and/or border
areas will be integrated with the national Health Information System network islands can
manage health information systems using non-electronic devices.
•
Human resources:
The national, provincial, district/city, and Health Service Facility Health Information
System management units must have human resources who manage the Health Information
System. These human resources must have at least competence in statistics, computers, and
epidemiology. The minimum human resources consist of: leaders and persons in charge, data
collectors and inputters, data processors, implementers of Health Information dissemination
and reporting, technical maintainers of Health Electronic Systems.
Increasing the competence of human resources who manage the Health Information
System is required and is carried out through education and/or training. Each Health
Information System management unit must carry out the utilization, guidance, and
supervision of Health Information System human resources in their respective environments
through equal distribution, utilization, and development: Career system, in the form of a
separate functional position in the field of Health Information Systems. Furthermore,
competency improvement, in the form of education provided by accredited educational
institutions and training provided by training institutions appointed by the Minister. In the
case of Health Care Facilities in remote, border, and/or island areas that have limited human
resources, the management of the Health Information System can be carried out by doctors,
dentists, nurses, and/or midwives until the availability of Health Information System human
resources.
G. CONSTRAINTS ON HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEMS:
Currently, the Health Information System (HIS) is still hampered and unable to
provide accurate data and information, so HIS is still not an effective health development
management tool. This is due to several conditions including; Collection of irrelevant
information, Poor data quality, Duplication of data, Lack of feedback and Suboptimal use of
information.
Some of the problems with the health information system in Indonesia include:
a.
The amount of data that had to be recorded and reported in the operational units was
overwhelming, putting a heavy burden on the staff.
b.
Data processing takes a long time, so the results of data processing take a long time,
causing the results to be untimely when presented and fed back.
c.
Too much data is collected compared to the needs, so a lot of data ends up not being
utilized.
H. TYPES OF HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEMS:
The types of Health Information Systems are; Medical records, recording and
reporting systems, SIMPUS, SIRS, SIM, Surveillance, Local Area Monitoring (PWS), Early
Vigilance Systems and Geographic Information Systems.
I. WORKING MECHANISM OF HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM
The SIK framework depends on where the SIK is implemented. The framework of an ICS in
a puskesmas is certainly different from that of an ICS in a hospital, as well as a health
department. The SIK at the puskesmas has the responsibility to carry out activities:
a.
Record and collect data on both indoor and outdoor activities.
b.
Processing data
c.
Make periodic reports to the district/city health office.
d.
Maintain data bank.
e.
Pursuing use of data and information for patient management and puskesmas unit
management.
f.
Provide data and information services to the community and other interested parties in its
working area.
ICT in hospitals has the responsibility to carry out activities:
a.
Monitor key hospital activity indicators (admissions, length of stay, bed utilization,
mortality, waiting times, etc.).
b.
Monitor the hospital's financial condition (cost recovery).
c.
Monitor the implementation of the referral system.
d.
Processing data.
e.
Send periodic reports to the Health Office/local government.
f.
Maintain data bank.
g.
Pursuing use of data and information for patient management and hospital unit
management.
h.
Provide data and information services to the community and other interested parties in its
working area.
District/Municipal SIKs have the responsibility to implement activities:
a.
Process data from health service units and other sources.
b.
Conduct surveys/research if necessary.
c.
Develop a district/city health profile to monitor and evaluate district/city achievements.
d.
Send periodic reports/district/municipality health profiles to the local provincial health
office and central government.
e.
Maintain data bank.
f.
Pursue the use of data and information for client management, unit management and
district/city health system management.
g.
Provide data and information services to the community and other interested parties in
its working area.
Provincial SIKs have the responsibility of carrying out activities:
a.
Processing data from the District Health Office (DKK), provincial health service units
and other sources.
b.
Conduct surveys/research if needed.
c.
Develop a provincial health profile to monitor and evaluate the achievement of a
healthy province.
d.
Send report periodic/ profile health profile province to the central government.
e.
Maintain data bank.
f.
Promote the use of data and information for client management, unit management,
provincial health system management
g.
Provide data and information services to the community and other interested parties in
its working area.
J. HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM SECURITY:
In accordance with Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 46 of
2014 concerning Health Information Systems, safeguarding Health Information is carried out
to ensure that Health Information remains available and is maintained in its integrity,
maintained confidentiality for closed Health Information. Security of Health Information
must be carried out in accordance with security standards. Confidentiality of Health
Information and security standards are implemented in accordance with the provisions of
laws and regulations. To maintain the security and confidentiality of Health Information, the
Minister establishes criteria and limits the access rights of Health Information users. To
maintain the security and confidentiality of Health Information, each Health Information
manager must regularly maintain, store, and provide backups of Health Data and Information,
create a system to prevent damage to Health Data and Information. Health information
system security is carried out including hardware-based security and software-based
security. Hardware-based security includes security that covers all physical components on
the computer and has a difference with the data in it. There are several things that cause
damage to hardware, among others; Electricity, Procedural Errors and Natural Disasters /
damage. Preventive actions that can be done by installing a stavolt or UPS (Uninteruptif
Power Supply), using hardware in accordance with applicable procedures, securing from
thieves, locking the computer.
System security against attacks from local users in order to get the root account,
system intruders generally access local user accounts first. Make sure there must be account
availability. Causes of software damage such as the use of counterfeit/pirated software,
procedural errors and viruses.
INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS:
A. DEFINITION OF INFORMATION SYSTEM
According to the English-Indonesian dictionary, data comes from the word "datum" which
means facts or information materials. From a business point of view: "Business data is an
organization's description of things (resources) and events (transactions) that it faces". So
data is a description of things (resources) and events (transactions). Conclusion: data is the
raw material of information, defined as a group of symbols that represent facts, events,
actions, objects, and so on.
The value of information is related to decisions. This means that if there is no choice
or decision, information is unnecessary. (y) Parameters for measuring the value of
information It is determined by the use or benefit and the cost. (y) Information is valuable if :
Benefit > cost (y) Most information cannot be precisely assessed in terms of money, but its
effectiveness can be assessed.
System according to the meaning of the word is a set or collection of elements or
components or sub-systems that interact with each other to achieve certain goals. Where each
element or component has its own function and way of working but remains in one unit of
function or work. The functions and interactions of each component element will not clash or
contradict each other, because they are all interdependent and need each other to achieve the
same goal.
Information systems are a combination of work procedures, information, people and
information technology organized to achieve goals in an organization. Another definition of
an information system is a system in an organization that meets daily transaction processing
needs, supports managerial operations and strategic activities of an organization and provides
certain external parties with the reports needed.
B. CLINICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (CYCLIN):
Clinical information system is an information system that includes the process of
storing and retrieving information, in assisting direct service activities to patients with the
aim of obtaining accurate results, accelerating services, and saving energy. These direct
services include assisting in diagnosing a disease, assisting in monitoring patient progress,
and assisting in adjusting therapy.
Clinics as one of the public health service institutions require the existence of accurate
and reliable information systems, and are sufficient to improve health services to patients, as
well as other related environments. Data management in health care institutions is one of the
important components in realizing a clinic information system.
The clinical information system is one of the new and very important programs in the
health sector. A medical recorder has important data or information related to patients even
though it is small in scope, but this is very useful in carrying out the process of providing
health services or others. The existence of a clinic management information system is
expected to help health workers to facilitate service activities, in the process and in the search
information. The clinic management information system will also avoid problems that may
occur in medical record activities.
C. PURPOSE AND BENEFITS OF CLINICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (CYCLIN):
The purpose of the Clinical Information System is to facilitate medical records
officers in managing patient data which includes the process of patient registration, recording
patient medical records, recording doctor data, etc. The objectives and benefits of the Clinical
Information System, namely:
1.
Speed and Convenience
Allows for quick and easy recording and searching of patient data by medical records
officers at the clinic.
2.
Storage Space Efficiency
Efficiency/optimization of the use of patient file storage space in the clinic.
3.
Security
Set up access rights for several users and policy makers in each room in the clinic and
the objects in it and determine what operations can be performed.
4.
User Togetherness
The use of data in a database by several users or in this case, medical record officers.
Data that contained in the database can be used simultaneously anytime and anywhere,
D. CLINICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS (CYCLIN):
In the Clinical Information system, there are main and supporting components to build the
system, namely:
1.
User/Medical Recorder:
The Medical Recorder Officer is one of the main components in the use of the Clinical
Information System that will be applied to the clinic, a medical recorder is someone who has
obtained Medical Records and Health Information (RMIK) education so that he has the
capacity and capability to manage the process of recording and documenting medical records
in clinics or hospitals. The standards that must be owned by medical recorders must be rooted
in the points below:
1)
Have noble professionalism.
2)
Maintain vigilance in the form of introspection and self-development.
3)
Have effective communication.
4)
Able to do management data and health information.
5)
Able to perform clinical classification, codification of diseases and other health
problems, and clinical procedures.
6)
Able to use health statistics, basic epidemiology, and biomedical applications.
7)
Able to carry out RMIK service management.
2.
Database:
A database is a set of data organized in the form of binary files on a computer. Currently,
there are many database management systems on the market. For example Oracle, SQL
Server, Sybase, and Acces. There are three types of databases that are widely recognized
today, namely :
1)
Relational database. This type stores data in a predefined arrangement of rows and
columns (like a working table). The types of data that can be stored in this type include
currency, real numbers, integers, and characters.
2)
Object-oriented database. This type stores objects as data. Objects can be real or abstract.
These data objects can be developed into relational data or advanced data types, such as
images, movies and sounds.
3)
Object-relational database. It is the best combination of relational and Object-oriented
database. It can store and utilize data in both traditional forms (currency, real numbers,
integers, and fractions) and advanced data, such as images, movies, and sounds.
3.
Database Management System (DBMS):
Database Management System (DBMS) is a collection of programs used to define,
manage and process databases. The database itself is essentially a structure built for data
storage purposes. The DBMS itself is a tool that plays a role in building this structure. DBMS
is software used to build a computerized database system. DBMS helps in maintaining and
processing large amounts of data sets. So that using DBMS does not cause chaos and can be
used by users as needed. A database management system (DBMS) is a software application
that stores the database structure, the data itself, the relationships between data in the
database, and the names of forms, types of data, numbers behind decimals, number of
characters, default values, and all other fields.
4.
Hardware:
The hardware used to run the clinical information system is a PC/Laptop and
tablet/handphone.
5.
Operating System (OS):
Part of the main component is the first layer software, namely the operating system,
which can run clinical information systems, among others: Microsoft Windows, Linux,
Android and others.
6.
Other Application and Supporting Devices:
Supporting applications or additional applications that can support clinical
information systems include: Attendance application for officers / employees, queuing
applications, etc.
Supporting devices in the use of clinical information systems are: body temperature
meters, weight and height meters, blood pressure meters, heart rate meters, etc.
E. BASIC USE OF CLINICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (CYCLIN):
Based on Permenkes No. 24 of 2022, the implementation of Electronic Medical Records
consists of at least:
1.
Patient Registration
Patient registration as intended is a registration activity in the form of filling in identity
data and social data for outpatients, emergency care, and inpatients...
2.
Electronic Medical Record data distribution
Electronic Medical Record data distribution as referred to in Article 13 paragraph (1)
letter b is an activity of sending Electronic Medical Record data from one service unit to
another service unit in a Health Service Facility.
3.
Filling in clinical information
Filling in clinical information in the form of recording and documenting the results of
examinations, treatment, actions, and other health services that have been and will be
provided to Patients.
4.
Electronic Medical Record information processing Electronic Medical Record
information processing consists of:
1)
coding;
2)
reporting; and
3)
Analysis.
5.
Data entry for financing claims
Data entry for claims is the activity of inputting disease classification codes in the
financing application based on the results of diagnoses and actions written by health
workers providing health services in accordance with the Medical Record, in order to
submit service fee billing.
6.
Electronic Medical Record Keeping;
Electronic Medical Record Storage is an activity of storing Medical Record data on
digital-based storage media at Health Service Facilities.
7.
Quality assurance of Electronic Medical Records
1)
Quality assurance is carried out internally by Health Care Facilities.
2)
Internal quality assurance is a quality audit of Electronic Medical Records conducted
periodically by the Medical Records review team formed by the head of the Facility.
Health Services and conducted in accordance with Electronic Medical Record
guidelines.
8.
Transfer of Electronic Medical Record contents.
Transfer of Electronic Medical Record contents is an activity of sending Medical
Records in the context of individual health service referrals to Health Service Facilities
receiving referrals.
ACADEMIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
A. DEFINITION OF INFORMATION SYSTEM:
In Sections 1, 2 and 3 of this book, we have explained the basic concepts of
Information Systems, the role of Information Systems and their relation to Management
Information Systems. Academic Information System is an Information System or application
that is created and designed with the aim of managing data related to educational information.
In relation to implementation in higher education, information systems can be in the form of
data processing such as: data and student information, college curriculum, lecture records,
attendance and lecture activity reports to class schedules. For academic information systems
implemented in schools, the information system will have features or uses intended for
teachers, students, principals as users.
1.
Data consists of a set of raw facts, which can be numbers, or symbols that have little or
no meaning. Data is usually not well organized and has no context. Examples of data can
be in the form of numbers, letters, and symbols, for example: "10", "A", and "&".
2.
Information is data that has been processed, organized, or structured to have a certain
meaning or understanding, so that it can be used for certain purposes.
Information provides the context, relevance and purpose of an information presentation. It
also answers questions such as who, what, where, when and how of the data so that it has
more meaning. For example, if we have data in the form of the number "10" and it is related
to a temperature label, along with the degree unit "°C", which is assembled in a sequence of
letters/words to become "temperature 10°C", then this string of data becomes information,
which aims to convey the temperature of an object or room is 10 degrees Celsius.
3.
Whereas the notion of knowledge goes beyond the notion of information, information
involves understanding, awareness, and appropriateness of the placement of information
gained from experience, research studies, and instruction. Knowledge includes information
aligned with insights, skills, and judgment (Fundamentals of Information Systems, 2018). It
allows a person to interpret and apply information effectively in various contexts. For
example, knowledge is being able to understand that a temperature of 10 degrees Celsius is
quite cold and may require warm/thick clothing to survive in this environment.
4.
Wisdom A policy is a set of rules, principles, or guidelines used to direct actions or decision-
making within an organization or society. Policies are often created based on available
information and knowledge to achieve specific goals. They may detail procedures, rights,
obligations, or sanctions. For example, a company policy might set rules on how customer
data should be stored and protected. This policy is used as a mechanism control in terms of
limiting rights and obligations between individuals within the scope of an organization or
society.
Every data and information can be valuable to workers, company leaders and decision
makers, so information derived from data must have the characteristics that can be seen in
Figure 2. These characteristics make information more useful and quality for an organization
after going through the process of selecting, sorting and manipulating data by adding
knowledge to the data.
Many shipping companies, for example, can determine the exact location of inventory
items and packages in their system, and this information makes them responsive to their
customers. On the other hand, if information at an organization is not accurate or complete,
people can make poor decisions, which can cost hundreds of thousands, or even millions of
dollars. If an inaccurate prediction of future demand indicates that sales will be very high but
the reality is the opposite, an organization may invest hundreds of millions of rupiah in a new
factory that does not meet their needs necessary. In addition, if information is irrelevant, not
delivered to decision-makers in a timely manner, or too complex to understand, it may also
be of no value to the organization.
B. TYPE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM:
A system is a collection of interconnected files (tables) (in a database on a computer
system) and a set of database management system (DBMS) programs that allow some users
and/or other programs to access and manipulate these files (tables).
C. INFORMATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT:
The purpose of a database is to help humans keep track of everything that is
considered important and is able to help solve complex problems. The purpose and benefits
of the database include, namely:
1.
Speed and Convenience
Allows you to make changes/manipulate data or re-display data more quickly and easily.
2.
Storage Space Efficiency
Efficiency/optimization of storage space usage by suppressing (eliminating) data
redundancy.
D. DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM (DSS):
In various fields of business, institutions and companies, one of the highest honors we
can receive is the existence of the recognition from fellow workers and superiors that we can
provide a solution and contribute to solving real problems well. This is closely related to our
reputation as a worker or the criteria for being a good leader. Problem solving is an important
activity for business organizations. After identifying a problem, the problem-solving process
begins with decision-making. The famous model developed by Herbert Simon divides the
decision-making phase of the problem-solving process into three stages: intelligence, design,
and choice. This model was later incorporated by George Huber into an extended model of
the entire problem-solving process.
1.
Database (The Database Itself)
Database which is a collection of tables integrated in a database system.
2.
Database Management System (DBMS)
Software for database management systems that create, process, and organize the above
bases.
Example: MySQL, Ms.Acces, Oracle, and others.
3.
Hardware
The main computer component that will be used in processing and building application
systems that are connected and stored in the database system.
Example: Computers, Hard Drives, Networks and others.
4.
Operating System (OS)
Part of the main component is the first layer software, the operating system, which can
run the application system that runs within the operating system itself.
Example: Microsoft Windows, Linux, Android and others.
E. DATABASE APPLICATION TIERS:
When we design a database application, we must first understand the levels of database
applications. The database levels are divided into three, namely:
1.
Stand Alone Database Application
Stand Alone-based applications are applications that only run on a computer and can only be
accessed by one person at one time. The database (Back End) and the application program
(Front End) are on one computer, and users access them at the same time and place.
F. DATABASE BASICS:
In making a database that consists of one unit, namely Database, Table, Column and Record
can be described as follows:
The collection of tables must be in the database, so we can call the table a database, while in
the table we will find the following structure:
EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY AND ONLINE EDUCATION INFORMATION SYSTEM
A. DEFINITION OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
Educational technology is a broad field that includes the use of technological tools and
resources to enhance learning. Educational technology can include everything from the use of
educational software and applications to the integration of more advanced technologies such
as artificial intelligence and virtual reality.
In general, educational technology can be used for:
•
Make learning more engaging and interactive: Technology can be used to make learning
experiences more interesting and interactive for students. This can help increase student
motivation and engagement, which can ultimately lead to better learning outcomes.
•
Personalization of learning: Technology can be used to personalize learning for each
student. This can be done by using software that tracks student progress and tailors
instruction to suit individual needs.
•
Making learning more accessible: Technology can be used to make learning more
accessible for all students, including those with needs specialized. For example, text-to-
speech software can help students with dyslexia read text, and speech recognition
software can help students with writing difficulties.
•
Improving communication and collaboration: Technology can be used to improve
communication and collaboration between students, teachers and parents. This can be
done through the use of tools such as email, online learning platforms and social media.
Educational technology is a rapidly evolving field, and new tools and resources are
constantly being developed. By using technology effectively, educators can create more
engaging, interactive and personalized learning experiences for all students.
Here are some examples of how educational technology can be used in the classroom:
•
Teachers use an interactive whiteboard to teach math lessons.
•
Students use laptops to research science topics.
•
Students use tablets to make presentations about the books they read.
•
Students use educational software to learn a new language.
•
Teachers use online learning platforms to communicate with parents about their
children's progress.
Educational technology as a tool in the educational process, and like any tool, it can
be used effectively or ineffectively. The use of these tools should be in accordance with the
need to use technology in a way that enhances learning for their students.
B. DEFINITION OF ONLINE EDUCATION INFORMATION SYSTEM:
The Online Education Information System (SIPO) is a system that utilizes
information and communication technology (ICT) to support the online teaching and learning
process. SIPO can be used for various purposes, such as:
•
Delivery of learning materials: SIPO can be used to deliver learning materials to students
in various formats, such as text, video, audio, and images.
•
Interaction between teachers and students: SIPO can be used to facilitate interaction
between teachers and students, such as through discussion forums, chat, and email.
•
Assessment and measurement of learning outcomes: SIPO can be used to assess and
measure student learning outcomes, such as through online tests and quizzes.
•
Education administration: SIPO can be used to manage education administration, such as
student enrollment, class scheduling, and grade processing.
SIPO has several advantages, including:
•
Flexibility: SIPO can be accessed anytime and anywhere, so students can learn with
more flexibility.
•
Accessibility: SIPO is accessible to everyone with an electronic device and internet
connection, making education more accessible.
•
Interactivity: SIPO can make teaching and learning more interactive and engaging for
students.
•
Efficiency: SIPO can help teachers and students to save time and resources.
However, SIPO also has some drawbacks, including:
•
Dependence on technology: SIPO is highly dependent on technology, so if technical
problems occur, the teaching and learning process can be hampered.
•
Digital divide: Not everyone has equal access to technology, so SIPO can widen the
digital divide between rich and poor students.
•
Lack of face-to-face interaction: SIPO can reduce face-to-face interaction between
teachers and students, which can affect the quality of learning.
In general, SIPO can be a useful tool to improve the quality of education. However, it
is important to consider the advantages and disadvantages of SIPOs before using them in the
teaching and learning process. Here are some examples of popular SIPOs:
•
Schoology: Schoology is an online learning platform that allows teachers to create and
manage online classes, provide assignments and assessments, and communicate with
students and parents.
•
Moodle: Moodle is an open-source learning platform that can be used to create and
manage online courses. Moodle offers various features, such as discussion forums, chat,
and quizzes.
•
Google Classroom: Google Classroom is a learning platform that allows teachers to
create online classes, share learning materials, and communicate with students.
C. FUNDAMENTALS OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY AND ONLINE
EDUCATION INFORMATION SYSTEMS:
Educational technology is an interdisciplinary field that combines educational theory
and practice with technology to improve teaching and learning. Educational technology can
be used for:
•
Developing and disseminating learning materials: Educational technology can be used to
develop various formats of learning materials, such as text, video, audio and multimedia.
These learning materials can be disseminated online or offline.
•
Facilitating teaching and learning interactions: Educational technology can be used to
facilitate teaching and learning interactions between teachers and students, as well as
between students. This can be done through various online platforms, such as discussion
forums, chat and video conferencing.
•
Assessing and measuring learning outcomes: Educational technology can be used to
assess and measure student learning outcomes in a more effective and efficient way. This
can be done by by using various online assessment tools, such as tests and quizzes.
•
Managing education administration: Educational technology can be used to manage
educational administration, such as student enrollment, class scheduling, and grade
processing.
The Online Education Information System (SIPO) is a system that utilizes
information and communication technology (ICT) to support the online teaching and learning
process. SIPO can be used for various purposes, such as:
•
Delivery of learning materials: SIPO can be used to deliver learning materials to students
in various formats, such as text, video, audio, and images.
•
Interaction between teachers and students: SIPO can be used to facilitate interaction
between teachers and students, such as through discussion forums, chat, and email.
•
Assessment and measurement of learning outcomes: SIPO can be used to assess and
measure student learning outcomes, such as through online tests and quizzes.
•
Education administration: SIPO can be used to manage education administration, such as
student enrollment, class scheduling, and grade processing.
Benefits and Challenges of Educational Technology and SIPO Benefits:
•
Flexibility: Educational technology and SIPO allow students to learn anytime and
anywhere.
•
Accessibility: Education technology and SIPO are accessible to everyone with an
electronic device and internet connection, making education more accessible.
•
Interactivity: Educational technology and SIPO can make teaching and learning more
interactive and engaging for students.
•
Efficiency: Education technology and SIPO can help teachers and students to save time
and resources.
Challenge:
•
Dependence on technology: Educational technology and SIPO are highly dependent on
technology, so if technical problems occur, the teaching and learning process can be
hampered.
•
Digital divide: Not everyone has equal access to technology, so education technology and
SIPO can widen the digital divide between rich and poor students.
•
Lack of face-to-face interaction: Education technology and SIPO can reduce face-to-face
interaction between teachers and students, which can affect the quality of learning.
Educational technology and SIPO have the potential to improve the quality of education.
However, it is important to consider their benefits and challenges before using them in the
teaching and learning process.
D. DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY AND ONLINE EDUCATION
INFORMATION SYSTEM:
The development of education technology and Online Education Information Systems
(OERIS) is an ongoing process to improve the quality of learning and access to education for
all. Here are some of the latest trends and developments in this field:
1.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
AI is used to develop various applications in education, such as:
•
Personalization of learning: AI can be used to personalize learning for each student by
analyzing their learning data and recommending appropriate learning materials.
•
Chatbots: AI-powered chatbots can be used to help students learn by answering their
questions and providing feedback.
•
Automated grading system: AI can be used to automatically grade student assignments
and tests, allowing teachers to save time and focus on other things.
2.
Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR)
VR and AR are used to create more immersive and interactive learning experiences for
students. For example:
•
VR simulations: VR simulations can be used to take students to places they wouldn't be
able to visit in the real world, such as museums or historical sites.
•
AR in science learning: AR can be used to help students visualize complex science
concepts, such as the anatomy of the human body or the solar system.
3.
Big Data and Analytics
Big data and analytics are used to collect and analyze data about students, teachers, and
schools. This data can be used for:
•
Improving decision-making: Data can be used to help teachers and school administrators
make better decisions about learning and school administration.
•
Developing more effective education programs: Data can be used to identify areas for
improvement and develop more effective educational programs to meet student needs.
4.
Distance Learning (PJJ)
PJJ is becoming increasingly popular, and new technologies are constantly being developed
to enhance the online learning experience. For example:
•
Live online classes: Live online classes allow students to learn from teachers in real-time
through video conferencing.
•
Adaptive learning platform: The adaptive learning platform adapts learning materials to
the needs and learning styles of each student.
Challenges in the Development of Educational Technology and SIPO Although there
are many promising developments in educational technology and SIPO, there are still
some challenges that need to be overcome, such as:
•
Digital divide: Not everyone has equal access to technology, which can widen the
education gap.
•
Cost: Educational technology and SIPO can be expensive to develop and implement.
•
Skills and training: Teachers and students need to be trained to use educational
technology and SIPO effectively.
The development of education technology and SIPO has the potential to transform
education and provide access to quality education for all. To overcome the challenges,
collaboration between the government, private sector and academia is needed to develop and
implement effective and affordable education technology and SIPO.
E. IMPLEMENTATION OF EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY AND ONLINE
EDUCATION INFORMATION SYSTEM:
Implementing education technology and the Online Education Information System (EIS) is a
complex process and requires careful planning. Here are some steps to consider:
1.
Determine Goals and Needs
The first step is to determine the goals and implementation needs of educational technology
and SIPO. This can be done by:
•
Conduct a needs analysis: Identify needs and challenges in the current education system.
•
Determine learning objectives: Determine what is to be achieved by using educational
technology and SIPO.
•
Choosing the right technology: Selecting technology that suits the learning needs and
objectives.
2.
Planning and Development
After determining the goals and needs, it is necessary to carry out planning and development
which includes:
•
Develop an implementation strategy: Develop a strategy for the implementation of
educational technology and SIPO, including the timeline, budget and resources required.
•
Building the infrastructure: Building the necessary technology infrastructure to support the
implementation, such as hardware, software, and network.
•
Developing learning content: Develop learning content that matches the learning
objectives and the chosen technology.
3.
Training and Mentoring
Training and mentoring for teachers and students is essential to ensure effective use of
educational technology and SIPO. Training may include:
•
Technical training: Train teachers and students on how to use the selected technology.
•
Training pedagogical training: Training teachers about how to integrate technology into
learning.
•
Mentoring: Provide support to teachers and students during the implementation process.
4.
Evaluation and Monitoring
Evaluation and monitoring need to be done to ensure that the implementation of educational
technology and SIPO achieves the expected goals. Evaluation may include:
•
Formative evaluation: Conduct periodic evaluations to monitor progress and address any
issues that arise.
•
Summative evaluation: Conduct an evaluation at the end of implementation to assess the
impact of educational technology and SIPO on learning.
Challenges in Implementing Educational Technology and SIPO While there are many
benefits in implementing educational technology and SIPO, there are some challenges that
need to be overcome, such as:
•
Skills and training: Teachers and students may not have the necessary skills to use the
chosen technology.
•
Cost: Educational technology and SIPO can be expensive to implement.
•
Internet connectivity: Unstable internet connectivity can hinder the use of educational
technology and SIPO.
•
Support from stakeholders: Support from the government, schools and parents is crucial
to ensure successful implementation.
Implementing education technology and SIPO can improve the quality of learning and
provide access to quality education for everyone. With careful planning, adequate training
and mentoring, and continuous evaluation and monitoring, the implementation of educational
technology and SIPO can achieve the expected goals.
ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM
A. DEFINITION OF INFORMATION SYSTEM:
A network of procedures made according to a unified pattern to carry out activities is
called a system. The word system comes from the Greek systema, which means a set of parts
or components that are interconnected in an organized manner and constitute a whole. Or it
can also be interpreted: a group of elements that are independent but interrelated as a unit.
Information comes from the French informacion, which means concept, idea, or outline.
Information is a noun that means activity in knowledge that is communicated. Information is
a set of data or facts that are organized into something useful for the recipient. Usually,
information will be processed first so that the recipient can easily understand the information
provided. Simply put, information has been processed into a valuable or meaningful form. .
Information is containing news of a real thing that has a useful value, so that its existence is
useful or useful for making decisions.
Investors, government creditors, principals and agents need financial information...
Techniques for measuring and managing financial transactions and providing management
results in the form of Information to internal and external parties of the company is called
accounting. Accounting information system as a combination of information technology and
accounting processes specifically designed to collect, process, and present financial
information that is useful in decision making.
B. ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM:
Accounting information systems focus on understanding how accounting systems
work. Answering the question of how to collect financial data into information that can be
used for decision making. An accounting information system is a set of resources such as
people and equipment designed to transform financial data and other information. This
information is communicated to various decision makers. This information is communicated
to different decision makers. The main objective of accounting information systems is to
process financial and accounting data to produce financial reports that management/other
stakeholders can use to make business decisions. Accounting information systems are manual
systems, but most of them are now computerized. It can be concluded that the accounting
information system is a system which includes recording, collecting and processing financial
data which is displayed as a report to produce the financial information needed by the
company. Some categories that play an important role in accounting information systems
include:
1.
People, responsible for the operation of the system and the execution of various
functions.
2.
Procedure is the collection, processing and storage of data related to the activities of an
organization. Data, which is the part that carries out activities and business processes.
3.
Software, which plays a role in processing data contained in the organization.
4.
Information Technology Infrastructure includes computers and other devices.
Accounting information system is a system designed to transform a company's economic data
into a financial report. Accounting information system as one of the company's information
technology solutions that makes company performance more effective and efficient.
C. OBJECTIVES OF IMPLEMENTING ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS
The objectives of implementing an accounting information system include:
1.
Supporting management's stewardship function
The main purpose of preparing an accounting information system is to support the
management stewardship function. In carrying out the company's operations,
management has the responsibility of organizing and managing resources properly and
managing resources properly correct. Therefore, the accounting information system is
designed to facilitate the preparation of economic reports that are considered by policy
makers in the company.
2.
Support decision-making and policy-making processes.
The final result of the accounting information system is a financial report obtained from
a series of accounting processes, namely recording, identifying, processing, and
presenting financial data. This report will be provided to interested parties, such as
management, business owners, investors, and creditors as a basis for policy making and
decision making.
3.
Supporting company operations
Traditional accounting may be sufficient for small businesses. However, it will be
difficult for medium and large-scale companies. Data accuracy is an important point in
providing information. If all data is processed through a system, it can certainly reduce
the risk of errors so as to support the smooth operation of the company effectively and
efficiently.
D. PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS:
There are five (5) principles of accounting information systems, as follows:
1.
Security, where there are restrictions related to system access and the data is only for
those authorized.
2.
Confidentiality, i.e. there is protection of sensitive information from unauthorized
expression.
3.
Privacy, is the collection, disclosure and use of personal information about customers,
conducted in a more personal and appropriate manner.
4.
Complete, accurate, timely and consistent data processing with appropriate approvals. 5.
Availability when the accounting information system is available to fulfill the
operational obligations stipulated in the contract.
E. ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM FUNCTIONS:
Accounting information systems have several functions, namely:
1.
Prevent fraud by certain entities. It facilitates monitoring of business finances. The
accounting information system helps protect the company's wealth and minimize the risk
of wealth deprivation by certain individuals.
2.
Modify data in the form of financial information requested by the business. This
information is in the form of manual or online financial reports provided to the relevant
parties.
3.
It is easier to retrieve the correct transaction data and record it in the ledger. The
accounting process is easier to follow based on the date and order of transactions. The
purpose of the registration process is to facilitate verification of the transaction by the
party in need. If a problem occurs, it can be easily fixed and quickly identify the trigger.
4.
Retrieve data from various source documents as needed. Especially in areas related to
commercial activities. Data storage is recovered easily. This is because all data details
are recorded in the accounting information system.
5.
Data collection and storage becomes effective and efficient. Accounting information
systems can document resources that affect the business and all interested parties.
F. BENEFITS OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM APPLICATIONS:
Some of the benefits of applying accounting information systems are as follows.
1.
Provide accurate and timely information so as to carry out the main activities in the value
chain effectively and efficiently.
2.
Improve the quality and reduce the cost of products and services produced.
3.
Improve efficiency.
4.
Improve decision-making skills.
5.
Increase knowledge sharing.
6.
Increase work efficiency in the finance department
THE FUTURE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
A. PROSPECTS FOR INFORMATION SYSTEMS:
The prospects and future of the implementation and utilization of information systems
are very promising given the important role of information technology in various aspects of
life and business. Information systems have become the backbone of decision-making,
business operations, and product or service innovation. Here are some important aspects
related to the prospects and future of information systems:
•
Digitalization and Digital Transformation: The digitization of businesses and public
services continues to grow, driving the need for more sophisticated information systems.
Digital transformation not only changes the way organizations operate but also how they
interact with customers and other stakeholders. Effective implementation of information
systems enables organizations to be more responsive to changing market and customer
needs (Mountasser and Abdellatif, 2023; Piddubna and Gorobynskaya, 2023).
•
Big Data and Analytics: The use of big data and analytics has become key in
understanding consumer behavior, operational optimization, and strategic decision-
making. Information systems that are capable of integrating and analyzing big data will
be invaluable in providing insights that can be used to improve efficiency and
effectiveness(Gomathy et al., 2022).
•
Cyber Security: With cybersecurity threats on the rise, the need for secure information
systems has become critical. Investment in information security technology and best
practices in information security risk management will continue to be a priority for
organizations across all sectors (Patterson, Nurse and Franqueira, 2023).
•
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: The implementation of artificial
intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in information systems offers great
potential in process automation, service personalization, and innovative product
development. AI and ML can enhance analytics capabilities, accelerate decision-making,
and improve user experience (Stoykova and Shakev, 2023; Godbole and Josyula, 2024).
•
Internet of Things (IoT): IoT connects everyday devices and objects to the internet,
generating large volumes of diverse data. The integration of IoT with information
systems enables the collection, analysis, and utilization of data from various sources to
improve operations and customer experience (Mondal, 2019).
•
Cloud Computing: Cloud computing adoption continues to increase, providing flexibility,
scalability, and cost efficiency in the management of IT infrastructure and services.
Cloud-based information systems ease collaboration, data accessibility, and cross-
platform system integration (George, George and Baskar, 2023).
The future implementation and usefulness of information systems depends largely on
the ability to adapt to new technologies and emerging trends. Organizations that are able to
utilize information systems strategically will have a competitive advantage in innovation,
operational efficiency, and customer satisfaction (Ilman and Ikasari, 2023).
In general, the benefits of implementing information systems include increasing data
accuracy, facilitating coordination, improving the quality of human resources (HR), and
reducing operational costs (Gumulya and Suhendi, 2019). Information systems also enable
organizations to adapt to technological changes and meet dynamic market demands
(Mohamadi, 2022).
In particular, the implementation of information systems has very good prospects and
benefits in the future, especially in the fields of health, education, and finance, because of the
role of information technology that continues to develop and innovate. The following is an
explanation of the prospects and benefits of implementing information systems in these three
fields:
1.
Health: In the health sector, health information systems (HIS) play an important role in
health data management, service quality improvement, and operational efficiency. These
systems enable the integration of patient data, resource management, and health trend
analysis that can support clinical and administrative decision making (Astrini, Ahri and
Samsualam, 2019; Zahra and Dinanti, 2022). The implementation of SIK is expected to
increase transparency and accountability in state financial management, especially in the
health sector (Maryati, Siregar and Listya, 2021).
2.
Education: Information technology in modern education supports learning activities and
improves the quality of education. The implementation of information systems in higher
education institutions, for example, can improve decision-making processes, integrate
data, and enable effective communication between stakeholders (Murtadho and Wahid,
2016; Rakhmadian, Sefaverdiana and Rahman, 2019). Digital transformation in
education also creates new opportunities for more flexible and efficient teaching and
learning methods (Arnita, 2005; Nofita, 2019).
3.
Finance: Accounting information systems (AIS) provide significant benefits in the
management of financial and business information. AIS enables companies to collect,
store, and present accurate and reliable financial information, which supports strategic
and operational decision making (Simanungkalit, 2021). AIS implementation can
improve cost and time efficiency on the company's financial performance (Mohamadi,
2022). With the rapid growth of technology, the implementation of information systems
is expected to continue to grow and provide wider benefits. Organizations and
institutions in various sectors must be ready to adopt and integrate information systems
to improve the efficiency, productivity, and quality of organizational services
(Mohamadi, 2022; Ilman and Ikasari, 2023).
B. FOUNDATION AND FUTURE TRENDS OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS:
Information systems can be defined as an integrated set of elements that function to
collect, store, and process data and provide information, knowledge, and digital products or
services (Laudon and Laudon, 2021). This system includes not only information technology
(IT) consisting of hardware and software, but also data, business processes, and the human
resources that operate them.
The scope of information systems includes:
a.
Information Technology: Hardware, software, databases, and networks that provide the
basic capabilities to store, process, and communicate information to users.
b.
Data and Information: Original data collected from various sources and further
processed to form information that has value to users.
c.
Business Process: The series of stages and activities carried out in order to achieve
company goals, and in this case information systems are used to improve the level of
efficiency and effectiveness of the process.
d.
User: Individuals or groups that use information systems, ranging from corporate
executives to operational staff, who utilize information for decision-making and daily
operations.
e.
Management and Strategy: Utilization of information systems to ensure support for
strategic decision-making, resource management, and achieving competitive advantage.
The evolution of information systems has gone through various phases, ranging from manual
systems to the integration of advanced technologies such as the utilization of artificial
intelligence and cloud computing. These developments have significantly improved the
ability of organizations to manage and utilize information. The following is the evolution of
information systems and some of the current trends in the field of Information Systems:
a.
The Early Era and Manual Systems: In the early days, information systems relied heavily
on manual processes for data collection and processing.
b.
Computerization and Automation: With the advent of computers in the mid-20th century,
organizations began to automate their work data collection and report generation
processes, which improves the efficiency and speed of information processing.
c.
The Internet and Digitalization Era: The internet era introduces new possibilities in
sharing and accessing information in real-time, enabling the development of more
integrated and interactive information systems.
d.
Big Data and Analytics: Developments in storage technology and data processing brings
the era of big data, where organizations can collect and analyze huge volumes of data to
gain deeper business insights.
In the last decade, technological developments have redefined the boundaries of information
systems, driven innovation, and facilitated digital transformation across sectors. Some of the
key technologies that have been driving change in information systems include: artificial
intelligence (AI), blockchain, Internet of Things (IoT), and cloud computing. Technological
developments that affect the development of information systems include the following:
a.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML): AI and ML are increasingly
integrated in information systems, enabling process automation and smarter decision-
making based on data (Kapoor, Bigdeli and Gupta, 2021). AI and ML have changed the
way organizations collect, analyze and utilize data. With the ability to process and
analyze large volumes of data at excellent speed and accuracy, AI and ML enable
organizations to gain deeper understanding and automate the decision-making process.
According to Kapoor et al. (2021), AI and ML play an important role in identifying
trends, making predictions, and improving personalization of services to customers.
b.
Blockchain for Data Security: Blockchain technology
offers more robust, transparent, and efficient data security solutions, especially in
applications such as financial systems and supply chains (Franco, 2019). Blockchain
offers increased security, transparency, and efficiency in transactions and data
management. The technology, known for its ability to support cryptocurrencies, is now
being used in a wide range of applications, from financial systems to supply chains.
Franco (2019) highlights blockchain's potential in improving trust and data integrity,
providing a solution to the data security issues often faced by traditional information
systems.
c.
Internet of Things (IoT): IoT expands the scope of information systems by connecting
physical devices to the internet, enabling real-time data collection and increasingly
dynamic interactions between machines and people (Al-Fuqaha et al., 2020). IoT
connects physical devices to the internet, enabling two-way communication and real-
time data collection. With IoT, information systems can utilize data from various
sources, including sensors and smart devices, to improve operational efficiency and
experience Users. Al-Fuqaha et al. (2020) describe how IoT expands the ability of
information systems to monitor the environment, optimize processes, and provide more
responsive services.
d.
Cloud Computing: Cloud computing continues to change
IT infrastructure by providing scalable and flexible computing resources, allowing
organizations to be more responsive to changing business needs (Hashem et al., 2021).
Cloud computing has played a crucial role in democratizing access to advanced
technology, providing scalable and flexible IT infrastructure over the internet. According
to Hashem et al. (2021), cloud computing allows organizations to reduce operational
costs, increase scalability, and accelerate the deployment of information system
solutions, while maintaining data reliability and security.
Technologies such as AI, blockchain, IoT, and cloud computing have become key
drivers in the evolution of information systems, each bringing significant changes in the way
organizations manage and utilize information. In line with the increasing development of
technology, we can expect more innovations and transformations in information systems that
will shape the digital future.
C. IMPLEMENTATION OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN THE DIGITAL ERA:
Effective information system implementation is a crucial key in optimizing business
operations and strategies. The process of analyzing needs and developing a roadmap is a
crucial first step in ensuring successful implementation.
1.
Information System Requirements Analysis:
Requirements analysis is the process of gathering and evaluating information to determine the
needs or requirements of a new or updated information system. This process involves an in-
depth understanding of business operations, strategic goals, and user needs. According to
(Smith and Jones, 2021), an effective requirements analysis should include participation from
all stakeholders, including top management, end users, and the IT team, in order to ensure
that the information system being built is truly aligned with actual business needs.
2.
Preparation of Information System Implementation Roadmap:
After the information system needs have been identified, the next step is to prepare an
implementation roadmap. This roadmap is a strategic plan that outlines the steps, time, and
resources required in order to develop and implement the information system. It is very
important to have a realistic and flexible roadmap that can be adapted to changing business
needs or needs of the organization technological challenges (Kapoor, Liu and Smith, 2022).
The phases in developing a roadmap are as follows:
a.
Prioritization: Identify and prioritize system features or functions based on business
value and urgency.
b.
Scheduling: Defines the timeline for the development, testing, and rollout of information
system features or modules.
c.
Resource Allocation: Establish the resources required, including the team developing the
information system, hardware, and software.
d.
Risk Management: Identify potential risks and plan mitigation strategies.
e.
Evaluation and Adjustment: Periodically review implementation progress and make
adjustments to the roadmap as needed.
Creating an information system implementation roadmap requires effective
communication and collaboration between all stakeholders. Open dialog and constructive
feedback are important to ensure that the roadmap reflects realistic and achievable business
needs. (Lee, Kim and Park, 2020) showed that effective communication during the roadmap
development process can increase user engagement and ensure wider support for the project.
Requirements analysis and implementation roadmap development are critical stages
in the development of information systems in the digital era. These processes enable
organizations to plan and execute information system projects more effectively, minimize
risks, and ensure that the systems developed meet actual business needs.
3.
Project Management and Agile Methodologies:
In the fast-changing digital age, project management and the application of flexible agile
methodologies are becoming increasingly important in successful information system
implementations. Agile methodologies offer a flexible and iterative framework, allowing
teams to adapt to changing needs and complete projects more efficiently. Project
management and agile methodologies can maximize the success of information system
implementations.
a.
Project Management in Information System Implementation Project is practice planning,
organizing, securing, and managing resources in order to achieve specific project goals. In the
context of information system implementation, project management ensures that the project
can be completed on time, on budget, and in line with the specified specifications. It is
critical for effective project management to identify risks, manage resources, and ensure that
the project is delivered on time, on budget, and in line with specifications resources, and
ensuring good coordination between teams (Brown and Jones, 2021).
b.
Agile Methodologies:
Agile methodologies offer a more adaptive and responsive approach compared to
traditional methodologies. Agile promotes continuous development, collaboration between
teams, and the ability to respond quickly to feedback. Methodologies such as Scrum, Kanban,
and Lean have been shown to increase productivity and customer satisfaction in information
systems projects. Agile methodologies allow organizations to adapt to changing needs and
technologies more quickly, improving quality and speed of delivery (Smith, Zhang and An,
2022).
The integration of Agile in information systems project management enables teams to
be more flexible and adaptive to change. This approach combines traditional project planning
and control with Agile flexibility and adaptation. (S. Lee & Kim, 2020) suggest that this
integration can create a balance between long-term vision and short-term adaptation, allowing
teams to respond quickly to challenges and take advantage of new opportunities.
Agile Practices in Information System Implementation are as follows:
1.
Sprint Planning: Develop a short-term work plan that allows the team to focus on
achieving concrete goals in a short period of time.
2.
Daily Stand-ups: Conduct short meetings every day to ensure effective communication
and proactively address obstacles.
3.
Retrospectives: Review and analyze the work process after each sprint to identify
opportunities for improvement.
4.
Continuous Prioritization: Adjust prioritization based on feedback and changes in the
project environment.
Project management and agile methodologies play a key role in the successful
implementation of information systems in the digital age. By adopting a flexible, iterative,
and customer-oriented approach, organizations can improve efficiency levels, minimize risks,
and achieve improved performance and output on an ongoing basis. Agile best practices, such
as sprint planning and retrospectives support teams in adapting to change and improving
work processes on an ongoing basis.
Information system implementation is a complex process that requires strategic
planning, resource management, and technology adaptation. Organizations need to learn and
adapt strategies to optimize implementation information system. Based on various empirical
experiences of success and failure of information system implementation, the implementation
of information systems needs to pay attention to the following aspects (Smith and Lee, 2021;
Johnson, Thompson and Wallace, 2022):
1.
Stakeholder Engagement: Active involvement of all
stakeholders, including end users, from the beginning of the implementation process is
critical for success.
2.
Effective Communication: Ensuring open and effective communication between teams
and stakeholders helps in early risk identification and mitigation.
3.
User Training: Comprehensive user training is essential to ensure successful system
adoption and effective use.
4.
Phased Approach: A phased implementation of information systems allows the
organization to adjust and improve the system based on feedback and challenges that
arise.
D. INFORMATION SYSTEM FUTURE PROJECTION AND ANALYSIS
In a changing world, information systems will face evolving challenges and
opportunities. Projections about the future of information systems point to greater innovation,
wider integration of advanced technologies, and new challenges in security and ethics. Here
are some projections and key challenges that are expected to affect the future of information
systems.
The future projection of information systems is as follows:
1.
The Use of AI and ML is Expanding: Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning
(ML) will be increasingly applied in various aspects of information systems, from data
analysis to automated decision making. AI and ML will enable information systems to
become more adaptive and predictive, improving efficiency and effectiveness in business
operations (Kapoor, Liu and Gupta, 2023).
2.
Increased IoT Integration: The Internet of Things (IoT) will be increasingly integrated in
information systems, connecting more devices and sensors to collect data in real-time.
This will result in more responsive systems and higher automation in various industries
(J. Smith, 2022).
3.
Blockchain Adoption is Expanding: Blockchain is expected to become more commonly
implemented as a way to increase security and transparency in information systems.
Blockchain applications that can range from financial transactions to supply chain
management offer a secure and immutable solution for data storage (Johnson and Lee,
2021).
While some of the future challenges of information systems are as follows:
1.
Data Security and Privacy: As data generated and collected increases, security and privacy
become key challenges. Protecting user data and sensitive company information is
becoming increasingly important amidst growing cyber threats (Greenwood, Thompson
and Wells, 2022).
2.
Skills Gap: The skills gap in advanced technologies such as AI, ML, and blockchain is
another challenge. Ensuring a skilled and prepared workforce for new technologies is key
to harnessing the full potential of information systems (Brown and Patel, 2023).
3.
Ethics and Responsibility: Ethical questions surrounding the use of AI, data capture, and
automation will become increasingly important. Organizations will have to navigate
questions about how technology affects work, privacy, and moral decisions (Kumar and
Singh, 2022).
Factors that influence the future development of information system implementation include:
1.
Technological Developments: Technological advances, such as cloud computing, big data,
AI, and IoT will continue to influence the way information systems are developed and used
(Gunawan, 2020; Gomathy et al., 2022; Stoykova and Shakev, 2023).
2.
IT Infrastructure: The availability of a reliable and secure information technology
infrastructure is an important factor in development of information systems (Gunawan,
2020; Challa, 2021; Liu, 2024).
3.
Human Resources (HR): The quality and quantity of human resources involved in
developing and managing information systems determine the success of their
implementation (Maguire and Redman, 2007; Astrini, Ahri and Samsualam, 2019).
4.
Policy and Regulation: Government policies and regulations that support the use of
information technology can influence the development of information systems (Ramadhini
and Bandi, 2023; Feng et al., 2024).
5.
Business Needs: Evolving business needs and demands drive innovation and
customization in information systems to support operations and management (Gunawan,
2020; Smith and Lee, 2021; Mohamadi, 2022; Skyttermoen and
Wedum, 2023).
6.
Data Security: Data security and privacy issues are becoming increasingly important as
cyber threats increase, affecting the design and implementation of information systems
(Pietrek and Skelnik, 2023; Lestari et al., 2024).
7.
User Acceptance: The level of user acceptance and adaptation to the new information
system also affects the success of its implementation (Handayani, 2005; Fahmi, 2018).
8.
System Integration: The ability to integrate information systems with other systems and
ensure interoperability between systems is an important factor (Sastrawan, 2020; Zahra
and Dinanti, 2022).
9.
Investment: The level of investment made by an organization or government in the
development of information systems will affect the quality and scope of the system
developed (Astrini, Ahri and Samsualam, 2019; Zeng, 2023).
10.
Social and Cultural Factors: Social and cultural factors of an organization or society also
influence how information systems are designed and implemented (Handayani, 2005;
Leidner and Kayworth, 2006; Junglas et al., 2013).
11.
Education and Training: Adequate education and training for users and developers of
information systems is essential to ensure effective and efficient use (Yurcik and Doss,
2001; Arnita, 2005; Eley et al., 2008).
12.
Economic Conditions: Economic conditions, both local and global, can affect the
allocation of resources for information system development (Handayani, 2005; Tambotoh,
Manuputty and Banunaek, 2015; Fahmi, 2018; Anisiforov, Dubgorn and Lepekhin, 2019).
13.
Market Trends: Market trends and changes in consumer demand can drive changes in
information systems to meet changing market needs (Suryaputri and Widjanarko, 2012;
Mohamadi, 2022; Sunyaev et al., 2023).
14.
Collaboration and Partnerships: Collaboration between various parties, including
partnerships between the public and private sectors, can accelerate the development and
adoption of information systems (Handayani, 2005; Sastrawan, 2020; Johnson, Thompson
and Wallace, 2022; Zahra and Dinanti, 2022).
15.
Organizational Change: Changes in organizational structures and processes can affect the
need for new information systems or upgrades to existing systems (Arnita, 2005;
Anisiforov, Dubgorn and Lepekhin, 2019; Gunawan, 2020).
These factors are interrelated and influence each other in determining the direction
and speed of development of information systems in the future. Based on the above, it can be
concluded that the future of information systems is expected to be full of innovation and
technological advancements. However, to fully utilize this potential, industry and academia
as well as all relevant stakeholders must work together to overcome existing challenges,
including security issues, skills gaps and ethical questions. With a focus on continuous
development and adaptation to change, the future of information systems can bring
significant advances to society and the economy.
