SOCIAL PROCESS AND SOCIAL INTERACTION
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
Social Interaction as the Main Factor in Social Life
Human relationships, or social relations, determine the structure of society. These
human relationships or social relations are based on communication. Communication is
therefore the basis of the existence of a society.
Human relations or social relations, the relationship between one another with the
citizens of a society, both in the form of individuals or individuals as well as with groups and
between human groups themselves, embody the dynamic aspect of the change and
development of society. If we look at the communication or relationship before it has its
concrete forms, which are in accordance with the social values in a society, it undergoes a
process first. These processes are intended and referred to as social processes. So Gillin &
Gillin say that: Social processes are ways of relating that can be seen when individuals and
human groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of these relationships, or
what will happen if there are changes that cause shaky ways of life that already exist.
Seen from this angle, communication can be viewed as a system in a society, as well
as a social process.
In communication, humans influence each other reciprocally so that they form
experiences or knowledge about each other's experiences. Communication is therefore the
basis of social life, or the social process.
Awareness in communicating among the citizens of a society, causing a society can be
maintained as a unit. Therefore, in every society, a communication system is formed. This
system consists of symbols that are given meaning and therefore have special meanings by
each society.
Because of the continuity of its unity by means of communication, each society can
form its culture, based on its own communication system.
In modern societies, the meaning of communication becomes even more important,
because in general, modern societies are increasingly rational and more based on increasingly
abstract symbols.
The general form of social processes is social interaction, and since other forms of
social processes are only special forms of interaction, it is social interaction that can be called
the social process itself. Social interaction is the key to all social life, without social
interaction there can be no common life. Social interaction is the main condition for social
activities to occur.
Social interaction is a dynamic relationship, which involves relationships between
individual people, between human groups, and between individuals and human groups.
Social interaction is a relationship between two or more human individuals, where the
behavior of one individual affects, changes or improves the behavior of another individual, or
vice versa.
Gillin and Gillin propose two conditions that must be met so that a social interaction is
possible, namely:
The existence of social contact
There is communication.
Thus contact is the first stage of social interaction. It can be said that for a contact to
occur, it does not necessarily have to occur bodily as the original meaning of the word contact
itself which literally means "touching together". Humans as individuals can make contact
without touching but as sensory beings can do so by communicating. Social communication
or "face-to face" communication, interpersonal communication, as well as through the media.
Moreover, the advancement of communication technology has been so rapid.
When two people meet, they can greet each other, shake hands, or talk to each other
and do various other activities. The two people have made contact, even such activities are
already a form of social interaction. If two people who meet, do not exchange signs or do not
talk to each other, social interaction has even begun, social interaction has occurred. Because
each is aware of the existence and presence of the other party which can cause changes in
their respective feelings or nerves. The impression that can be caused in each individual can
then determine what actions and activities will be carried out.
Social contact can take place in three forms, namely not only between individuals and
individuals as the first form, but also in the second form, between individuals and a human
group or vice versa. The third form is between a human group and another human group.
A social contact does not only depend on the action or activity, but also on the
response or reaction, as well as feedback to the action or activity.
Social contact can be positive, if it leads to cooperation. And it can be negative if it
leads to a conflict, or even a long time does not produce a social interaction.
Another classification is that a social contact can be primary or secondary. If the
parties making contact can directly meet and face to face, it is said to be primary. Meanwhile,
if the contact requires an intermediary who can be in the form of individuals or media, it is
said that the contact is secondary.
From the discussion of social contact as the first condition for social interaction, with
some length, I only want to point out that social contact is also the same as communication, or
at least in that sense, aspects of the notion of communication have been contained. So the
second condition is less important. But the most important meaning of the special discussion
of communication as the second condition for social interaction is, as a continuation of the
social contact that has occurred. The most important meaning of communication is that one
individual interprets what roles are to be conveyed through the behavior of the other person.
In communication, there are likely to be various interpretations of the behavior of others.
Based on that interpretation, he or she acts again; and thus social interaction occurs.
Forms of social interaction can be in the form of cooperation (co-operation),
competition (competition) and opposition or conflict (conflict).
When two individuals interact, they exchange meaningful signs, pass meaningful
symbols, whether in the form of words, or smiles, frowns, etc., they interpret and understand
these movements contained in the behavior of the other person. And respond accordingly or
appropriately to their own expectations. If one follows the other's communication and
responds to it, the other then adjusts his behavior simultaneously for these reasons. This is a
dynamic process, as relationships change from moment to seat and each person must
successively keep changing his or her own response directed at the other.
If two people are talking to each other, or two boys are fighting, or two people are
racing, each moves or acts directed and aimed at the other individual, and therefore, for that
reason changes his own behavior. Social interaction is therefore social and not personal,
because it ultimately requires two or more people.
Within an interaction there is a constant process of mutual adjustment to the
preceding, mutually expected activities or actions and behaviors.
Thus Douglas Oliver for example says that: Interaction is when it concerns or relates
to the behavior of mutual adjustment, between two or more individuals.
Neither a group nor a society can maintain its existence, without adjustment. Each
member of a group/society interacts with other members through communication, and in so
doing simultaneously adapts his or her behavior to their expectations. All communication
activities underlie social interaction so as to bind people together into a society: Interaction is
therefore a fundamental social reality.
Forms of Social Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction can take the form of cooperation, competition, and even
conflict.
According to Gillin and Gillin, there are two kinds of social processes that arise as a result of
social interaction, namely:
Associative processes (processes of association) which are divided into three
special forms, namely:
o accommodation
o assimilation and acculturation
Dissociative processes (processes od Dissociation) which include :
o Competition
o Competition which includes contravention and disagreement or conflict.
Another systematic was also developed by Kimball Young, according to him the forms
of social processes are :
Opposition, which includes competition and disagreement.
Cooperation that results in accommodation.
Differentiation, which is the process by which individuals in society acquire rights
and duties that differ from those of other people in society on the basis of differences
in age, sex and occupation. Differentiation results in a multi-layered system in
society.
Interaction patterns according to Tamotsu Shibutani include:
Accommodation in routine situations
Meeting and suggestion expressions
Strategic interaction in conflicts.
Development of mass behavior.
Cooperation
Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups to achieve
certain common goals. Cooperation arises because of the orientation of individuals towards
their group (which is their in-group) and other groups (which are their out-group).
In connection with the implementation of cooperation, there are five forms of cooperation,
namely:
Harmony that includes mutual cooperation and helping each other.
Bargaining, which is the implementation of agreements regarding the exchange of
goods and services between two or more organizations.
Co-optation, which is a process of accepting new elements in the leadership or
implementation of politics in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the
stabilization of the organization concerned.
Coalition, which is a combination of two or more organizations that share common
goals. Coalitions can result in a temporarily unstable situation, as the two or more
organizations may not have the same structure as each other.
Joint-Venture, which is cooperation in the exploitation of certain projects, for
example, oil drilling, coal mining, cinema, hospitality, and so on.
Accommodation
The term accommodation is used in two meanings, namely to refer to a situation and
to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a situation, means the fact that there is
a balance in the interaction between individuals and groups in relation to the social norms and
social values that apply in society.
As a process, accommodation refers to efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to
achieve stability.
Purpose of Accommodation:
To reduce conflicts between individuals or groups as a result of differences in
understanding.
To temporarily prevent a disagreement from erupting.
Accommodation is sometimes sought to enable cooperation between groups that live
apart as a result of the operation of social, psychological and cultural factors.
Seek fusion between separate groups.
Important forms of accommodation are :
Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Mediation
Cociliation
Toleration
Stalemate
Adjudication
Accommodation Outcomes
Efforts to avoid new forms of conflict as much as possible in the interests of
community integration.
Suppressing the opposition
Coordination of different personalities
The changing of societal institutions to suit new circumstances.
Changes in position
Paving the way towards assimilation.
Assimilation
It is a social process in a continuing stage, which is characterized by efforts to reduce
the differences that exist between individuals or groups and also includes efforts to increase
the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes with regard to common interests and
goals.
Forms of Social Interaction that give direction to a process of assimilation, are :
The social interaction is an approach to the other party, where the other party also
applies the same.
Interaction social the not experience barriers or restrictions.
The assimilation process is accelerated if the social interaction is direct and primary.
Assimilation is strengthened when the frequency of social interactions is high,
constant and when there is a balance between the patterns of assimilation.
Factors that facilitate assimilation :
Tolerance
Equal economic opportunities.
An attitude of respect for foreigners and their culture.
An open attitude from the ruling class in society.
Similarities in cultural elements.
Mixed representative.
The existence of a common enemy from outside.
Factors that hinder assimilation :
The life of a certain group in society is isolated.
Lack of knowledge about the culture at hand.
A feeling of fear of the power of the culture at hand.
The feeling that the culture of a particular group is superior to that of other groups.
Within certain limits, differences in skin color or differences in physical
characteristics can also be a barrier to assimilation.
Strong in-group feeling.
If the minority group is disturbed by the ruling group.
Differences in interests and personal conflicts.
Competition
A social process in which competing individuals or groups seek to gain advantage in
areas of life that are currently the center of public attention by drawing attention to or
sharpening existing prejudices, without the use of violence or threats.
Competition is of two general types, personal and impersonal. Forms of competition:
Economic competition
Cultural competition
Competition to achieve a certain position and role in society.
Rivalry due to racial differences.
Competition Function:
To channel competitive desires.
It is the way in which the desires, interests and values that exist at a time when they
are the center of attention are best channeled.
As a tool to advocate sex selection and social selection.
As a tool to filter citizens into labor groups to establish a division of labor.
The result of a Competition:
Changes in one's personality.
Progress
Group Solidarity
Disorganization.
Contravention
The symptoms are dissatisfaction with oneself or with a plan.
Contravention includes five subprocesses:
General Process
Simple shape
Intensive form
Those that are confidential
Tactical ones
Conflict or Dispute
A social process in which individuals or groups try to fulfill their goals by challenging
the opposing party with threats or violence. Cause of conflict:
Individual differences
Cultural differences
Differences in interests
Social change.
Conflicts concerning a goal, value or interest, as long as they do not contradict the
patterns of social relations within a particular social structure, then these conflicts are positive.
Forms of Opposition:
Personal Conflicts
Racial Conflict
Conflicts between social classes are generally caused by differences in interests.
Political Conflict.
International conflict.
Consequences of the Opposition form:
Added "in-group" solidarity
Unstable or fractured group unity
Personality change
Accommodation, domination and subjugation of one particular party.
