Paracrine Signaling
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal. Paracrine
signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells. Diffusion
moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually, these
kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of time.
Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells, paracrine
ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the signals
will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal. Paracrine
signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells. Diffusion
moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually, these
kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of time.
Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells, paracrine
ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the signals
will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal. Paracrine
signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells. Diffusion
moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually, these
kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of time.
Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells, paracrine
ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the signals
will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal. Paracrine
signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells. Diffusion
moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually, these
kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of time.
Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells, paracrine
ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the signals
will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal. Paracrine
signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells. Diffusion
moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually, these
kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of time.
Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells, paracrine
ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the signals
will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal. Paracrine
signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells. Diffusion
moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually, these
kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of time.
Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells, paracrine
ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the signals
will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal. Paracrine
signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells. Diffusion
moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually, these
kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of time.
Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells, paracrine
ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the signals
will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal. Paracrine
signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells. Diffusion
moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually, these
kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of time.
Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells, paracrine
ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the signals
will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal. Paracrine
signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells. Diffusion
moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually, these
kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of time.
Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells, paracrine
ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the signals
will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal. Paracrine
signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells. Diffusion
moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually, these
kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of time.
Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells, paracrine
ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the signals
will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal. Paracrine
signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells. Diffusion
moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually, these
kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of time.
Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells, paracrine
ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the signals
will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal. Paracrine
signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells. Diffusion
moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually, these
kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of time.
Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells, paracrine
ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the signals
will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal. Paracrine
signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells. Diffusion
moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually, these
kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of time.
Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells, paracrine
ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the signals
will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal. Paracrine
signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells. Diffusion
moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually, these
kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of time.
Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells, paracrine
ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the signals
will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
Paracrine signals are those which act locally between closely spaced cells.
Diffusion moves paracrine signals throughout the extracellular matrix. Usually,
these kinds of messages cause rapid reactions lasting only a brief amount of
time. Usually fast destroyed by enzymes or eliminated by surrounding cells,
paracrine ligand molecules help to keep the response confined. Eliminating the
signals will restore the concentration gradient for the signal, enabling their fast
diffusing across the intracellular space should they be released once more.
Paracrine signaling is demonstrated, for instance, by messages passing synapses
between nerve cells. A nerve cell is made up of a cell body, many small,
branched extensions known as dendrites that get inputs, and an axon—a long
extension that sends information to other nerve cells or muscle cells. A synapse
is the connection of nerve cells where signal transmission takes place. A
synaptic signal is a chemical one that moves between nerve cells. Fast-moving
electrical impulses propel signals within nerve cells. By use of chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell—the cell
generating the signal—these impulses reach the end of the axon and proceed on
to a dendrite of the next cell. Chemical synapses (Figure 9.3) are the means by
which the neurotransmitters are moved over the very tiny distances (20–40
nanometers) between nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter binds the receptor
on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the
target cell changes and the next electrical impulse is launched. The small
distance between nerve cells allows the signal to travel quickly; this enables an
instantaneous response, such as, "Take your hand off the stove!" Released into
the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters either swiftly breakdown or are
reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell therefore enabling the receiving nerve cell to
recover quickly and be ready to react to the next synaptic signal.
