INDIVIDUAL RELATIONSHIPS AND GROUP RELATIONSHIPS
Sociologists classify forms of social interaction. According to them, there are two types
of social processes that arise as a result of social interaction, namely: associative social
processes and dissociative social processes. 1. Associative social process Associative social
process is a social process that refers to the similarity, harmony and balance of views or actions
of individuals or groups of people in social interaction. The associative social process leads to
social integration. Associative social processes can be in the form of cooperation,
accommodation, assimilation, and acculturation. a. Cooperation Cooperation is a social activity
that involves two or more people to achieve the same goal. Some sociologists consider that
cooperation is the main form of social interaction and is carried out by many people, considering
that all forms of interaction can be returned 109 to cooperation. Interaction in the form of
cooperation can be divided into three forms, namely: 1) Bargaining, which is the implementation
of an agreement regarding the exchange (bargaining) of goods and services between two or more
people/organizations. 2) Cooptation, a process of accepting new elements in leadership or
political implementation in an organization, as a way to avoid shocks in the stability of the
organization concerned. 3) Coalition, a combination between two or more organizations that
have the same goals. Coalitions can produce temporary instability, perhaps because two or
more of these organizations have different structures from each other. However, since the main
intention is to achieve one or 110 several common goals, it is cooperative in nature. 4) Joint
Venture, is a form of cooperation in the ma
nagement of certain projects with a profit sharing agreement according to their
respective portions that are agreed. For example, in the construction of toll roads, entrepreneurs
in Indonesia collaborate with entrepreneurs in the Philippines to build toll roads in the
Philippines, with the agreement that the proceeds or profits will be shared between the two
parties. Usually in the joint venture, one party fills in the shortcomings of the other party and vice
versa. b. Accommodation The dichotomy of the meaning of the term accommodation is (1) used
to refer to a situation, and (2) to refer to a process. Accommodation, which refers to a state,
means the reality of equilibrium in the 111 interactions between individuals and human groups,
in relation to social norms and social values that prevail in society. Meanwhile, as a process,
accommodation refers to human efforts to defuse a conflict, namely efforts to achieve stability.
Accommodation as a process has several forms, namely: 1) Coercion, is accommodation that is
carried out by violence and coercion. This f
orm is usually carried out by a stronger group or has an effect on a weaker group. For
example, slavery, where social interaction is based on the master's control over the slave where
the slave is considered to have absolutely no rights. 2) Compromise (compromise), is an
accommodation made in a way that 112 each group or disputing party is willing to reduce its
demands so that there is an agreement on conflict settlement 3) Arbitration, is an
accommodation or conflict resolution by asking for the help of a third party chosen by both
parties or a body whose position is higher than that of the warring party. Decisions taken by these
third parties are binding. For example, a dispute between a worker/employee and the owner of
the company, then both of them asked for help from the Labor Settlement Agency (BPP) of the
Ministry of Manpower as a third party. 4) Mediation, which is conflict resolution by asking for help
from a third party mutually agreed upon by the parties to the conflict. However, the decision
taken by the mediator or third party is only as advice. For example, 113 fights between two
different villages by asking the village head to reconcile. 5) Conciliation, which is the
accommodation process by bringing together the wishes of the disputing parties to reach a
mutual agreement or agreement. For example, company representatives, labor representatives,
representatives of the Ministry of Labor and so on, are specifically tasked with resolving the
problems of working hours, labor wages, holidays, and so on. 6) Tolerance, is an accommodation
without formal agreement between the warring parties, but there is already awareness from each
party. For example, in the family there is a dispute, but because each party realizes its mistake
the dispute ends 7) Stalemate, is an accommodation, where the opposing parties 114 because
they have a balanced power, stop at a certain point in their opposition. This is because for both
parties there is no longer any possibility either to advance or to retreat. The stalemate, for
example, occurred between the United States and the Soviet Union (Russia), especially in the
nuclear field. 8) Adjudication, which is a form of accommodation carried out through a court
process. For example, an inheritance dispute
where each heir wants to get as much inheritance as possible and then they agree to
settle it in a court institution, so that whatever the court decision, all heirs must be willing to
accept it. c. Assimilation Assimilation can be defined as a social process characterized by efforts
to reduce differences between 115 individuals or groups of human beings and also includes
efforts to enhance the unity of actions, attitudes and mental processes by taking into account
common interests and goals. In a different sense, especially with regard to intercultural
interactions, assimilation is defined as a social process that arises when there are: (1) groups of
people with different cultures, (2) individuals as members of that group associate with each other
directly and intensively over a relatively long period of time, (3) the cultures of the human group
each change and adapt to each other. Usually, the groups referred to in an assimilation process
are a majority group and several minority groups. In this case, the minority group changes the
distinctive characteristics of its cultural elements and adapts it to the culture of the majority
group in such a way that it gradually loses it
s cultural personality, and enters the majority culture. Thus it can be said that changes in
ethnic identity and assimilation tendencies can occur if there is interaction between different
groups, and if there is an awareness of each group. d. Acculturation Acculturation can be defined
as a social process that arises when a group of people with a certain culture is confronted with
elements of a foreign culture in such a way, so that the elements of the foreign culture are
gradually accepted and processed into their own culture without causing the loss of the
personality of the culture itself. In this case, there is a difference between the part of the culture
that is difficult to change and influenced by foreign cultural elements (covert culture), and the
part of culture that is easy to change and 117 is influenced by foreign cultural elements (overt
culture). Covert culture for example: 1) a system of cultural values, 2) religious beliefs that are
considered sacred, 3) some customs that have been learned very early in the process of
socialization of individual citizens, and 4) several customs that have a wide range of functions in
society. While overt culture is for example physical culture, such as useful tools and objects, but
also science, procedures, lifestyles, and recreation that are useful and provide comfort. 2.
Dissociative social process Dissociative process is a social process that leads to forms of
conflict or conflict. This dissociative social process can be in the form of competition,
contradiction, opposition or conflict. a. Competition Competition can be interpreted as a social
process that is characterized by competition between groups or 118 between individuals to
pursue a certain value in order to be more advanced, better, and stronger or stronger.
Competition has two properties, namely: 1) Personal competition is competition between
individuals or individuals that occurs directly, such as: the fight for seats by members in an
organization to occupy a certain position. This type of competition is called rivalry. 2) Impersonal
competition is competition between groups, for example: competition between political parties
in winning votes in general elections. b. Contravention is a social process that is mainly
characterized by symptoms of uncertainty about one's self or a hidden plan and dislike, hatred
or doubt about one's personality. Contravention can also be interpreted as 119 a hidden mental
attitude towards other people or towards elements of a certain group's culture. This hidden
attitude can turn into hatred, but not to the point of conflict or dispute. Contravention can refer
to a view, idea, teaching, belief, plan, or policy that comes from a person or group. For example,
the Principal takes a policy to increase the BP3 contribution in the school, then a certain group
of students disagrees with the policy, which further develops into displeasure and hatred.
Meanwhile, these feelings of displeasure and hatred are still hidden, not shown to the Principal.
The mental attitude of the group of students is a contradiction. c. Conflict Conflict is a social
process carried out by 120 individuals or groups of people who try to achieve their goals, usually
by challenging the other party accompanied by violence or threats. The occurrence of conflicts
is usually due to sharp differences such as physical differences, emotions, cultural elements,
patterns of behavior, and so on with other part
ies. Feelings play an important role in sharpening these differences, so each side tries to
destroy the other. These feelings are usually anger and hatred that cause impulses to hurt or
attack others, or to suppress and destroy individuals or groups of people who are opponents. In
detail, the factors that cause disputes or conflicts include: 121 1) Differences between
individuals; such as differences in stance, ideology, interests, and others 2) Cultural differences;
for example, conflicts that occur between one tribe and another, each of which has a different
culture 3) Conflict of interests; For example, a conflict of interest between the director and his
subordinate staff, on the one hand his subordinate staff needs a decent honorarium, while on
the other hand the director experiences a financial crisis to develop his business 4) Social
changes; Social changes that are too fast can also cause shocks in the joints of people's lives,
both regarding the structural order and the order of values and norms. The shaking can also
eventually encourage disputes between groups. For example, the dispute between groups that
are pro-reform and those who are pro-status quo when there is change in Indonesia. 122 C.
Closing Social interaction can be understood
d as a dynamic and mutually influencing reciprocal relationship that occurs between
individuals or groups of individuals in society. The pattern of social interaction can be in the form
of a reciprocal relationship between: 1) individual to individual, for example two friends who are
having a conversation 2) individual to a group, for example a teacher who is teaching in grade 3)
group to group, for example interaction that occurs at a football match. Social interaction can
take place if the following conditions are met: 1) Social contact, which is the event of a
relationship, connection or social touch (whether or not accompanied by physical contact)
between two or more people. 2) Communication, which is the process of conveying messages or
information from one party (communicator) to another party (communicator) using symbols.
Symbols can be words, sounds, gestures, objects, and so on. 123 The communication process
is declared to take place when there is a common understanding of the symbols used, both by
the communicator and the communicator. Contact and communication can take place in
primary or secondary ways. What is meant by primary contact or communication is contact or
communication that occurs directly face-to-face or face-to-face (face to face). For example: two
or more people meeting and talking to each other in a meeting room. Meanwhile, secondary
contact or communication is contact or communication that occurs with the help of
communication tools such as letters, telephones, emails, conversations on the internet, and so
on (direct secondary), as well as through the help of third parties (indirect secondary). The
occurrence of social interaction can be described in the following order: 1) there are two or more
people 2) there is social contact in which 3) communication occurs 4) there is a reaction to
communication 5) finally, there is a reciprocal action (action-reaction) that affects each other
