1
SLAVERY IN THE AMERICAS BEFORE AND AFTER
COLOMBUS' VOYAGE
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
2
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
3
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
4
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
5
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
6
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
7
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
8
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
9
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
10
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
11
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
12
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
13
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
14
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
15
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
16
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
17
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
18
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
19
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
20
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
21
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
22
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
23
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
24
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
25
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
26
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
27
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
28
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
29
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
30
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
31
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
32
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
33
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
34
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
35
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
36
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
37
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
38
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
39
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
40
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
41
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
42
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
43
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
44
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
45
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
46
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
47
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
48
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
49
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
50
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
51
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
52
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
53
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
54
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
55
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
56
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
57
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
58
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
59
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
60
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
61
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
62
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
63
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
64
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
65
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
66
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
67
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
68
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
69
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
70
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
71
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
72
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
73
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
74
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
75
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
76
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
77
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
78
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
79
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
80
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
81
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
82
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
83
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
84
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
85
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
86
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
87
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
88
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
89
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
90
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
91
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
92
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
93
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
94
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
95
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
96
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
97
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
98
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
99
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
10
0
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
10
1
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
10
2
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
10
3
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
10
4
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
10
5
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
10
6
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
10
7
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
10
8
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
10
9
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
11
0
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
11
1
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
11
2
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
11
3
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
11
4
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
11
5
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
11
6
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
11
7
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
11
8
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
11
9
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
12
0
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
12
1
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
12
2
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
12
3
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
12
4
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
12
5
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
12
6
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
12
7
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
12
8
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
12
9
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
13
0
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
13
1
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
13
2
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
13
3
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
13
4
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
13
5
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
13
6
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
13
7
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
13
8
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
13
9
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
14
0
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
14
1
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
14
2
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
14
3
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
14
4
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
14
5
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
14
6
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
14
7
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
14
8
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
14
9
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
15
0
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
15
1
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
15
2
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
15
3
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
15
4
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
15
5
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
15
6
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
15
7
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
15
8
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
15
9
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
16
0
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
16
1
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
16
2
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
16
3
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
16
4
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
16
5
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
16
6
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
16
7
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
16
8
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
16
9
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
17
0
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
17
1
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
17
2
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
17
3
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
17
4
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
v Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
17
5
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
17
6
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
17
7
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
17
8
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
17
9
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
18
0
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
18
1
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
18
2
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
18
3
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
18
4
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
18
5
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
18
6
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
18
7
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
18
8
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
18
9
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
19
0
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
19
1
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
19
2
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
19
3
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
19
4
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
19
5
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
19
6
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
19
7
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
19
8
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
19
9
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
20
0
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
20
1
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
20
2
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
20
3
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
20
4
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
20
5
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
20
6
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
20
7
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
20
8
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
Slavery in the Americas before Colombus' voyage
Slavery was practiced by the indigenous people of the Americas long before the arrival of
Christopher Colombus to the Americas. Generally, slaves were obtained from prisoners of war or
someone who failed to pay off their debts. In the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, laborers were
usually employed as temple builders and some were used as offerings to the gods (Revue, 2002,
p. 175).
In the Inca empire, the mit'a system was known as sending one of the family members to
pay taxes to the government by becoming a slave. Family members who became slaves were
then employed to build infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and irrigation (de Diez Canseco,
1999, p. 61). Indian tribes such as the Carib, Comanche, and Tupinamba also recognized a
system of slavery. However, Native American slavery was not hereditary. So that the
descendants of these slaves are free and have free rights like other residents.
Slavery in the Americas after Colombus' voyage
After Colombus' voyage to the western hemisphere in 1492, Europeans brought a new
tradition to the Americas: the trans-oceanic slave trade. This slave trade is also known as the
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade began in 1441 when Antão Gonçalves bought ten
slaves from Africa to bring to Portugal (Williams, 2014, pp. 24-25). However, the impact of the
trans-Atlantic slave trade was not felt in the Americas until 1518, when Spain legalized the
Asiento de Negros, a monopoly on the African slave trade.
Before employing African slaves, Europeans in the Americas used Indians as slaves in
plantations and mines. The first example of Indian slavery by Europeans was gold mining in
Cibao in 1494. In addition, in 1495, Christopher Colombus sold 550 Indians to Spain (Reséndez,
2016, p. 27). But slavery The Spanish government also banned the enslavement of Native
Americans in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-19), because the Indians had no immunity to
diseases brought from Eurasia and Africa such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. In addition,
20
9
the Spanish government also banned Native American slavery in 1499 (Reséndez, 2016, pp. 18-
19).
To solve this problem, in 1518, the Spanish Crown authorized the Asiento de Negros, a
monopoly on the trade of black slaves to the Americas by Catholic traders. This monopoly
started the slave trade to the Americas. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was then divided into two
phases, the first phase controlled by the Portuguese and Spanish, and the second phase controlled
by the British, French and Dutch.
The first phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place between 1525 and the end of
the 17th century, during which slaves were brought to work as slaves in Spain and Portugal's
colonial territories in the Americas such as Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Spain and Portugal profited
the most from the slave trade during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). However, the Spanish and
Portuguese monopoly on the slave trade collapsed during the Spanish Successor War (1701-
1714). The Asiento de Negros was then ceded to the British with the signing of the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713 (Christopher, 2006, p. 6).
The second phase occurred from the mid-17th century until the abolition of slavery in the
19th century, during which the slave trade was controlled by Britain, France and the Netherlands
and accounted for more than half of the total number of slaves traded in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
Slaves in this phase were generally taken to the Caribbean Islands and North America (Meredith,
2014, pp. 191-193).
In 1621, Anthony Johnson, the first black man arrived in the Virginia colony as an
indentured laborer. However, in 1641, the colony of Massachusett passed a policy allowing
slavery on the condition that slaves were obtained from non-British citizens or prisoners of war.
Due to the great need to take care of plantations in North America, the British government then
passed the Partus sequitur ventrem policy in 1662 with trials in the Virginia colony, since then
black people have been deprived of their right to life by Europeans (Wood, 1970, p. 49). The last
ship to transport black slaves in the United States was the Clotilda in 1859, which docked in
Alabama, United States, two years before the civil war.
Slavery carried out by Europeans is generally hereditary or also known as Partus sequitur
ventrem. In addition to its hereditary nature For generations, the masters of the slaves were also
often rude and tortured disobedient slaves. Black slaves who could not stand the treatment of
21
0
their masters then fled to the interior of the forest and became known as Maroons. These
Maroons often intermarried with Indians, resulting in creole tribes such as the Garifuna in Belize
and the Saramacca in Suriname (Manzo, 1998. 417).
The End of Slavery in the Americas
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France at August 26,
1789 had a major impact on the end of slavery. This declaration inspired Toussaint L'Ouverture
to launch the Haitian revolution in 1791. The struggle of black slaves in Haiti proved successful
and Haiti became independent from France in 1804 (Dubois, 2005, p. 91). The independence of
Haiti opened the eyes of Europeans to the bad system of slavery. Likewise, the UK abandoned
slavery in 1833 with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act.
During the early 19th century, slavery was still practiced in areas such as Brazil, Cuba, and
the United States. The abolition of slavery only began in the Americas during the Spanish
American War of Independence (1810-1826), gradually countries in the Americas began to
abandon the slavery system. The first country in the Americas to abolish slavery was Chile in
1811 and Brazil became the last country to stop slavery in 1888 (Hinks and McKivigan, 2015, p.
430).
The abolition of slavery was not always well received, this policy was the main cause of
the United States Civil War (1861-1865). The Confederacy rejected the abolition of slavery and
seceded from the United States in February 1861, seven states in the South of the United States
seceded to form the Confederacy. Slavery in the United States officially ceased with the end of
the civil war and the passing of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865 (Williams, 2014, pp.
107-109).
