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Chapter 1

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Introduction: The Nature of Leadership

Learning Objectives

After Studying this Chapter you should be able to:

Understand the different ways leadership has been defined.

Understand the controversy about differences between leadership and management.

Understand why it is so difficult to assess leadership effectiveness.

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Learning Objectives (Cont.)

Understand the indicators used to assess leadership effectiveness

Understand what aspects of leadership have been studied the most during the past 50 years.

Understand the organization of this book.

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Learning Objective 1

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Understand the different ways leadership has been defined

Definition of Leadership

“Always, it seems, the concept of leadership eludes us or turns up in another form to taunt us again with its slipperiness and complexity. So we have invented an endless proliferation of terms to deal with it…and still the concept is not sufficiently defined.”

Bennis (1959)

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Controversies Over Leadership Definitions

Specialized role or shared influence process

Type of influence process

Purpose of influence attempts

Influence based on reason or emotions

Direct versus indirect leadership

Leadership versus management

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Leadership: A Working Definition

“Leadership is the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how to do it, and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives.”

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Learning Objective 2

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Understand the controversy about differences between leadership and management

Controversies about Differences Between Leadership and Management

Leaders and managers as qualitatively different and mutually exclusive types of people

Leading and managing as different roles or processes

Leading as an influence relationship and managing as an authority relationship

Integrative approach

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Learning Objective 3

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Understand why it is so difficult to assess leadership effectiveness

Difficulties With Assessing Leadership Effectiveness

Many different indicators

Immediate and delayed outcomes

Stakeholders with different preferences

Different conceptions of leadership

Development of a composite measure

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Learning Objective 4

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Understand the different indicators used to assess leadership effectiveness

Indicators of Effective Leadership

High group performance

Follower satisfaction

Improved group processes

Career success of leader

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Learning Objective 5

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Understand what aspects of leadership have been studied the most over the last 50 years

Ways to Classify Leadership Theory and Research

Type of variable emphasized

Type of leader characteristic

Level of Conceptualization

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Key Variables in Leadership Theory

Characteristics of the Leader

Characteristics of the Follower

Characteristics of the Situation

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Type of Leadership Characteristic

Trait Approach

Behavior Approach

Power-Influence Approach

Situational Approach

Integrative Approach

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Level of Conceptualization

Intra-individual process

Dyadic process

Group process

Organizational process

Multi-level theories

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Other Bases for Comparing Leadership Theories

Leader-centered versus follower-centered

Universal versus contingency

Descriptive versus prescriptive

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Learning Objective 6

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Understand the organization of this book

Primary: Type of Leadership Variable Studied

Behavior Approach

Trait Approach

Situational Approach

Power and Influence Approach

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Secondary: Level of Conceptualization

Dyadic level

Group level

Organizational level

Multiple levels

Summary of Major Findings

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