Year-round schooling

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Year-Round Schooling Offers Benefits Over a Traditional Calendar Authors: Charles Ballinger and Carolyn Kneese Editor: Adriane Ruggiero Date: 2008 From: Year-Round Schools Publisher: Greenhaven Press Series: At Issue Document Type: Viewpoint essay Length: 4,072 words Content Level: (Level 4) Lexile Measure: 1210L

Full Text: Article Commentary

Charles Ballinger and Carolyn Kneese, School Calendar Reform: Learning in All Seasons. Lanham MD: Rowman and Littlefield Education, 2006, pp. 3-9. Copyright © 2006 by Charles Ballinger and Carolyn Kneese. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission. Charles Ballinger is the executive director of the National Association for Year-Round Education. Carolyn Kneese is a former associate professor of educational administration at Texas A&M University-Commerce. Year-round schooling enhances student learning because the learning is not interrupted by a long summer break during which, many experts say, students forget what they learned during the regular school year. That summer break is a remnant of an agrarian past when children were needed to work on farms. Today, student learning need not be dictated by season since learning goes on all the time. Many educators who teach in schools with modified or balanced calendars note that students are less likely to forget the knowledge they acquired because they experience fewer interruptions in instruction. However, students in these schools are actually in school the same number of days as students in schools with so-called traditional calendars. Instead of a three-month vacation in the summer, modified or balanced school schedules are built around several shorter breaks called intersessions. These breaks are spaced throughout the year and provide students with valuable opportunities for remedial work and advanced enrichment. For example, a school following a modified calendar might have 45 days of classes followed by a 15-day intersession. Both students and teachers experience less burnout under this system.

The National Educational Commission on Time and Learning has acknowledged what most educators instinctively know, but seldom give voice to: There is a disconnect between the way that students learn and forget and the currently-used school calendar, which has little relationship to that understanding. Since students can learn in all seasons and months of the year, educators and others might well consider whether or not a school calendar that is more closely aligned to student learning modalities can be developed.

The Issue of the School Calendar The traditional school calendar is not primarily a learning calendar now, nor was it designed to be. Rather, it is an amalgam of responses to the economic and social needs of a nation both rural and urban. Original intents—to provide helping hands on the farms and ranches of a bygone era, to

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provide extended instruction in English for young European immigrants, or to offer special interest classes to children of wealthy urbanites—have long since been surpassed by events in the 20th and early 21st centuries.

Nevertheless, the traditional calendar persists in a majority of American schools. Buttressed by the strong force of doing things the way they have always been done and supported by the inertia of simply accepting what is and has been, the traditional calendar continues to be anchored, though rusting, in many communities. The policy issue that remains, however, is whether or not calendar stability is of a higher value than adoption of a new calendar designed to aid student learning.

Today considerable flexibility exists for creating time models that better serve students' educational needs. For example, almost all state legislatures require students to attend school fewer than half of the days each year (180 of 365). If schools were to publish and distribute a hypothetical calendar that alternated legislatively required in-school days (180) with out-of-school days (185), most members of the public would be astonished to realize that American students would be out of school every other day of the year! Viewed through this lens, it is quite clear that American students have not been asked, nor required, to make the time commitment to learning that other leading nations of the world have asked of their students.

With significant learning loss occurring year after year because of the traditional long summer vacation, which in turn requires substantial time each autumn for reteaching the previous year's lessons. American students are not reaching the goals and expectations of the larger society. They are not likely to meet them when, as the commissioners of the National Education Commission on Time and Learning wrote, time usage in school virtually assures the failure of many students. Consequently, a question to be posed is this: Of what value is there to a community of having most of its classrooms unused for fully 25% of the possible school days each year. When America's students need more, rather than less, education?

While some educational authorities have suggested summer school as a solution to reduce summer learning loss, others respond that it is well to remember that considerably fewer than half of American students are involved in structured summer learning programs of any kind, including non-school activities. Further, they point out, the American summer school, for the most part, is not well- connected to the school's ongoing curriculum, lacking sufficient focus to be of much remedial help.

A balanced year-round calendar provides a logical pacing of instruction, followed by regular breaks. Refreshed by the breaks, teachers and students return ready to work ...

Other educators believe that summer remedial instruction comes too late to be useful. For example, if a student misunderstands an algorithm in October, he will most likely have to wait until the following June for the remediation process to begin. That struggling student's seven months of frustration, waiting for help, is hardly an energized prelude to successful summer remediation.

Summer Learning Loss Now that educational research has verified what experienced teachers have known for decades—that students forget a considerable amount of information over the long summer—a pertinent question to be raised in each community is this: How long should a summer vacation be? Three weeks or four? Five or six? As long as 10 or 12? Summer learning loss is a significant policy issue that requires ongoing community consideration of how best to lessen the loss. A community's focus on that loss and its ramifications may well lead to calendar reformation.

Yet, to a larger extent than one might think possible, there are communities across the nation that have resisted even minimal consideration and discussion of summer loss. In those communities mere

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mention of summer loss is dismissed without an articulated rationale for the status quo other than it has always been that way.

To a certain extent, the notion of learning loss seemingly fades with the resumption of school each autumn. Rather than learning loss disappearing, however, its reality is simply camouflaged by the resumption of school. Summer loss accumulates over time. Eventually, students from disadvantaged homes—known to be especially vulnerable to summer loss—slip further behind their peers each year and increasingly struggle to catch up with other students, prompting them to eventually abandon school by dropping out.

Unfortunately, even some educators are reluctant to confront the seriousness of summer loss.... To raise the issue is to disturb the comfortable status quo. Without a political groundswell in the community to confront learning loss—a groundswell unlikely without raising the issue in the first place —there is little incentive to tackle the summer loss phenomenon. Most school board members and district administrators feel quite safe in accepting the status quo because they are keenly aware that the parents of the students most seriously hurt by summer loss are also the ones least likely to demand change. Nevertheless, if learning challenges and objectives set by state and federal governments are to be met, discussion in the community about calendar reform is overdue.

Some Reasons For Changing the School Calendar Community discussions on calendar modification to date have generated six generalized reasons to change the calendar. The reasons follow.

1. Modified, balanced calendars can effectively maintain student interest in learning. Periods of teacher/student interaction in the classroom, followed by scheduled vacations, is a balanced way of learning. Interest remains high throughout the learning period because students can, in their more difficult moments, contemplate a vacation just a short time away. The vacation period, however, is not so long that students seriously lose skills previously taught. A balanced year-round-calendar provides a logical pacing of instruction, followed by regular breaks. Refreshed by the breaks, teachers and students return ready to work. Students thus learn to pursue work intensively, to rest and regenerate during short vacations, and then to work diligently again—a rhythm more like real life.

Intersession ... is a fertile period for enrichment and creativity ...

In contrast, the traditional school calendar begins its year after a nearly 3-month layoff. It lurches through the year by almost, but not quite, finishing the first semester before a two-week winter holiday period. The semester resumes for just three weeks after the holidays and then is completed. Once the first semester ends, teachers typically are given two or three days to grade semester final exams, record the grades, and plan—with negligible time available for thoughtful revision—the beginning of the second term.

The second semester has its quirks as well. Teachers, staff, and students begin the semester with a rush. A short spring break of one week or less is scheduled about halfway through the semester. After the break there is a long slide in student interest in learning as the student contemplates the long summer vacation ahead.

2. Students, learning differently, require different time configurations. While affirming this truism in both community forums and educational seminars, many educators and community leaders actually adhere to another quite opposite learning principle when it comes to the school calendar. In practice, these educational leaders subscribe to the thesis that all students learn in the same way, at the same time, and that one calendar fits all. Further, there is often a clear pattern of denial about summer learning loss. Consequently, these school leaders ignore the warning of the National Education Commission on

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Time and Learning that there is an unacknowledged design flaw in school time schedules that can be corrected with provisions of time options for learning.

3. Intersession classes provide faster remediation and advanced enrichment. After several weeks of class work in modified-calendar schools, students have a scheduled vacation—the length of time of which depends on local calendar choices. The vacation is called intersession, during which remediation can occur or enrichment can be offered. If an elementary student is struggling with fractions, or a secondary student with algebra, intersession becomes a welcomed opportunity to take immediate corrective action. If the action is successful, struggling students have the opportunity to resume class work at a level comparable to that of their classmates when instruction begins anew.

Intersession also is a fertile period for enrichment and creativity. Year-round schools have developed exciting 1- to 3-week classes in the arts, sciences, computers, and independent study units, as well as the standard basic subjects. Once parents understand the possibilities inherent in intersession learning units, they tend to support calendar change all the more readily.

4. Students learning a second language can benefit the balanced calendar. Students are arriving at schools with more diverse backgrounds than ever before. Consequently, a greater variety of languages is brought from the home to the school. A long summer away from language instruction is not helpful to students learning English as a second language. Indeed, the absence of formal language instruction is not helpful to any student learning a second language. Improving the school calendar can make a great difference in language acquisition for these students.

5. Cocurricular and extracurricular activities can take place throughout the year and can reinforce previous learning. Research indicates that students remember most when they have an opportunity to apply what they have learned. A modification of the school calendar, with its intersession periods, can allow students creative avenues to apply recent learning. For example, intersession programs that incorporate in-depth science projects, independent science study, or science camp can add to what students have learned previously in their science classes.

The single-track's schedule is flexible enough that staff and parents can include an extra day or two, or an extra week, around legal holidays to take advantage of lower traveling costs or more quality family time ...

Intersession intervals can also be excellent times to prepare for music events. Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) or American College Test (ACT) exams, or academic decathlons. For high school students, fall and winter intersessions can be desirable times to visit prospective college campuses. Student athletes can utilize intersession in at least two ways: 1) a significant portion of the sport's season is free of exam and homework requirements, allowing increased concentration on the sport: and 2) student athletes experiencing academic difficulty can use the intersession to correct the problem and retrieve good standing.

6. Teachers can take advantage of year-long opportunities for staff development. In a balanced calendar school, staff development is continuous and available throughout the year rather than available largely in the summer months. This in-service schedule is similar to that in professional fields such as medicine, law, and engineering.

Teachers' fears that an alternative calendar will prohibit them from pursuing advanced degrees have not been realized. Graduate schools live by the law of supply and demand. When teachers need in- service or graduate training, universities provide it. In areas where several teacher institutions vie for graduate students, the institutions compete vigorously to provide classes at times convenient to teachers.

A Single Track Calendar and the Way It Works

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Schools that choose to move to a single-track, balanced calendar generally do so with high purpose. They want to reduce—not eliminate—the long summer vacation of the traditional calendar to reduce the forgetting that accompanies it. They also want to establish to a greater degree than heretofore possible a school calendar that mirrors the way students learn: continuously. Thus, they adopt a single-track calendar in which all students and teachers follow the same schedule, but one in which there are periods of learning followed by periods of vacation (called intersessions).

Schools considering calendar modification for learning reasons only have the luxury of choosing among many schedules, unlike those schools facing or experiencing heavy overenrollment. The former may choose among a variety of structured calendars such as 45/15, 60/20, 60/15, 90/30, or variations of these common four. They also have the opportunity to develop and implement a design of instructional delivery of their choice: quarter, semester, trimester, or continuous. In those schools favoring a philosophy of meeting student needs by personalizing instruction, parents and students may choose among personalized calendars, which are designed to respond specifically to individual student needs and parental schedule(s).

The single-track's schedule is flexible enough that staff and parents can include an extra day or two, or an extra week, around legal holidays to take advantage of lower traveling costs or more quality family time. There can also be consideration of special days set aside for community festivals, local events, and county fairs, all within the context of vacations no longer than eight weeks and most no longer than six weeks.

There are other reasons to consider implementation of single-track, balanced calendars. Utilizing scheduled vacation periods of three to five weeks, classroom teachers have time to reflect upon what has previously transpired in the teacher/student interaction and to plan future instructional strategy.

Because of the intermittent, scheduled vacations, there is reduced teacher and student burnout. For both, there is a period away from classroom tensions and personality conflicts that are so often present when humans interact. Because of this period of recuperation, some single-track schools have reported better attendance on the part of both teachers and students. Other schools have reported fewer student disciplinary referrals, which they attribute to the scheduled vacation intervals and the opportunity to dampen negative feelings toward the school on the part of some students.

Concerns of Parents and Others About Change At the same public forums that generated reasons to implement a single-track modified calendar, there were reasons offered not to proceed with modification. Eight of those reasons are reviewed here. Three are linked to issues of family life, three are linked to school district administrative or operational concerns, and two are linked to non-school experiences. None of the eight are linked to instructional concerns.

All of these concerns are real to those who raised them. All have been addressed in other communities that have implemented a balanced calendar. All have been resolved or rendered non- threatening to the satisfaction of most families.

Parents were initially concerned about possibly having their children on differing schedules, if, for example, the local elementary school were to move to a modified calendar plan, while the feeder high school remained on a traditional schedule. Likewise, parents raised the matter of family vacations if calendar change were to occur. Both of these concerns have been, and can be, ameliorated to a large degree by printing and distributing to parents well in advance both the modified and traditional calendars. Parents quickly realize that there is a common in-school schedule most of the year and that there are usually four to six weeks of common vacation time in the summer, two weeks at Christmas/New Year's, and one week in common during spring vacation. That is a total of seven to nine weeks of common vacation each year. Since most families rarely take more than three weeks of

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vacation time together annually, including the winter holidays, this issue of separate schedules ceases to be a major one.

Parents were also concerned about whether or not child care would be available when students were on their scheduled vacations/intersessions. Experience in other communities has shown that child care is a service responsive to parental needs and follows the law of supply and demand. If child care organizations do not offer service at the times parents demand it, the organizations quickly go out of business. Thus, when the school schedule changes, the child care schedule follows quickly.

Parents also wondered whether or not students could still find and hold jobs after calendar modification. Concerns about student employment are usually allayed by the experiences over the past three decades of high school students in modified calendar schools. A pertinent fact for consideration is that the vast majority of high school students do not have jobs affected by a change in the school schedule. For example, only on occasion do freshmen and sophomores have work especially sensitive to calendar change, if indeed they hold jobs at all. Even among 16- to 18-year- olds it is not common to have a job affected by calendar change.

Students holding jobs have actually been helped by balancing the calendar. Most employment of high school students is in the fast food, grocery, and service industries, jobs which are usually part-time and available in all months and seasons of the year. Because of the nature of these jobs, experience has shown that students in modified-calendar high schools are available to work in the above businesses at times when other high school and college students are in class and not available. By not having to compete with every other high school and college student for all-too-few jobs in the summer, modified-calendar students do very well indeed during their several vacation periods.

There is one job-related circumstance that merits special attention. Organized opposition to calendar change in some communities has come from the summer recreation industry. Fearful that minimum- wage labor will not be available at certain peak times, the industry has suggested to parents and others that a community's economy will be greatly damaged if minimum-wage labor is not available and local resort businesses fail.

This perceived threat to summer recreation sites can be viewed two ways. On the one hand, local summer resorts pay taxes, which is the lifeblood of all government agencies, including public schools. Consequently, no harm to business is wanted nor intended when a school changes its calendar. Rather, modification of a calendar is activated to attain the purpose of schools, which is to help students achieve the highest degree of learning possible. That is what taxpayers, including summer resorts, expect for their money. School districts in resort communities should work with local businesses to determine the number of students, if any, needed for successful business operations. It may well be that a summer vacation of six to eight weeks may provide ample workers during the peak season. Work/study programs may supplement resort personnel needs. Discussion should include whether the resort(s) will be employing college or high school students, and if the latter, whether any will be below the age of 18.

On the other hand, the active opposition to calendar modification by the summer recreation industry is mystifying to many, since 99.9% of America's K-12 students are not employed nor eligible to be employed by this industry. Is it sound public policy to respond solely to the 0.1% that may be employed in the summer recreation industry, at the expense of the 99.9% who are not?

Parents also worried whether or not their children could be involved in activities such as Little League or high school sports. Activities such as these continue as before, experience has shown. They are affected little to none by balancing the calendar.

Other Stated Concerns

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Other stated concerns revolved around air-conditioning during warm weather, building cleaning and maintenance, and having some schools out of sync with others in the district on such circumstances as teacher in-service and graduate work.

School administrative and operational challenges are easily taken care of in the single-track format. Maintenance and cleaning of school facilities continue as before. Since there are several scheduled vacations each year, maintenance and deep cleaning are actually enhanced by the single-track arrangement. No longer do the school facilities need to wait until summer for cleaning and maintenance.

Air-conditioning of any school functioning in all seasons of the year is an ongoing discussion with educational, physical, and financial implications far broader than first realized. If students cannot learn because of heat in a non-air-conditioned school, then is the value of classes held in May, June, and September suspect, as well as any summer classes held in that school? Yet hundreds of non-air- conditioned schools hold classes in warm weather each year. On the other hand, if students can learn in summer school despite the heat, then why would they not learn in a year-round school as well?

Most schools built in the past 20 years are built with air-conditioning in mind. Many older schools have been wholly or partially air-conditioned in the past two decades. Over time, this issue will dissipate as more schools move into some kind of climate control. In the meantime, balancing of the school calendar should be approached on its own merits first in a community's discussion, and once that decision is affirmed, then additional consideration can be given to climate control in the classroom.

The content of teacher in-service does not change because of a change in a school's schedule. The timing of the in-service may change in those districts that offer two or more calendar options to students and parents; however, districts offering a choice of calendars have found common times when all staff are available for in-servicing.

Reasons for Choosing a Multi-Track Schedule As noted previously, a single-track year-round calendar is one in which a school, or a school district, functions on a schedule in which all students and school staff follow the same days in school and on vacation. Single-track calendars are adopted to provide a more balanced and enriched educational program, to reduce the reality of learning loss over the long summer vacation of the traditional calendar, to accommodate the needs of a particular community, or a combination of these. It is not intended to provide additional space, promote additional efficiency of resources, or to solve administrative or logistical problems.

Multi-track year-round education (YRE), on the other hand, is implemented to do what single-track does not do: provide additional capacity to house students, maximize the efficient use of resources, solve one or more administrative or logistical problems, or do a combination of these three. A multi- track schedule provides more classroom space by having a portion of the student body on vacation or "off-track" at any time during the year. It is one in which the instructional and vacation/intersession periods of each track (or group) are alternated throughout the entire year. Thus, not all enrolled students are in school on the same days. Multi-track calendars provide shorter vacation periods, as do single-track calendars, thus reducing forgetting and advancing student achievement. Nevertheless, the primary intention of implementing a multi-track schedule is to solve and rectify a prior problem, such as overcrowding....

Books

David Elkind The Power of Play: How Spontaneous, Imaginative Activities Lead to Happier, Healthier Children. New York: De Capo Lifelong Press, 2007.

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Patricia Gandara The Dimensions of Time and the Challenge of School Reform. Albany NY: SUNY Press, 2000. K.M. Gold School's In: The History of Summer Education in American Public Schools. New York: Peter Lang. Sarah H. Huyvaert Time Is of the Essence: Learning in Schools. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1998. Etta Kralovec Schools That Do Too Much: Wasting Time and Money in Schools and What We Can All Do About It. Boston: Beacon Press, 2003. Carolyn Shields and Steven Lynn Oberg Year-Round Schooling: Promises and Pitfalls. Lanham MD: Scarecrow Press, 2000.

Periodicals

Ronald Brownstein "Chicago Turns Summer into Student Saving Time," Los Angeles Times, July 30, 2001. Milton Chen "Back to School: A Time to Rethink Time," Edutopia, October 19, 2006, www.edutopia.org. Contra Costa Times "Year-Round Schools Are an Experiment Worth Trying," April 5, 2007. Don Heinzman "Year-Round School Has Educational Advantages," www.hometownsource.com. Duke Helfand "Year-Round Discontent at Hollywood High," Los Angeles Times, November 20, 2000. Michael Janofsky "As More Schools Open Earlier, Parents Seek to Reclaim Summer," New York Times, August 6, 2005. Louisville Courier-Journal "Teachers See Benefits in Year-Round Schools," July 17, 2006. Jay Mathews "As Push for Longer Hours Forms, Intriguing Models Arise in D.C.," Washington Post, February 5, 2007. Jean Merl and Erika Hayasaki "L.A. Cuts Back Year-Round Schools," Los Angeles Times, September 6, 2005. Jennifer Mrozowski "Year-Round School Gets Early Start," Cincinnati Enquirer, August 6, 2002. National Education Commission on Time and Learning "Prisoners of Time," April 1994 www.ed.gov/pubs/PrisonersOfTime/Prisoners.html. Hilary Pennington "Expanding Learning Time in High Schools," Center for American Progress, October 2006, www.americanprogress.org. Paul S. Piper "Year-Round Schools: The Star of the Sea Model," Pacific Resources for Education and Learning, www.prel.org. Mark Pothier "School's Out: Is It Time We Went to Year-Round Schooling?" Boston Globe, August 29, 2004. Joel Rubin "More Schools Ditching Multitrack Schedules," Los Angeles Times, July 11, 2004. Teacher Magazine "Talkback: The End of Summer?" 2007, www.teachermagazine.org. Charles Whittle "We Can Pay Teachers More; It's a Matter of Redesigning the Schools," Washington Post, September 15, 2005. Jodi Wilgoren "Calls for Change in the Scheduling of the School Day," New York Times, January 10, 2001.

Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2008 Greenhaven Press, a part of Gale, Cengage Learning Source Citation (MLA 8th Edition) Ballinger, Charles, and Carolyn Kneese. "Year-Round Schooling Offers Benefits Over a Traditional

Calendar." Year-Round Schools, edited by Adriane Ruggiero, Greenhaven Press, 2008. At Issue. Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/EJ3010473203/OVIC? u=tel_a_scollege&sid=OVIC&xid=2f7e7af2. Accessed 7 July 2020. Originally published in School Calendar Reform: Learning in All Seasons, Rowman and Littlefield Education, 2006, pp. 3-9.

Gale Document Number: GALE|EJ3010473203