Module 7 Assignment: Case Study Analysis

Case Study Analysis

           Health issues sometimes may not be given the attention that is required maybe because of lack of awareness on or sufficient information about a certain disease. Understanding all the aspects of disease and the factors that surround its diagnosis is helpful for both medical professionals and patients. The purpose of this paper is to describe sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), which are major causes of infertility, inflammatory pelvic disorders (IPD) and inflammation makers, prostatitis infections, splenectomy and its importance, and finally, anemia and different kinds of anemia. Comment by Claire M. Helakoski: Clarity: I think this could be a little more confidently phrased: One reason health issues may not be given the attention that is required is because of lack of awareness…🡪what do you think? I’ll note clarity comments in blue today.

Infertility and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

           Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) such as Neisseria gonorrhea, Chlamydia trachomatis, and other microorganisms such as Trichomonas vaginalis and Mycoplasma genitalium, are contributing factors of infertility (Tsevat et a., 2017). N. gonorrhea and C. trachomatis are the leading causes of infertility, specifically because they cause tubal inflammation. It is estimated that 90% of infertilities in the world are caused by gonorrhea (Tsevat et al., 2017). Chlamydia trachomatis infections are asymptomatic, which makes them go for long without being diagnosed and treated, ending up causing infertility by destroying the fallopian tubes through inflammation (Tsevat et al., 2017). C. trachomatis is also associated with pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID) and accounts for 50% of PID cases in developed countries (Tsevat et al., 2017). M genitalium is a sexually transmitted organism mostly associated with urethritis in men. M. genitalium causes recurrent urethritis and is also associated with PID, TFI and ectopic pregnancy in women. T. vaginalis is a sexually transmitted pathogen that is understudied but contributes to many infertility cases, since it is linked to more than half of STDs that can be cured worldwide (Tsevat et al., 2017).  Comment by Claire M. Helakoski: Clarity: This is how we would talk or write in many venues, but it’s a more informal use of a comma than I typically see in academic writing. I suggest: ..and treated, which causes infertility… Comment by Claire M. Helakoski: Organization: I suggest adding a lead out to your paragraph here—what is the overall takeaway readers should understand in your own words? What should we understand about STIs? How do they connect to your paper’s overall purpose? I’ll note organization comments in pink today.

Inflammatory Markers in PID/STD

           PID is caused by various microorganisms within the vagina and is sexually transmitted. It is hard to notice when someone has PID as in most people, the symptoms are mild, but can be identified easily during doctor’s appointments and lab tests (Park et al., 2017). When diagnosing PID, it is important to know the inflammatory process that a patient lies on, either endometritis, cervicitis, peritonitis, or salpingitis (Park et al., 2017). In women with PID, white blood cells (WBC) serum is often found to be elevated (Park et al., 2017). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), which is an inflammatory marker that is not specific and C-reactive protein (CRP), increases in the presence of PID (Park et al., 2017). With effective antibiotic therapy, CRP levels go back to normal sooner compared to ESR (Park et al., 2017). Comment by Claire M. Helakoski: Clarity: I’m not sure what you mean by “lies on” here—can you rephrase? Comment by Claire M. Helakoski: Organization: Can you add a lead out here? What should I understand as a reader after reading through this paragraph?

Prostatitis, Infections and Systemic Reactions

           Prostatitis is the changes in the prostate tissue that are associated with pathological inflammation and prostatitis infections that can cause acute prostatitis, chronic prostatitis, chronic pelvic pain syndrome, and asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis (Ho, 2017). Acute and chronic prostatitis are associated with urinary tract infections (UTI), with chronic prostatitis being recurrent and not easily treatable. Chronic pelvic pain syndrome is associated with severe pain in the perineum, pelvis, and genitals, while asymptomatic prostatitis does not show any signs but constitutes inflammation of the prostate glands and is mainly detected in infertility tests (Ho, 2017).  Comment by Claire M. Helakoski: APA: This seems like it needs to be cited. Comment by Claire M. Helakoski: Organization:Can you add a lead out here? Read more about Lead-Out (here), which you can read some great tips about on our blog, would enhance this section.

Splenectomy After ITP Diagnosis Comment by Claire M. Helakoski: Organization: I am confused on how ITP relates to STDs. Can you add some text to clarify the connection for readers?

           Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is associated with the destruction of circulating platelets which is immune-mediated and suppression of the production of more platelets (Chaturvedi et al., 2018). ITP is an immune disorder that may occur as a primary disorder or as a secondary disorder, where there are other underlying infections or conditions. A patient would need a splenectomy after being diagnosed with ITP because to some patients, medication therapy may fail and the spleen acts as an effective place of platelets clearance, so splenectomy serves as the best therapy to achieve remission of platelets count (Chaturvedi et al., 2018).

Anemia and Different Kinds of Anemia

Anemia is the reduction in the levels of hemoglobin (Hb), or count of hematocrit (HCT) and red blood cells (RBC) (Turner et al., 2020). Anemia can be normocytic, macrocytic, or microcytic. Microcytic anemia is a result of iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease (AOCD), and lead poisoning (Turner et al., 2020). Normocytic anemia occurs because of renal failures, anemia of chronic disease, aplastic anemia, or myelofibrosis, among other causes. Macrocytic anemia results from excessive alcohol intake, liver disease, hypothyroidism, folate, and vitamin B12 deficiency (Turner et al., 2020). Comment by Claire M. Helakoski: Organization: How does anemia connect to STDs?

Conclusion

           Infertility is among the leading public health issues in the world. STDs play a big role in causing infertility in both men and women, although women are the most affected. Inflammatory markers in PID/STD include ESR and CRP. Prostatitis is an inflammation in the prostate glands which may be caused by bacteria in urine and microorganisms from STDs or even lifestyle. Splenectomy serves as the best therapy for platelet count remission in patients with ITP. Anemia is a disease or condition of the blood in which there is a reduction of Hb or RBC. It is caused by various factors and divided into microcytic, macrocytic, and normocytic. Comment by Claire M. Helakoski: Organization: This is a summary of your sections but it is unclear to me how each of these pieces connect—I’m still unsure how ITP connects to STDs and anemia. Your conclusion not only needs to summarize each piece, but bring your ideas together into a cohesive whole.

Hi,! I enjoyed having the opportunity to work together today! I focused mainly on organization and connecting ideas as well as clarity for today’s review. As a reader, I found all your information and paraphrasing clear—however, I wasn’t sure what to understand or take away from each section or how all the sections fit together. I’m particularly confused on how you shift from STDs to ITP and anemia, as you don’t explicitly state anywhere that these two issues are related to STDs in any way. Once you add some lead outs and transitional language to help demonstrate the connection, I think this will be a very strong draft with lots of great source information! I’d love to read a revision so we can keep working on it together. Until then,

-Claire

References

Ho, D. R. (2017). Prostate inflammation: A brief review. Urological Science, 28(3), 113-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urols.2017.04.003

Park, S. T., Lee, S. W., Kim, M. J., Kang, Y. M., Moon, H. M., & Rhim, C. C. (2017). Clinical characteristics of genital chlamydia infection in pelvic inflammatory disease. BMC Women's Health, 17(1), 1-7. https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-016-0356-9

Tsevat, D. G., Wiesenfeld, H. C., Parks, C., & Peipert, J. F. (2017). Sexually transmitted diseases and infertility. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 216(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2016.08.008

Turner, J., Parsi, M., & Badireddy, M. (2020). Anemia. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499994/