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YourHealthTodayChapter16.pptx16: Injury and Violence
Your Health Today, 6th edition
©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Injury: Creating Safe Environments
Unintentional injuries: those that are not purposefully inflicted
Leading causes of unintentional injury death for Americans of all ages:
Motor vehicle crashes
Poisoning
Falls
Choking
Drowning
Males more likely to die from unintentional injury, from birth to age 80
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Motor Vehicle Safety
Defensive driving: anticipating potential hazards by keeping your eyes on other drivers and monitoring conditions
Improper driving: speeding, failing to yield the right of way, disregarding signals and stop signs, making improper turns, following too closely
Other factors that contribute to crashes:
Driver inattention
Aggressive driving; alcohol-impaired driving
Environmental hazards such as weather conditions
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Driver Inattention
Three main types of distraction:
Visual (taking eyes off the road)
Manual (hands off wheel)
Cognitive (mind off what person is doing)
Electronic devices visually and cognitively, and sometimes manually, distract drivers
Drowsiness reduces awareness of surroundings, impairs judgment, and slows reaction time
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Approaches to Motor Vehicle Safety
NHTSA standards
Effective restraint systems
Seat belts reduce the risk of fatal injuries by 47%
Airbags are a passive restraint that protects passengers from impact with the interior of the vehicle in a crash
Child seats and booster seats
Pet restraints
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Approaches to Motor Vehicle Safety (2)
Automated enforcement cameras for red-light running and speed law violations are used in many states
Black boxes in vehicles began in 1994
Crash information is recorded
Motorcycle safety
Motorcyclists are about 5 times more likely to die in a crash than passenger car occupants
Factors include lack of proper training, distraction, alcohol, and environmental conditions
Use of a helmet is important
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Bicycle and Pedestrian Safety
Bicycle safety
Cyclists should make sure their bike fits properly, that they wear a helmet, and that they employ safe cycling practices
Making cyclists visible to other vehicle operators is the biggest safety problem
Bicycles are vehicles; cyclists must follow traffic laws
Pedestrian safety
About 45% of deaths occur when pedestrians enter or cross streets
At night, take steps to be visible
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Recreational Safety
Injuries occur in a variety of recreational activities
Alcohol is a factor in many injuries and deaths
About 10 people drown every day in the U.S.
About half of drownings occur in natural water settings
Life jackets or personal flotation devices (PFDs) are essential protection
Rock-climbing is relatively safe; attention to equipment and instruction can lower the risks
Drones, or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), can cause serious injury if used unsafely
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Home Safety
Nearly 40% of all disabling injuries occur in the home
Falls
Fires
Poisons, gas, and carbon monoxide
Choking
Heimlich maneuver: used to help when choking occurs
Temperature-related injuries
Excessive noise
Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) occurs over a period of years
Concussions
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Providing Emergency Aid
You can help others who have been injured or are in life-threatening situations with training in first aid and emergency rescue techniques
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is used when someone is not breathing and a pulse cannot be found
Many organizations offer classes
American Heart Association
American Red Cross
Community or campus resource centers
Automatic external defibrillators (AEDs) are increasingly available
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Work Safety
Improved over the past decades as a result of occupational laws and advances in safety technology
Back injuries account for 24% of total injuries
Common injuries result from:
Improper lifting
Heavy backpacks
Extensive computer use
Strain on neck, back, arms, eyes
Repetitive strain injuries
Carpel tunnel syndrome (CTS)
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Figure 16.2 Proper workstation setup.
Your hips should be slightly higher than your knees, and your feet should be flat on the floor or on a footrest slightly in front of your knees. Your monitor should be an arm’s length away from you, and your eyes should be level with the top of the screen. When you type, your wrists should be in a neutral position, tilted neither up nor down.
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Figure 16.3 Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS).
Certain repetitive uses of the hands can cause the compression of the median nerve, located inside a “tunnel” created by the carpals (wrist bones) and tendons in the hand. When the tendons become inflamed through overuse or incorrect use, they compress the median nerve, leading to tingling, pain, and weakness in the hand, especially in the thumb and first three fingers.
Source: Core Concepts in Health, 10th ed., by P. Insel and W. Roth. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. Reprinted by permission of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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Natural Disasters
Natural disasters are sudden events, caused by natural forces, that result in loss of life, severe injury, or property damage
Tornadoes, hurricanes, floods, wildfires, earthquakes
Individuals can help themselves by preparing as much as they can for the types of disasters likely to occur where they live
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Violence: Working Toward Prevention
Violence: use of force or threat of force to inflict intentional injury, physical or psychological, on oneself or to another person
Murder, robbery, assault
Assault: attack by one person on another using force or threat of force to intentionally inflict injury
Aggravated assault: attack that causes bodily injury, usually with a weapon or otherwise capable of producing bodily harm or death
Simple assault: attack without a weapon that causes less serious physical harm
Also occurs in association with child abuse, sexual harassment, suicide, and other kinds of conduct
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What Accounts for Violence?
Risk factors:
Age and sex: young and male
Being a member of a minority group
At the societal and cultural levels: factors such as poverty, poor schools, disorganized neighborhoods, alcohol, drugs, guns, and lack of opportunity
At the family level, factors such as child abuse, substance abuse, criminal activity, lack of positive role models, and chaotic family organization
At the individual level, factors such as genetics, brain chemistry, low intelligence, aggressiveness and poor impulse control, and antisocial behavior
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Violence on the College Campus
Campuses confront the same violence issues that occur in almost any city
Since the Virginia Tech shooting, campuses have expanded emergency communication measures
Clery Act: institutions must disclose information about crimes on or near campus
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Hazing and Hate Speech
Hazing: actions taken to cause mental or physical discomfort, embarrassment, or ridicule in individuals seeking to join an organization
Deaths have occurred as a result of hazing, most often fraternity hazing; it is illegal in many states
Hate speech: acts that convey a grossly negative view of persons or groups based on gender, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, or disability
So as not to infringe on freedom of speech, hate speech must be proven to inflict real, not trivial, harm before it can be regulated
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Sexual Violence
Sexual assault is any sexual behavior that is forced on someone without his or her consent
Forced sexual intercourse (rape)
Forced sodomy (oral or anal sexual acts)
Child molestation
Incest
Fondling
Sexual coercion is the imposition of sexual activity on someone through the threat of nonphysical punishment, promise of reward, or verbal pressure
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Rape
Statutory rape: sexual intercourse with someone under the age of consent, whether consent was given or not
Stranger rape: committed by someone unknown to the victim
Acquaintance rape: committed by someone known to the victim
Date rape: committed by someone with whom the victim has a dating relationship
Use of date rate drugs
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Rape (2)
Red zone: period of time when female students are at greatest risk for sexual assault
First year: first few days or weeks of initial fall semester
Second year: entire first semester
College students sometimes refer to assaults as “unwanted sex,” likely due to victims being acquainted with their assailants
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Rape (3)
These safety tips are especially important for the red zone times:
If you feel unsafe, trust your instincts
Avoid being isolated with someone you don’t know
Know your surroundings
Don’t post your location online or on voicemail
Use a buddy system when you go out
If you suspect a friend has been drugged, call 911
Always lock your door, and don’t let a stranger in
Practice safe drinking
Don’t go out alone at night
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Rape (4)
In about 1–2% of completed and attempted rapes in the U.S., the victim is male
Male rape victims require the same level of medical treatment, counseling, and support as female victims
For many victims, the effects of rape can be profoundly traumatic and long lasting
Fear, anxiety, phobias, guilt, nightmares, depression, substance abuse, sleep disorders, sexual dysfunctions, social withdrawal
Between 4% and 30% contract an STD
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What to Do If You Are Raped
Do whatever you need to do and can do to survive
Remember rape is not your fault; your attacker is violating your rights and committing a crime
Seek help as soon as possible by contacting law enforcement
Contact your local Rape Victim Advocacy Program (RVAP) or the Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network (RAIIN)
Rape counseling is critical to recovery
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Campus Responses to Sexual Assault Complaints
Investigative reports suggest many colleges and universities are underreporting sexual assaults
Campus Sexual Assault Victims’ Bill of Rights: requires college administrators to provide justice, medical treatment, and psychological counseling for crime victims and survivors
Campus Sexual Violence Elimination Act: protection for victims and whistleblowers against retaliation
In response, many colleges have enacted more favorable grievance procedures
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Affirmative Consent
More than 1,400 colleges have implemented an affirmative consent standard: “yes means yes”
Victims must no longer prove they physically or verbally resisted
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Preventing Sexual Violence
Rape prevention involves creating a culture and a community in which sexual violence is not tolerated
Green Dot Violence Prevention Strategy focuses on engaging bystanders to act against sexual violence
Overcoming shyness and lack of assertiveness, peer pressure, the “bystander effect,” and cultural norms
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Child Sexual Abuse
Child sexual abuse: any interaction between a child and an adult or an older child for the sexual gratification of the perpetrator
Incest: sexual activity between family members, a particularly traumatic form of child sexual abuse
Many cases go unreported
Victims suffer long-term effects
Child sexual abusers may or may not be pedophiles
Civil rights groups have objected that sex-offender registration laws are overbroad, unconstitutional, and counterproductive
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Sexual Harassment
Sexual harassment includes two broad types of behavior or situations:
A person of authority who offers benefits for sexual favors or threatens retaliation for withholding sex
Suggestive language or intimidating conduct that creates a hostile atmosphere that interferes with a person’s work or academic performance
Is it harassment or flirting?
One person’s power over the other
Behavior that puts pressure on a person
Desire to end the interaction
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Stalking, Cyberstalking, and Cyberharassment
Stalking: malicious following, harassing, or threatening of one person by another
Cyberstalking: use of electronic media to pursue harass, or contact another person who has not solicited the contact
Threatening, harassing, sexually provocative e-mails; and online attacks or impersonation
Cyberharassment: tormenting e-mails, instant messages, blog entries, and website entries
Cyberbullying: among children and among college students
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Intimate Partner Violence
Violence in families can be directed at any family member, but women, children, and older adults are the most vulnerable
Intimate partner violence or domestic violence is abuse against one’s partner in an intimate relationship
Physical
Sexual
Threats
Emotional abuse
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Intimate Partner Violence (2)
Domestic violence is usually characterized by a cycle of abuse
Tension builds up
Violent outburst occurs
“Honeymoon” period follows, where often the abuser promises change
Violence does recur, and the cycle repeats
Sometimes referred to as battered woman syndrome, but can occur in any relationship
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Intimate Partner Violence (3)
Dating violence is widespread: 43% of college women experience violent or abusive dating behaviors; 22% report actual physical abuse, sexual abuse, or threats of violence
If concerned that someone you know may be in an abusive relationship, encourage her or him to get support to leave the relationship and begin a new life
Help is available from social services, educational programs, hotlines, shelters, advocacy organizations, and more
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Hate Crimes and Terrorism
Hate crimes: crimes motivated by bias against the victim’s ethnicity, race, religion, sexual orientation, or disability
Terrorism: violence directed against persons or property, including civilian populations, for the purpose of instilling fear and engendering a sense of helplessness
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The Role of Guns: Facilitating Violence
Guns contribute to the lethality of any violence
“Keep and bear arms” may not be as important today as in colonial times
Proponents of gun control support bans on the sale of assault guns, waiting periods for gun purchases, licensing of guns, restrictions on access by young people, and safer guns
Advocates for the right to bear arms include Students for Concealed Carry on Campus (SCCC)
Argue students need handguns for self-defense
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The Role of Media and Entertainment: Glorifying Violence
Violent acts occur more frequently in movies and TV than in real life
Repeated exposure may lead to habituation and desensitization
Prominent medical groups have concluded there is a connection between violence in mass media and aggressive behavior in children
The entertainment industry maintains these studies demonstrate only possible associations, and attempts at regulation would border on censorship
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Self-Defense Devices
Products that are wearable, lightweight, and concealable include pepper spray lipstick/perfume cases, defense keychains, rings that can activate a siren, and bracelets that detect a head injury
Smartphones and data connections can serve as a “guardian angel” with certain apps such as Life Button 24
Self-defense technology is not a replacement for being actively aware of your surroundings
©McGraw-Hill Education.
The Role of Communities and Campuses: Promoting Safety
Communities can help provide safe physical environments that are less conducive to criminal activity
Neighborhoods where people look out for each other are less inviting
College campuses need to continue and adapt prevention efforts and to promote gender equality, healthy relationships, healthy sexuality, and civility
©McGraw-Hill Education.
In Review
How does injury affect personal health?
What are the leading causes of injury-related death?
How does violence affect personal health?
What forms does violence take in our society?
What are strategies to prevent violence?
©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
