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YourHealthTodayChapter11.pptx11: Sexual Health
Your Health Today, 6th edition
©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Sexual Anatomy and Functioning
Male and female sex organs arise from the same undifferentiated tissue during the prenatal period
Hormones influence the development of male or female organs
Male and female sex organs are similar, and their purpose and functions are complementary
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Figure 11.1 Female sexual and reproductive anatomy.
(a) External organs; (b) internal organs.
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Figure 11.2 Male sexual and reproductive anatomy.
(a)External organs; (b) internal organs.
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Sexual Response
Sex drive, also known as sexual desire or libido, is a biological urge for sexual activity
Testosterone is the principle hormone responsible for the sex drive in both men and women
Produced by the testes in males and by the adrenal glands in both sexes
People typically seek to satisfy the sex drive through physical stimulation and release, either with a partner or through masturbation
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Sexual Arousal
Sexual arousal on the physiological level involves vasocongestion and myotonia
Vasocongestion: the inflow of blood to tissues in the erogenous areas
Myotonia: the voluntary or involuntary muscle tension that occurs in response to sexual stimulation
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The Human Sexual Response Model
Excitement stage: arousal
Plateau stage: leveling off of arousal immediately before orgasm
Orgasm stage: rhythmic contraction in the genital area and a sensation of intense pleasure
Resolution stage: return of the body back to an unexcited, relaxed stage
Men enter a refractory period, lasting from minutes to hours
Women do not experience a refractory period, and can experience multiple orgasms
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Figure 11.3 The human sexual response model (female).
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Figure 11.3 The human sexual response model (male).
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Orgasm
Orgasm: physiological reflex usually felt as waves of intense pleasure accompanied by contractions in the penis, vagina, or uterus
Also influenced by physical, emotional, psychological, interpersonal, and environmental factors
Can be localized or generalized throughout the body
About a third of women reach orgasm via intercourse, but many women need direct stimulation of the clitoris to reach orgasm
Some people pretend to reach orgasm
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Figure 11.4 Factors inhibiting women’s orgasm during intercourse.
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Source: Adapted from Human sexuality: Diversity in contemporary America, by W. Yarber, B. Sayad, and B. Strong, 2012, New York: McGraw-Hill.
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Sexual Development and Health Across the Lifespan
The biology of sexual and reproductive development is directed by hormones:
Androgens: male sex hormones secreted by the testes
Estrogens and progestins: produced by ovaries
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Sexual Development and Health Across the Lifespan (2)
Stages of sexual development:
In boys, voice deepens, facial hair grows, and onset of ejaculation occurs at puberty
In girls, breasts develop, body fat increases, and menarche—onset of menstruation—occurs at puberty
Menses: flow of menstrual blood; the menstrual period
Menopause: cessation of menstruation
Men do not experience as dramatic a change in reproductive capacity in midlife like women
These biological changes have only a marginal effect on sexual interest and activity
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Sexuality and Disability
Most people with disabilities can have a rewarding sex life
As an example, a person with a spinal cord injury may not be able to have an orgasm, but he or she may be able to have intercourse, experience sensuous feelings in other parts of the body, or have a child
As in any relationship, the key is nurturing emotional as well as sexual intimacy
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Common Forms of Sexual Expression
Rather than thinking in terms of “normalcy,” social scientists think of behavior as typical or less typical
Typical forms of sexual behavior and expression:
Celibacy and abstinence
Erotic touch (foreplay)
Kissing
Self-stimulation (autoerotic behaviors; masturbation)
Oral-genital stimulation (cunnilingus; fellatio)
Anal intercourse
Sexual intercourse (coitus)
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Atypical Sexual Behaviors and Paraphilias
Atypical sexual behaviors are practiced by consenting partners
Paraphilias are practiced by an individual
Most have victims and are illegal, and many are classified as mental disorders
Treatment focuses initially on reducing the danger to the patient and potential victims, and then on strategies to suppress the behavior
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Atypical Sexual Behaviors and Paraphilias (2)
Examples of atypical sexual behaviors:
Sexting
Enacting sexual fantasies
Sex toys
Phone sex
Bondage and discipline
Sensory deprivation
Examples of paraphilias:
Making obscene phonecalls
Exhibitionism
Voyeurism
Telephone scatologia
Sexual sadism/masochism
Pedophilia
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Atypical Sexual Behaviors and Paraphilias (3)
Sexual addiction is a compulsive, out-of-control sexual behavior that results in severe negative consequences
Sexual anorexia involves an intense fear of sexual contact or intimacy, a preoccupation with sexual matters, rigid and judgmental attitudes toward sex, and shame and self-hatred over sex
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Sexual Dysfunctions
Sexual dysfunction: disturbance in sexual drive, performance, or satisfaction that may occur at any point in the sexual response cycle
May occur at any point in the sexual response
Most forms are treatable
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Female Sexual Dysfunctions
Common sexual dysfunctions in women:
Pain during intercourse (vaginismus)
Kegel exercises may be recommended
Sexual desire disorder and sexual discrepancy
Female sexual arousal disorder
Orgasmic dysfunction
One approach to treatment is testosterone replacement therapy
Another is Addyi, approved in 2015, which affects the neurotransmitter balance
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Male Sexual Dysfunctions
Common sexual dysfunctions in men:
Pain during intercourse
Sexual desire disorder
Erectile dysfunction (ED)
Ejaculation dysfunction (premature ejaculation)
Treatment often relies on testosterone and other medications; correcting unhealthy lifestyles and working on relationships is also important
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Protecting Your Sexual Health
Safer sex practices prevent the exchange of body fluids during sex
One safer sex practice: using a condom
Condom (or male condom) fits over the erect penis and provides a barrier against infection or unplanned pregnancy
Female condom is inserted into the vagina and covers more of the genital area
Spermicidal foam may also be used
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) pills taken in combination with condoms are used for people at high risk for HIV
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Protecting Your Sexual Health (2)
Dental dams should be used during oral sex
“Outercourse” involves sex acts such as kissing and rubbing or stroking that do not involve genital contact or penetration
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Communicating About Sex
Communication is another key to safeguarding your health
Questions to ask:
Are you having sex with anyone else?
Have you ever had an STI?
How many sexual partners have you had?
When was the last time you were tested for STIs? Would you be willing to get tested along with me?
Are you willing to use condoms?
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Sex and Culture: Issues for the 21st Century
Hooking up
Abstinence
Condom accessibility on college campuses
Cybersex
Sexting
Internet pornography
Revenge porn
Teledildonics
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Misuse of ED Drugs by Young Men
Viagra and ED drugs are taken by young men who mistakenly believe they will quickly and easily attain an erection that will allow them to have sex for hours
Any effect these drugs seem to have is more likely a placebo effect
Combining ED drugs with alcohol or illicit substances can be life-threatening
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Crystal Meth and Sex
Use of crystal meth in “party-and-play” sex marathons often result in trauma to sex organs that increases risk for STIs and HIV
Crystal meth can also cause erectile dysfunction
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In Review
How do the sex organs function, and what are the components of sexual response?
What are the common varieties of sexual behavior?
What are sexual dysfunctions in males and in females?
What are the best ways to protect your sexual health?
What are important sex-related issues in the 21st century?
©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Appendix A
Long image descriptions
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Figure 11.1 Female Sexual Anatomy Appendix
The external genitalia are called the vulva and include the following:
The mons pubis, a mound of fatty tissue that pads the pubic bone
The labia majora and labia minora, folds of tissue around the entrance to the vagina
The clitoris, about 3 centimeters in length, at the top of the vulva between the lips of the labia minora, which form a protective hood, or prepuce
The urethral opening, located immediately below the clitoris
The vaginal opening
Between the bottom of the vulva and the anus is the perineum
The internal sex organs include:
The vagina, a hollow tube extending from the vaginal opening to the cervix
The cervix, the lower part of the uterus, extending into the vagina and containing the opening to the uterus
The uterus, approximately the size of a pear, in which a fertilized egg develops
The ovaries, the reproductive glands located on either side of the uterus
The fallopian tubes, extending from the upper sides of the uterus
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Figure 11.2 Male Sexual Anatomy Appendix
The external genitalia include the following:
The scrotum, which contains the testes
The penis, which itself consists of the glans (or head); the corona, a crownlike structure that protrudes slightly and forms a border between the glans and the shaft of the penis; the frenulum, a fold of skin extending from the corona to the foreskin; the foreskin, or prepuce, which covers the glans more or less completely; and the urethral opening at the tip of the penis in the glans
The area between the scrotum and the anus is the perineum
The internal reproductive organs include the following:
The two testes
A series of ducts that transport sperm: the epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra
A set of glands that produce semen and other fluids: the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowper’s glands
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figure 11.3 Human Sexual Response, Female Appendix
In the excitement phase in females, the uterus rises; vaginal lubrication occurs; the clitoris enlarges; and both the labia minora and labia majora swell
In the plateau phase, the uterus rises further; the upper part of the vagina expands; the vaginal walls expand; and the color of the labia darkens
In the orgasm phase, contractions occur in the uterus, along with rhythmic contractions in the vagina; and the rectal sphincter contracts
In the resolution phase, the uterus lowers; the vagina returns to its normal state; the clitoris returns to its unaroused position; and the labia return to their normal size and color
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figure 11.3 Human Sexual Response, Male Appendix
In the excitement phase in males, vasocongestion in the penis leads to an erection; the skin of the scrotum tenses, thickens, and rises; and the testes rise
In the plateau phase, the scrotum thickens and tenses; the testes enlarge and are full elevated; the prostate gland enlarges; the color of the penile glans darkens; and clear mucus from the Cowper’s gland is secreted from the tip of the penis
In the orgasm phase, the rectal sphincter contracts; the seminal vesicles contract; the prostate gland contracts; the internal sphincter of the bladder contracts; the vas deferens contracts; contractions are experienced in the penis; and sperm and semen are expelled by the rhythmic contractions of the urethra
In the resolution phase, the erection subsides and the penis returns to an unstimulated state; the testes lower to their normal position; and the scrotum thins and shows its usual folds
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figure 11.4 Factors Inhibiting Orgasm Appendix
While the top reason is lack of foreplay, many other factors may inhibit women’s orgasm during intercourse
From most to least common, these include:
Fatigue
Preoccupation with nonsexual thoughts
Ejaculation too soon after intromission (insertion of penis into the vagina)
Conflicts with partner unrelated to intromission
Lack of interest or foreplay by partner
Lack of adequate vaginal lubrication
Lack of tenderness by partner
Lack of privacy for intromission
Overindulgence in alcohol
Desire to perform well after intromission
Difficulty with sexual arousal with partner
Painful sexual intercourse
Overeating
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