Discussion Replies
YenRose99
YENROSENALBERTODISCUSSIONREPLIES.docxYENROSE DISCUSSION REPLIES: PSY-352
Sylvia Murillo
Jul 15, 2024, 12:02 AM
Unread
A person's genetics, lifestyle choices, habits, and availability of high-quality medical care (as well as environmental factors like air, water, and housing quality) all impact their health. An increasing number of studies have connected social and cultural determinants to health. Even before official data were kept, a clear relationship existed between socioeconomic factors like SES and health. Over the last three decades, studies have demonstrated a clear correlation between professional stress, social support, networks, and improved health. This chapter explores the socioeconomic determinants of health (sometimes referred to as "social determinants of health"), how they are measured, and the empirical data linking each element to health outcomes.
Health is something that should be taken into account from the beginning because it can be impacted at any point in a person's life. Poverty, for instance, may harm an individual's family and community health. These components can produce a healthy atmosphere when they are all present. Children may be more susceptible to health issues in low-income areas due to the substandard living circumstances of their classmates. A person's health may suffer when they are poor (for example, while they are pregnant, when they are young when they are elderly, or in utero). Key life events, time, place, and cumulative effects of prolonged exposure are important social and cultural elements that impact health (many levels of exposure). The phrase “social and cultural environment” refers to these experiences and how they may affect an individual’s health.
Hernandez LM & Blazer DG (2006) are cited. Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate: Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment. Committee on Evaluating the Interaction of Social, Behavioral, and Genetic Factors in Health, Institute of Medicine (US).
REPLY
·
· LG
Matthew White
Jul 15, 2024, 6:17 AM
Unread
When examining developmental, gender, and sociocultural factors in health, it's crucial to recognize how these elements intersect and influence individuals and communities. Developmental factors encompass the physical, mental, and emotional changes that occur throughout the lifespan, impacting health in various ways. For example, children have different health needs compared to the elderly, and understanding these differences is vital for providing appropriate care.
Gender also plays a significant role in health, as societal expectations and norms can affect access to healthcare, risk factors for certain illnesses, and overall well-being. For instance, women may face unique health challenges such as reproductive health issues that require specific attention and care.
Sociocultural factors, including socioeconomic status, education, and cultural beliefs, also greatly impact health. Income disparities can result in unequal access to healthcare services, while cultural beliefs may influence individuals' perceptions of health and medical treatments. These factors not only affect individuals but also have broader implications for communities. Health disparities based on these factors can lead to unequal health outcomes within a population, highlighting the importance of addressing these issues on both individual and systemic levels.
REPLY
·
· LG
Lindsay Gould
Jul 15, 2024, 3:18 PM
Unread
Hello Class,
Health is influenced by many factors, including how we develop, our gender, as well as interpersonal factors through our sociocultural environment. Developmentally, our health is affected by how we grow from infancy into childhood, and adulthood, in the early stages of development, our bodies must be provided with adequate nutrition to ensure that we grow at a healthy rate, and provided with preventative measures to avoid contracting illness that a young body may not be able to fight off. Most commonly, this is achieved by vaccinations, especially for illnesses that are fatal to young immune systems. Without the ability to obtain quality nutrition or preventative care, it may cause a community to see an increase in infant mortality rates, thus providing an unequal balance in the population. Gender factors that influence health include the various hormones that impact an individual's body based on their gender, as well as cultural norms that are present within a society, this includes a woman's ability to obtain healthcare or have access to facilities that offer preventative care. Through sociocultural environments, one may be influenced by standards outlined in the society, including the commonness of physical exercise, the quality and quantity of food, and the support for an individual in sustaining a healthy lifestyle (Sarafino, et al., 2022).
Sincerely,
Lindsay Gould
Sarafino, E., & Smith, T. (2022). Health psychology: Biopsychosocial interactions (10th ed.). Wiley. ISBN-13: 9781119577805
Sylvia Murillo
Jul 15, 2024, 12:03 AM
Unread
Compliance is the extent to which a patient follows medical advice (also known as adherence or capacitance). Several things can lead to treatment deferral: ignoring or downplaying symptoms; receiving support from family and friends; living in a large city; having a high school or college degree; being lazy; and receiving an oncologist's diagnosis. The patient's prescription medicine could potentially affect how severe the patient's symptoms are. It is expected that people with prior illnesses or a history of health issues will continue to seek medical care in the future. Reluctance to seek medical attention can be caused by several things, such as addiction, unstable insurance, cultural or religious beliefs, and a host of other circumstances.
Reference:
Smith, T., and Sarafino, E. (2017). Biopsychosocial interactions in health psychology, ninth edition. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, ISBN-13: 9781119299486
Matthew White
Jul 15, 2024, 6:18 AM
Unread
Patient adherence refers to the extent to which a patient follows the recommendations of healthcare providers, including taking medications as prescribed, following a recommended diet, and attending scheduled medical appointments. Adherence is essential for the success of medical treatments and is influenced by various factors, including the complexity of the treatment regimen, the patient's understanding of the illness, socioeconomic factors, and the patient-provider relationship.
Seeking medical treatment is influenced by numerous factors, including the perceived severity of the illness, access to healthcare services, socioeconomic status, cultural beliefs, and environmental factors. Individuals with higher perceived severity of an illness, better access to healthcare services, higher socioeconomic status, and favorable cultural beliefs are more likely to seek medical treatment.
The utilization of health services is influenced by numerous determinants, including demographic factors, social support, beliefs about health and illness, perceived need for care, and access to healthcare services. Individuals who perceive a greater need for care, have better access to healthcare services, and possess a higher level of social support are more likely to use health services. Conversely, those facing barriers related to access, affordability, and personal beliefs may be less likely to use health services.
REPLY
·
· SM
Jamesha Morrison
Jul 15, 2024, 10:08 PM
Unread
Hello,
Patient adherence refers to how patients follow medical instructions, including taking medications as prescribed, attending follow-up appointments, and adhering to recommended lifestyle changes. High levels of adherence are critical for effective treatment outcomes, while poor adherence can lead to treatment failure, disease progression, and increased healthcare costs.
Access to Healthcare:
· Example: Availability of healthcare facilities, transportation, and financial resources.
· Impact: People with limited access may delay or forgo treatment, worsening health outcomes.
Health Literacy:
· Example: Understanding medical information and the importance of treatment.
· Impact: Low health literacy can lead to misinterpretation of symptoms and instructions, reducing the likelihood of seeking appropriate care.
People who will use health services are typically of higher socioeconomic status and have insurance. They are people with chronic conditions that must be treated, people who are more health-forward or conscious. People who do not seek out health care typically do not have insurance and are low income and individuals with mental health concerns.
Jaye
Berkman, N. D., Sheridan, S. L., Donahue, K. E., Halpern, D. J., & Crotty, K. (2011). Low health literacy and health outcomes: an updated systematic review.
Cameron, L. D., & Leventhal, H. (2003). The Self-Regulation of Health and Illness Behaviour.
YENROSE DISCUSSION RE[LIES:PSY-355
Rebecca Montgomery
Jul 15, 2024, 3:21 AM
Unread
While doing an internet-based search for current events, the call for President Joe Biden to step down as the Democratic candidate for the 2024 Presidential election stood out as an example of a current media event that relates to genetic foundation. The connection being that the Democratic Party is concerned that the presidential candidate has a genetic predisposition impairing his cognitive abilities to serve effectively as president. There are several genetic variants associated with Alzheimer's and dementia. Some of these variants certainly lead to Alzheimer's, while others simply increase a person's risk of developing the disease. The Democratic Party is concerned that the presidential candidate has a genetic variant and is showing signs of developing some form of Alzheimer’s or dementia. President Biden has undergone neurological tests in the past but has stated he would undergo more tests if called too.
Alison Miller
Jul 15, 2024, 11:17 AM
Unread
During my internet based research for current events and media related to genetic foundation, I found a girl's genetics can indirectly affect the age when she has her first period. I found this article to be very interesting, since I have 3 daughters and 1 have already started her menstrual period at age 10. Therefore, it's informative to know that our gene variants have affects on the age of early puberty. According to the article more than 1,000 genetic variants are related to the age of first menstrual cycle. Researchers were able to study the genes of 800,000 women and 600 of the variants were studied for the first time. The typically age for puberty starts between ages 10 -15 years, however it's been coming earlier over the decades. In addition, this same gene that has been founded in girls, also have an influence on boys puberty age. Moreover, being exposed to early puberty has it's risks factors. Early puberty can increase risks for diseases later in life that may include type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and some cancers. Some of the genes that relate to early puberty affects weight gain in infants and small children, which can lead to overweight and obesity. While later puberty is associated with better health and lifespan.
Thompson Dennis. (2024). Some Genes Might Send Girls into Puberty Earlier. Some Genes Might Send Girls Into Puberty Earlier (usnews.com)
REPLY
·
· MM
Madyson Mercado
Jul 15, 2024, 3:31 PM
Unread
Research on a recent media story on gene treatment for deaf youngsters is being conducted. Genetic mutations can be the cause of some types of hearing loss. Illness, injury, age, and issues with the formation of the inner ear can all be attributed to loss. There are over 150 genes associated with sensorineural hearing loss. A malfunction or injury to the inner ear is indicated by sensorineural hearing loss.
It has been challenging to identify the impacted cells since the ear is composed of tiny muscle and cell fragments. Thus, the malfunctioning of the otoferlin (OTOF) gene has been identified by researchers as one of the hereditary reasons for hearing loss. Spirally structured in the inner ear, the OTOF is home to about 30,000 sensory cells that convert sound waves into electrical impulses. Thus, the sound is audible.
To replace the nonfunctioning OTOF gene in the cochlea with a functional copy, gene therapy is being investigated for hearing loss. By injecting duplicates of healthy OTOF genes into the inner ear, children with OTOF gene-related deafness can regain their hearing through gene therapy. The sensory cells' ability to respond to sound and activate the sudatory nerve to deliver impulses to the brain depends on the presence of proper OTOF genes. This gene treatment is done in vivo. The gene therapy is administered to the inner ear using a minimally invasive surgical method developed at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, utilizing a specialized device. Using an instrument known as an endoscope, which raises the eardrum to access the "round window," a small opening that leads to the cochlea, gene therapy is inserted into the inner ear. The inner ear is then given a single, extremely tiny dosage of normal OTOF genes.
Patel, A. A., Shehan, J. N., Mustafa, A., Uppalapati, A. V., & Levi, J. R. (2024). Incidence of audiologic or otolaryngologic evaluation in patients with external ear anomalies. American Journal of Otolaryngology, 45(3), 104199.
Rebecca Montgomery
Jul 15, 2024, 3:23 AM
Unread
One consideration during prenatal development is adequate calorie intake. An average woman should gain between twenty-five and thirty-five pounds during pregnancy (Santrock et al., 2022). Gaining an unhealthy amount of weight during prenatal development can lead to diabetes for the mother or preterm delivery of the baby and type 2 diabetes in the child during adolescents. Another thing to consider during pregnancy is physical fitness. Exercising is a great way to control calorie intake and maintain your health during pregnancy but certain physical activities such as jogging later in pregnancy may jar the baby. Fitness may also lower the mothers chances of developing postpartum depression (Santrock et al., 2022).
Santrock, J. W., Lansford, J. E., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2022). Children (15th ed.). McGraw Hill LLC. ISBN-13: 9781260726794. BibliU - Reader - Children
Alison Miller
Jul 16, 2024, 8:33 AM
Unread
Prenatal development is when fertilization begins up until birth. This developmental period is separated in three periods: germinal, embryonic, and fetal (Santrock et al., 2022). Germinal period is the period that happens two weeks after conception. Embryonic period happens between 2-8 weeks after conception. Lastly, the fetal period starts 2 months after conception and last for 7 months. Because these are all important periods that contribute to the growth of the baby, some potential consideration during the prenatal development can vary. One consideration during prenatal development is nutrition. Pregnant women have to make sure they are receiving the proper nutrition in order to have healthy development in mom and baby. According to Santrock et al., (2022), pregnant women are expected to eat three meals a day including healthy snacks in between meals. Also, drinking 4-6 8 ounce glasses of water with a total of 8-10 fluids should be consumed daily. Researchers have shown that woman who take a multivitamin before pregnancy have less chances of preterm birth and other unfavorable birth outcomes (Santrock et al., 2022). In addition, seeking the proper prenatal care is of consideration during prenatal development. Opening this door especially for first time mothers gives information about labor, delivery, and caring for a baby (Santrock et al., 2022). Receiving prenatal care can link the mother to resources and services that extend the extra support for women in poverty.
Santrock, J. W., Lansford, J. E., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2022). Children (15th ed.). McGraw Hill LLC. ISBN-13: 9781260726794. BibliU - Reader - Children
REPLY
·
· RM
Skylar Caton
Jul 16, 2024, 4:52 PM
Unread
Dear Class,
Among the many problems that require attention is the level of physical activity. During pregnancy, exercise has a high utility value. It balances the stress of the mother's new physical changes, controls blood pressure, and even enhances a carefully thought-out nutrition plan for the growth of the unborn child. However, if the physical strain is severe and involves lifting large weights, it may have an entirely overpowering effect on the developing baby. Overtraining or carrying a lot of weight increases the risk of preeclampsia, abdominal bleeding, fetal growth retardation, and other complications.
The dietary supplements are another potentially problematic area that requires careful consideration. Since food does not always provide all the nutrients that a pregnant woman needs, she must take the appropriate supplements after speaking with her doctor. Both the expectant mother and the unborn kid would benefit greatly from regular intake and controlled nutrition. While substances and medications that are authorized improve health, illicit substances and medications can have disastrous impacts on fetal development. Addictions like alcoholism and smoking can have a profound impact on a baby's developmental phases.
ALBERTOS DISCUSSION REPLIES:
Kimberly Greene
Jul 15, 2024, 12:32 PM(edited)
Unread
Hello Class,
Many companies use either centralized or decentralized operations. The advantages of centralized operations is you have the top managers or manager that make the decisions. This could be good if you have a good person or owner in charge and stability for the company. A person that will reach down and also be in tune with the division and their employees. It can be a con if that person is not willing to be in tune with the lower levels and also work to hear out the managers or separate departments with their concerns and needs. This only leaves one way of thinking and only one way of a place being ran, which can be a con if it is not the right person. Decentralized gives the lower level divisions and managers more of a green light to come together and make certain decisions for their teams and units. This allows the managers that are close to the ground and workforce to be able to make the necessary changes for the betterment of the not only the company but the team as well. I think this is one of the best ways to run an organization because one person can not do it all. This allows for different ideas and perspectives to also be heard and them to collaborate on making changes for the company. The only con I really see for this is if you have high turn over or if you have people who stay too long with old mindset and do not want to collaborate or learn to get better. This is where maybe having too many people with ideas or lack thereof can hurt the company. Having meetings but never being able to resolve the issue due to people not being able to agree or come to a conclusion. This is why who you put in management is so important, these are the people that will help or slow the organization down. I still do prefer the decentralized over all.
Kim
Warren, C., Jones, J., and Tayler, W. 2023. Financial & Managerial Accounting. 16th ed. Boston, MA: Cengage. ISBN-13: 9780357714041
Lisa Woodard
Jul 16, 2024, 12:16 PM
Unread
"Small companies can use centralized decision making because of the smaller scope of their operations" (Braun & Tietz, 2012). "However, when a company grows, it is impossible for a single person to manage the entire organization's operations" (Braun & Tietz, 2012). "Therefore, most companies, like your larger companies may decentralize as they grow"(Braun & Tietz, 2012). "Companies that decentralize split their operations into different operating segments" (Braun & Tietz, 2012). "Top management delegates decision-making responsibility to the segment managers" (Braun & Tietz, 2012). "Top management determines the type of decentralization that best suits the company's strategy" (Braun & Tietz, 2012). "Most growing companies decentralize out of necessity" (Braun & Tietz, 2012). "However, decentralization provides many potential benefits." (Braun & Tietz, 2012). "The many advantages of decentralization usually outweigh the disadvantages. However, decentralization can cause potential problems,...potential duplication of costs...potential problems achieving goal congruence (Braun & Tietz, 2012). The advantages are that it "frees top management's time, encourages use of expert knowledge, improves customer relations, provides training, improves motivation and retention" (Braun & Tietz, 2012).
References:
Braun, K. W., & Tietz, W. M. (2012). Managerial accounting. Pearson Higher Ed.
REPLY
·
· JS
Jean Scarrott
Jul 16, 2024, 8:42 PM
Unread
Warren et al. (2023), explain that centralized operations are when one person or a small group controls decisions, and decentralized operations are when decisions are made by a larger group of managers, often from different areas or regions. There are advantages and disadvantages to both types of operations. For example, centralized operations allow the owner/CEO to have a large amount of control over the company but not share decisions with others in the company who might have valuable input. This can hurt a company's operation when one person has the majority of control and is not listening to other people's feedback. Decentralized operations allow multiple managers or department heads to make decisions but does reduce the amount of control the owner/CEO has. This can be a problem when it comes to finding a mutual agreement on financial decisions.
Reference
Warren, C., Jones, J., & Tayler, W. (2023). Financial & Managerial Accounting. 16th ed. Boston, MA: Cengage. ISBN-13: 9780357714041
Lisa Woodard
Jul 17, 2024, 5:18 PM
Unread
According to the textbook "A cost center manager has responsibility for controlling costs." (Braun & Tietz, 2012). The book also states "Responsibility accounting for cost centers focuses on the controlling and reporting of costs. Budget performance reports that report budgeted and actual costs are normally prepared for each cost center." (Braun & Tietz, 2012). For profit centers the book states that "a profit center manager has the responsibility and authority for making decisions that affect revenues and costs and, thus, profits." (Bruan & Tietz, 2012). As for reports "responsibility accounting for profit centers focuses on reporting revenues, expenses, and operating income. Thus, responsibility accounting reports for profit centers take the form of income statements." (Bruan & Tietz, 2012). For investment centers, "An investment center manager has the responsibility and the authority to make decisions that affect not only costs and revenues but also the assets invested in the center." (Bruan & Tietz, 2012). As for reporting " operating income is part of investment center reporting,,,the following two additional measures of performance are used: return on investment...residual income" (Bruan & Tietz, 2012).
Jennifer Shields
Jul 17, 2024, 7:47 PM(edited)
Unread
A cost center manager is accountable for managing the cost center's budget. They must ensure the center's effective functioning and compliance with its financial limitations. They are also assigned to input revenue and expenses on accounting records correctly. A profit center manager has control over costs and income but without the authority to make decisions regarding capital investment. Their duties encompass generating income, managing costs, evaluating performance metrics, and engaging in strategic planning. The investment center is managed by an individual responsible for generating revenue, managing expenses, and supervising assets. The investment center manager is responsible for maintaining and analyzing financial records, often consisting of a balance sheet and an income statement. An investment center possesses the capacity to allocate funds towards activities and assets that may not have a direct connection to the company's operations, unlike a profit center.
References: Warren, C., Jones, J., and Tayler, W. 2023. Financial & Managerial Accounting. 16th ed. Boston, MA: Cengage. ISBN-13: 9780357714041
REPLY
·
· LW
Daisy Arias
Jul 18, 2024, 7:46 PM
Unread
Hello,
the investment center falls for both cost center and profit center. The manager has the authority and responsibility for making the right decision for the business. In the cost center the. Manager as control over cost but not the revenues, compare to the profit center the. Manager has control over both the cost and revenues.
~Daisy
