History

HISTORY 201-AF [Thursday, April 09, 2020, 12Noon Sharp]

Skyline College Sharp = NO Late Submissions

James I. Wong Sharp = NO Excuses

These Exam Questions Are Strictly From the Textbook, Lecture Outlines, and Class Lectures Only. Carefully Spell and Type Your Answers! Each Question (65) Is Worth Two (2) Points = 130 Total Points!!!

Chapters 4 - 10 Identifications

01. What was the theory that all British subjects were represented in Parliament,

whether they had elected representatives in that body or not? American colonists

rejected this theory.

02. What was the theory that American colonists argued in representation had regarding

the right to govern and tax the colonists?

03. What was the 1754–63 conflict between Britain and France that ended with British

domination of North America, though its high expense laid the foundation for conflict

that would lead to the American Revolution?

04. What was the common appellation for the North American component of the

aforementioned (#03) (1756-1763) conflict between Britain and France?

05. What term describes a legislature with two houses or chambers?

06. What term was used to describe the association of states under the first American

constitution, and constituted only a weak political bond?

07. What term referred to a community's armed force, made up primarily of ordinary

citizens rather than professional soldiers?

08. Colonists employed what the two (2) principal strategies of boycotts?

a) b)

10. What was the September 1774 gathering of colonial delegates in Philadelphia to

discuss the crisis precipitated by the Coercive Acts, resulting in a declaration of

rights and an agreement to impose a limited boycott of trade with Britain?

11. From our class lectures, What word is defined as being unable to be taken away

from or given away by the possessor?

12. What document containing philosophical principles and a list of grievances

that declared separation from Britain was adopted by the Second Continental

Congress on July 4, 1776, ending a period of intense debate with moderates

still hoping to reconcile with Britain?

13. What was a multistage battle in New York that ended with the decisive defeat

and surrender of British General John Burgoyne on October 17, 1777,

whereupon France was convinced by this victory to throw its official support

to the Americans?

14. What legislative body governed the United States from May 1775 through the

Revolutionary War’s duration, establishing an army, creating its own money,

and declaring independence once all hope for a peaceful reconciliation with

Britain was gone?

15. What October 1781 battle sealed American victory in the Revolutionary War.

whereby American troops and a French fleet trapped the British army under

the command of General Charles Cornwallis in Virginia.

16. What agreement on September 3, 1783, ended the Revolutionary War,

acknowledging America’s independence, setting its boundaries, and

promising the quick withdrawal of British troops from American soil?

However, it failed to recognize Indians as players in the conflict.

17. What appellation was attached to colonists who remained loyal to Britain

during the Revolutionary War, probably numbering around 1/5 of the

population in 1776?

18. What was the pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 that laid out the

case for independence, whereupon, Paine rejected monarchy, advocating its

replacement with republican government based on the consent of the

people? The pamphlet influenced public opinion throughout the colonies.

19. In effect from 1781 to 1788, what document defined the Union as a

confederation of equal states with no executive, limited powers, and existing

primarily to foster a common defense.

20. What was the bogus coup threatened by Continental army officers and

congressional leaders in 1782–83, when they thought the forceful demand for

military back pay and pensions would create pressure for stronger taxation

powers? General Washington defused the threat.

21. Originally the term for the supporters of the ratification of the U.S.

Constitution in 1787–88. In the 1790s, what appellation became the name for

one of the two dominant political groups that emerged during that decade. In

the 1790s, leaders of this group supported Britain in foreign policy and

commercial interests at home? The group included George Washington,

Alexander Hamilton, and John Adams.

22. Which 1787 land act established a three-stage process by which settled

territories would become states, and also banned slavery in the Northwest

Territory?

23. What was James Madison’s plan, presented at the opening of the

Constitutional Convention, outlining a powerful 3-branch government, with

representation in both congressional houses tied to population? Madison’s

idea eclipsed the voice of small states in national government.

24. Drafted by delegates from small states to the Constitutional Convention,

which plan retained the Articles of Confederation’s single-house congress

with 1 vote per state?

25. Which social philosophy that embraced representative institutions, as

opposed to monarchy, a citizenry attuned to civic values above private

interests, and a virtuous community in which individuals work to promote the

public good?

26. Under the Constitution of the United States, who has primary responsibility

for the conduct of foreign affairs?

27. From class lectures, whose thesis proffered that the Constitutional delegates

were members of an econmic elite?

28. What descriptive appellation has been given to the years of the

Confederation Government (1781-1787)?

29. According to the Constitution, which part of the new government would be

elected directly by the people?

30. What was the farmer-led 1786–87 uprising centered in western

Massachusetts, whereby dissidents protested the taxation policies of the

eastern elites who controlled the state’s government? The uprising caused

leaders throughout the country to worry about the confederation’s ability to

handle civil disorder.

31. Fearing that a powerful and distant central government would be out of touch

with citizens’ needs, what group opposed ratification of the Constitution,

complaining that the document also failed to guarantee individual liberties in

a Bill of Rights?

32. What were the1798 laws passed to suppress political dissent; believed by

many to violate the Bills of Rights?

33. What 1797 incident saw American negotiators in France rebuffed for refusing

to pay a substantial bribe led the United States into an undeclared war with

France, known as the Quasi-War, and which intensified antagonism between

Federalists and Republicans?

34. What July 1794 uprising by farmers in western Pennsylvania came in

response to enforcement of an unpopular excise tax? The federal

government responded with a military presence that caused dissidents to

disperse before blood was shed.

35. What were the two (2) 1798 resolutions condemning the Alien and Sedition

Acts and testing the idea that state legislatures could judge the

constitutionality of federal laws and nullify them?

36. What appellation is given to the first 10 amendments to the Constitution,

officially ratified by 1791 The 1st through 8th deal with individual liberties; the

9th and 10th concern the boundary between federal and state authority.

37. What was the 1803 purchase of French territory west of the Mississippi River

that stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada? The purchase nearly

doubled the size of the United States and opened the way for future

American expansion west.

38. What appellation referred to young men, newly-elected to the Congress of

1811 who were eager for war against Britain in order to end impressments,

fight Indians, and expand into neighboring British territory? Leaders included

Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina.

39. Which 1803 US Supreme Court case established the concept of judicial

review in finding that parts of the Judiciary Act of 1789 that were in conflict

with the US Constitution, whereupon the US Supreme Court assumed legal

authority to overrule acts of other branches of the government?

40. What term referred to the British naval practice of seizing sailors on American

ships under the claim they were deserters from the British navy? Some

2,500 British and American men were taken by force into service, a

grievance that helped propel the United States to declare war on Britain.

41. What group constituted Thomas Jefferson’s “backbone of democracy”?

42. Which transportation system was finished in 1825, covering 350 miles

between Albany and Buffalo and linking the port of New York City with the

entire Great Lakes region. It turned New York City into the country’s premier

commercial city?

43. What were the manufacturing sites constructed along the Merrimack River in

Massachusetts that pioneered the extensive use of female laborers? By

1836, they employed more than five thousand young women, living in

boardinghouses under close supervision.

44. What was the theory asserting that states could invalidate acts of Congress

that exceeded its legislative powers? South Carolina advanced the theory in

1828 in response to an unfavorable federal tariff, but a show of force by

Andrew Jackson, combined with tariff revisions, ended the crisis.

45. Which organization founded in 1826 by Lyman Beecher linked drinking with

poverty, idleness, ill-health, and violence? Its lecturers traveled the country

gaining converts to the cause, and the movement had considerable success,

contributing to a sharp drop in American alcohol consumption.

46. Which political party evolving out of the Democratic Republicans after 1834,

though strongest in the South and West, it embraced Andrew Jackson’s

vision of limited government, expanded political participation for white men,

and the promotion of an ethic of individualism?

47. What appellation is given to the forced westward journey of Cherokees from

their lands in Georgia to present-day Oklahoma in 1838, despite earlier

favorable legal action, the Cherokees endured a grueling 1,200-mile march

overseen by federal troops where nearly a quarter of them died en route.

48. What appellation was attached to a unprecedented religious revival in the

1820s and 1830s that promised access to salvation, though the revival

proved to be a major impetus for reform movements of the era, inspiring

efforts to combat drinking, sexual sin, and slavery?

49. Andrew Jackson enhanced executive power relative to the power of

Congress by using what constitutional right as a major political weapon?

50. Which political party evolved out of the National Republicans after 1834 with

a Northeast power base, supporting federal action to promote commercial

development and generally looked favorably on the reform movements

associated with the Second Great Awakening? Its most notable political

stance was being anti-Jacksonian.

51. What appellation was given to the American practice of manufacturing and

then assembling interchangeable standardized parts, whereupon this practice

spread quickly across American industries and allowed manufacturers to

employ cheap, unskilled workers?

52. What was the Utopian community organized by John Humphrey Noyes in

New York in 1848, whereby his opposition to private property led him to

denounce marriage as the root of the problem? The community embraced

sexual and economic communalism, to the dismay of its mainstream

neighbors.

53. What appellation was given to members of the Church of Jesus Christ of

Latter-Day Saints, founded by Joseph Smith in 1830, though most Americans

deemed them heretics? After Smith’s death at the hands of an angry mob in

1844, Brigham Young moved the people to Utah in 1846.

54. What term was coined in 1845 by journalist John L. O’Sullivan to justify

American expansion, and the concept framed the American conquest of the

West as part of a divine plan?

55. What was an organization dedicated to sending freed slaves and other black

Americans to Liberia in West Africa? Although some African Americans

cooperated with the movement, others campaigned against segregation and

discrimination.

56. What was the 1848 declaration at the first national woman’s rights convention

in the United States, held in New York, and whose document adopted the

style of the Declaration of Independence and demanded equal rights for

women, including the franchise?

57. Pushed by the “Great Compriomiser,” what is the appellation for his program

of building interstate infrastructue often at federal expense?

58. What is essentially a tax on imports, though under the federal Constitution,

exports cannot be taxed?

59. What Idea popularized initially by Alexander Hamilton in debates over the

establishment of a national bank maintained that Congress could enact

anything that was necessary and proper as long as the Constitution did not

explicitly forbid it?

60. What term was used by 1820 to replace “backcountry,” whereby it was

considered an area that was on the advancing edge of American civilization?

61. What Idea adopted by Thomas Jefferson in debates over the establishment

of a national bank maintained that anything that the Constitution did not

explicitly permit should remain outside the scope of government?

62. What description was given to the era of party-less politics during President

James Monroe's administration, created by the collapse of the Federalists at

the end of the War of 1812?

63. What was the belief that all work in a free society is honorable and that

manual labor is degraded when it is equated with slavery or bondage?

64. What was the 19th-century term for transportation facilities such as roads,

canals, and railroads?

F I N I S (Latin For Finished or Completed)