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Term 3, 2020 CVEN3101 ENGINEERING OPERATIONS AND CONTROL

Instructor: Dr X Shen

Date: 27 September 2020

Construction Safety Management

Revanth

Construction Safety

(Courtesy: Charles Ebbets) 23 September 1932, New York, USA

Construction Safety

(Courtesy: NCIS)

Learning Objectives

• What’s the current situation for construction safety? • What’s OHSA? • Who should take responsibility for construction safety?

(Courtesy: ppmwa)

Learning Objectives

• Should the owner participate in the contractor’s safety program? • How to monitor the site safety program? • Who can be a competent person? • How to prevent construction hazards?

(Courtesy: ppmwa)

Statistics of Construction Safety

(Courtesy: US Depart. of Labour)

Number and rate of fatal occupational injuries, by industry sector, 2009

Statistics of Construction Safety

(Courtesy: US Depart. of Labour)

Selected Occupations with high fatal injury rates, 2009

Statistics of Construction Safety

(Courtesy: US Depart. of Labour)

Fatal work injury rates, by age group, 2009

Statistics of Construction Safety

(Courtesy: US Depart. of Labour)

Fatal occupational injuries involving foreign-born workers, by country or region of birth, 2009

Construction Safety

• Personal injuries and illnesses arising out of work situations

– Lost production – Wage loss – Medical expenses – Disability compensation payments

• Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) was passed by US Congress in 1970

Construction Safety

• Under OSHA, the federal government imposed nationwide safety standards on the construction safety • Each state was allowed to pass its own version of OSHA, but at least as strict as the federal standards • If a state elects to upgrade its safety code to meet the OSHA requirements, the maximum time period of three years is allowed for the state to accomplish this

Construction Safety

• OSHA Coverage – Employees – Inspections – Record keeping requirements – Enforcement procedures

• Construction Safety and Health Regulations, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1926

Construction Safety Categories of Working Conditions:

– General safety and health provisions – Personal protective and lift saving equipment – Signs, signals, barricades – Welding and cutting – Electrical – Ladders and scaffolding – Trenching and shoring – Concrete, concrete forms and shoring – Tunnel and shafts, caissons, cofferdams, and compressed

air – Demolition – Blasting and use of explosives, etc.

Construction Safety OSHA Top 10 Most Cited Violations

1. Scaffolding 2. Fall protection 3. Hazard communication 4. Respiratory protection 5. Lockout/tag-out 6. Electrical, wiring 7. Ladders 8. Power industrial trucks 9. Electrical, general 10. Machine guarding

Construction Safety

• Wilful Violation – An employee knows that a hazardous

situation exists and makes no reasonable attempt to eliminate it, commits such a violation intentionally and knowingly

• OSHA maximum fine for wilful: $70,000

Construction Safety OSHA Top 10 Wilful Violations

1. Excavation, Protective Systems 2. Fall Protection 3. Scaffolding 4. Excavation, Specific Requirements 5. Permit Required Confined Space 6. Lockout/tag-out 7. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 8. Program Safety Management (PSM) 9. Machine Guarding 10. Asbestos

Responsibility for Safety

• Construction sites are considered as being one of the most hazardous types of working environments • Management of the responsible organization is essential to assure an accident-free environment

Responsibility for Safety

• Critical concerns is the relationship between the general contractor and its subcontractors • The contractors have the prime responsibility for construction safety • Each subcontractor also has legal obligation to assure the health and safety of its own employees

Responsibility for Safety

• Problems with Subcontractors – Do not require their workers to follow safety

and health regulations – Do not provide personal safety protective

equipment – Permit the use of unsafe equipment

• Prime contractors should include health and safety requirement in their own contracts with subcontractors

Case Study 1

• 1967 - Illinois Case of Miller v. DeWitt (37 Ill. 2d 273, 226 N.E. 2d 630) • A steel roof had to be shored up while construction took place beneath it, the roof fell and injured a worker • Question: Should the architect take responsibility for the injury?

Case Study 1

Court Stated – “As a general rule it has been said that the

general duty to ‘supervise the work’ merely creates a duty to see that the building when construed meets the plans and specifications contracted for.”

– “Under ordinary circumstances, the architect would not be regarded as a person in charge of the work.”

Case Study 1

Court Stated – “Despite the argument of the architects that

the shoring was ‘a method or technique of construction over which they had no control’, we believe that under the terms of the contracts the architects had the right to interfere and ever stop the work if the contractor began to shore in an unsafe and hazardous manner.”

Case Study 2

• 1960 – Arkansas Case of Erhart v. hummonds (334 S.W 2d 869) • Court Stated

– “The supervising architect who saw that an excavation wall was badly shored had a duty to the workers to stop the work to make repairs and that failure to do so made the architect liable for the deaths of three workers in a cave-in.”

Case Study 3

• 1970 – Southern California Case of Widman v. Rossmoor Sanitation, Inc. (97 Cal. Rptr. 52) • An unsupported wall of a 1.2 m deep trench caved in, resulting in the death of a labourer who was in the trench

Case Study 3 Project Background

– The project was a large residential development involving separate construction contracts not only for the various types of structures being built, but also for underground pipelines for water and sewer

– An inspector was assigned to the entire project to monitor the progress of several of the different contracts then under construction

– One of these projects involved a large underground sewer main, and it was this project that the disaster occurred

Case Study 3

Project Background – It was reported that the inspector had

observed an unshored trench prior to the accident and knew that workers were in the unshored trench

Question: who should take responsibility for the fatal injury?

Case Study 3

Court Stated – “The excavation contractor had contributed to

the accident though negligence. The engineer’s office must share the responsibility.”

– “The engineer had an inspector on the job during construction and although the inspector saw the contractor’s employee ‘descend into trench, he voiced no objection’.”

Owner Participation

• Two basic philosophies under conventional contracts

– The owner avoids direct involvement in the contractor’s safety program

– The owner takes active part in the approval or monitoring of the contractor’s safety program

Owner Participation

Option 1: Limited Involvement – Followed by many local public agencies and

private firms on advice of their legal counsel – The contactor bears full responsibility for all

safety on or around the site –

(Courtesy: aiche.org)

Owner Participation

Option 1: Limited Involvement (guidelines) – Do not review or participate in the

development of contractor’s safety program – Do not review the contractor’s safety program,

lest you incur a “duty of care” – If in the normal course of business, you

should happen to encounter a serious safety hazard, appropriate action must be taken

Owner Participation

Option 2: Active Participation – Followed by federal and state agencies and

utility companies – The owner shares responsibility for the

hazards on the construction site – Risk of loss for the owner increases

significantly

Owner Participation

Option 2: Active Participation – The party in control is subject to tort liability

for any accidents at the site – Increased control at

the site somehow reduces the owner’s exposure to risk

(Courtesy: insuranceproviders)

Elements of A Safety Program

1. Commitment by top management to the development of a feasible program

2. Establishment of a safety and health policy by top management

3. Provision for a reasonable safe & healthful environment

4. Provision for competent supervision

(Courtesy: knoxsecurity)

Elements of A Safety Program

5. Delegation of adequate authority 6. Provision for training and education 7. Conduction of accident-prevention

inspections 8. Investigation of accidents to

determine cause (not blame)

(Courtesy: knoxsecurity)

Elements of A Safety Program

9. Measurement of accident-prevention performance, like KPI of safety

10.Maintenance of proper documentation and records of accidents

11.Provision of continuing support

(Courtesy: knoxsecurity)

Monitoring of Site Safety

Imminent Hazard – A condition that if not corrected would

probably result in an accident causing severe or permanently disabling injury or death

– Procedure • The Resident Project Representative should

immediately order the contractor to suspend the operations affected and not permit work to resume until the condition has been corrected

Monitoring of Site Safety

Imminent Hazard – Procedure

• The hazard should be photographed • The project manager have jurisdiction over

construction safety should be notified of the hazardous condition and of the action taken

• A letter giving all the details should be prepared and submitted to the project manager

Monitoring of Site Safety

(Courtesy: ARKRTS) Imminent Hazard for Unshored Trench

Monitoring of Site Safety

Dangerous Condition – A condition that does not present an

immediate danger to workers, but if not corrected could result in a disabling injury and possible death, or could develop into an imminent hazard

Monitoring of Site Safety

Dangerous Condition – Procedure

• The resident inspector should notify the contractor in writing of the condition and allow a reasonable period time for correcting the condition

• If the contractor does not correct the condition, or if the condition is deteriorating into imminent hazard, the design firm should consider recommending that the owner suspend the affected operations

Monitoring of Site Safety

Minor or Non-serious Condition – Conditions that could result in minor or less

serious injuries, or that are small in nature, but that may still be classified as a threat to health

Monitoring of Site Safety

Minor or Non-serious Condition – Procedure

• The Resident Project Representative should advise the contractor of the condition and of the necessity of eliminating it

• If the contractor fails to correct the problem or permits its repeated occurrence on subsequent operations, the design firm or owner should be notified

Monitoring of Site Safety

• Suspension of portions of the work relates to the immediate areas of the imminent hazard condition only, rather than an entire project or even a signification portion of the project • ONLY the project manager has the authority to approve or recommend that part of all of a contractor’s monthly progress payment be withheld

Competent Person

Definition under OSHA Standards – “One who is capable of identifying existing

and predictable hazards in the surroundings, or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and one who is authorized to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.”

Competent Person

Qualifications – Obtained specific training – Be knowledgeable about the use of protective

systems and the application requirements of the OSHA standards

– Have the authority to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate existing or potential hazards

– Be an employee of the contractor

Top Four Construction Hazards

Prevent Falls – Wear and use personal fall arrest equipment – Install and maintain perimeter

protection – Cover and secure floor

openings and label floor opening covers

– Use ladders and scaffolds safely

(Courtesy: Mark Rossow)

Top Four Construction Hazards

Prevent Struck-By – Never position yourself between moving and

fixed objects – Wear high-visibility clothes

near equipment/vehicles

(Courtesy: Mark Rossow)

Top Four Construction Hazards

Prevent Caught-In/Between – Never enter an unprotected trench or

excavation 1.5 m or deeper without an adequate protective system in place

– Make sure the trench or excavation is protected either by sloping, shoring, benching or trench shield systems

(Courtesy: Mark Rossow)

Top Four Construction Hazards

Prevent Electrocutions – Locate and identify utilities before starting work – Look for overhead power lines when operating any equipment – Maintain a safe distance away from

power lines – Do not operate portable electric

tools unless they are grounded or double insulated

– Use ground-fault circuit interrupters for protection

– Be alert to electrical hazards when working with ladders, scaffolds or other platforms

(Courtesy: Mark Rossow)

Case Study of Construction Accidents

How to prevent construction accidents? – Supervision and Safe Work Procedures – Roles and Responsibilities – Hazard Communication – Safety Culture

Learning Objectives

• What’s the current situation for construction safety? • What’s OHSA? • Who should take responsibility for construction safety?

(Courtesy: ppmwa)

Learning Objectives

• Should the owner participate in the contractor’s safety program? • How to monitor the site safety program? • Who can be a competent person? • How to prevent construction hazards?

(Courtesy: ppmwa)

Questions?