Essay
cboyer17
WWIIupdate.pptxThe Road To World War II
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A Totalitarian Government is….
A form of government that restricts personal freedoms and prohibits political opposition.
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A Totalitarian Dictator is….
The leader of a totalitarian government which does not allow political opposition and seeks to control all areas of society and citizens’ lives.
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What is ideology?
Dictionary defines as:
The doctrines, opinions, or way of thinking of an individual, class of people, etc.
Example:
- Mom is “Person of the Year”
- Respected
- Hard working
- Defended by child
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Totalitarian Governments & Leaders
Benito Mussolini –Il Duce
Leader of Italy
Fascist - 1919
Fascist Ideology
State over individual.
Uses power to control property owners.
Citizens are expected to support the government.
Everything serves the government: businesses, schools, the media.
Aggressive Nationalism
Blackshirts
Supported by industrialists, landowners, and the Church
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Totalitarian Governments & Leaders
Joseph Stalin
Soviet Union
Communist, 1917
Begins with the Russian Revolution and Lenin
Communist Ideology
Workers unite to overthrow capitalism.
Governments not necessary, people share resources to survive.
Welfare of state over individuals.
State owned nearly all property; limited personal freedoms.
1922 Russia renamed USSR
1927 USSR begins to industrialize
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Totalitarian Governments & Leaders
Adolf Hitler
Germany
Socialist (Nazi)
Socialist (Nazi) Ideology
National Socialist German Worker’s Party
State over individuals and human rights.
Control all aspects of German society.
Redistribute wealth, welfare state, nationalism & pride through propaganda.
Anti-communist
Sought ownership of key industries: banks, schools, Germany’s healthcare system, segments of the church.
Mein Kampt: “My Struggle” – called for unification of all German’s under one government
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Hitler’s beliefs
1) Master race – Aryans blue-eyed, blond hair
2) Slavs – from E. Europe, inferior race
3) Jews – responsible for all Germany’s problems
1933 Hitler appointed Chancellor
1934 Hitler made president, takes control of the army
Japan – Militarism
Natural resources – Japan had to import its resources
Manchuria – Chinese province rich in natural resources
Japan invades in Sept. 1931
Believed it was the destiny of Japan to rule E. Asia
Japanese Aggression
Between 1937 and 1939 Japan tried to seize the rest of China. They were successful along the coast, but not in the countryside.
In 1940 Japan allies with Germany and Italy to form the Axis Powers.
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Winston Churchill
Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII.
Said after the Meeting at Munich (when he was a member of Parliament): “Britain and France had to choose between war and dishonor. They chose dishonor. They will have war.”
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U.S. Policy: Isolation & Neutrality
Despite the concerns caused by aggressive dictators in Europe and Japan, the United States continued to practice isolationism, the policy of:
The U.S. staying out of any alliances that could drag it into war in Europe or Southeast Asia.
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Isolationism
Fascism takes hold of Europe
1933 Adolf Hitler took office in Germany
Benito Mussolini believed that Italy needed to expand her influence
1934 Gerald Nye claimed that the United States entry into WWI was manufactured by arms manufacturers, bankers, and war profiteers.
1935 Congress enacts the Neutrality Act
Prohibited the sale of arms and munitions to any nation at war, whether they were the aggressor or victim
1936 Italy Annexes Ethiopia
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U.S. Policy: Isolation & Neutrality
Responding to the isolationist sentiment, Congress passed the Neutrality Act of 1935. The Act:
Prohibited the sale of weapons to warring nations and was meant to keep the U.S. from forming alliances that might drag the nation to war.
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U.S. Policy: Isolation and Neutrality
President Roosevelt—
Knew that it would be difficult for the U.S. to stay out of a conflict in Europe.
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World War II Begins in Europe
Hitler believed the German people needed lebensraum, which means “living space”. He intended to achieve this goal by conquering the Soviet Union, use its land for the German people, and control its rich natural resources.
*[This is why Hitler invaded the Soviet Union!!]
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WWII Begins in Europe
Hitler signed a non-aggression pact with Joseph Stalin. The pact was an agreement that neither country would attack the other. Both men believed the pact was a strategic move: Hitler saw it as a way to keep the USSR from attacking Germany, while Stalin saw it as a way to provide the USSR with time to prepare for Germany’s inevitable invasion.
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WWII Begins in Europe
Mar. 1938 Hitler sends troops in to Austria and announces Anschluss (annexation)
Sept. 1938 Munich Conference – European leaders meet to discuss the fate of Czachoslavakia – appeasement
Oct. 1938 Hitler wants the city of Danzig in Poland (90% German – this city was taken from Germany after WWI)
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Meeting at Munich, 1938
A treaty was signed agreeing to Hitler’s capture of Sudentenland in exchange for his promise not to invade anymore territories.
Such an approach is known as appeasement, the practice of giving aggressors what they want and hoping they will be satisfied and stop the aggressive behavior.
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Meeting at Munich, 1938
Who were the three signers of the Munich treaty?
Germany
France
Great Britain
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Meeting at Munich, 1938
Leaders:
Center:
Adolf Hitler,
Germany
Left:
Neville Chamberlain,
Great Britain
Right:
Edouard Daladier, France
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Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
Nazis and Soviets agree not to attack each other, and make a secret side agreement to divide Poland between the two countries
Countries Invaded By Germany, Pre-1939
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In September 1939 Hitler’s army invaded Poland. The new type of military strategy the Germans used is called blitzkrieg (meaning “lightening war”). This strategy involved striking fast and hard with tanks and airplanes, catching other nations off guard and allowed Germany to quickly overwhelm the nations it invaded.
Britain and France declare war on Germany
Countries attacked by Germany
April 1940 Sweden and Norway
May 1940 Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxemberg
June 1940 France
Fall 1940 Battle of Britain
Britain attacked by air (Luftwaffe)
Cities bombed
Hitler trying to terrorize the British into surrendering
Roosevelt and World War II
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt supports Britain
He is an internationalist
But upholds isolationist policy
Like a Good Neighbor…
Roosevelt’s foreign policy was coined the “Good Neighbor” policy
US had no right to intervene in regional affairs
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Mexico
1938 Mexico nationalizes it foreign owned oil properties
Roosevelt adopts a position of nonintervention
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Neutrality Act of 1939—removed the ban on arms sales, but had to be on a cash and carry basis
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1940 Destroyers for bases deal Britain had lost almost half of their destroyers
FDR provides old destroyers in exchange for the right to naval bases
Burke-Wadsworth Act 1940
Selective Training and Service Act
First Peace time draft
Congress and the President worried about military buildup in Germany, Italy, and Japan
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Lend-Lease Act
Dec. 1940 – Problem:
Britain is broke and cannot purchase weapons and therefore cannot partake in cash carry deal
Solution:
FDR offers to “lend” arms which were to be “returned” at the end of the war
Hemispheric Defense Zone
FDR declared the Western Atlantic neutral because it was part of the western hemisphere.
The US navy searched for German U-boats and let Britain know where they were.
Japan and the United States
United States implements an Embargo in 1939 on Japan
Stopped the selling of strategic materials (fuel, iron, steel) after Japan invades Chine
Japan joins the Axis powers in response
Lend-Lease extended to China in 1941
Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941 Japan bombed Pearl Harbor
2400 Americans died
Japan also hit Singapore, Guam, the Philippines, and Hong Kong
Roosevelt asked Congress for a declaration of war against Japan
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Ready, Set, Go
December 10, 1941 Germany and Italy declare war on the United States
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Japanese American Internment
When the war started Japanese Americans were fired from their jobs, professional licenses revoked, bank accounts frozen, stores refused service and Nisei (Japanese Americans) and Issei (Japanese citizens) had their homes vandalized
Executive Order #9066 – allowed the military to remove anyone who was a threat from military areas
Korematsu v. The United States 1944 upheld Executive Order #9066
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On the Homefront
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Propaganda
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Switching to Wartime Production
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WWII Agencies
Office of War Mobilization
Office of Price Administration
Office of Economic Stabilzation
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Wartime production
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B24 bombers
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Uncle Sam needs your nylons
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Nylons
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Rationing
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Rationing Cartoon
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Coffee
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Sugar
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Waste helps the enemy
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Ride Sharing
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Women
WAAC (ARMY) – Women’s Army Auxiliary Corp
WAVES – (Marines) Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency Service
WASPS (Airforce) – Women’s Airforce Service Pilots
350K women were in the service
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Women in WWII
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Manhattan Project
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African Americans
War provided new opportunities, but racial and ethnic tensions prevailed
mid-1942 African Americans refused to be denied job opportunities
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A. Philip Randolph
Leader of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
Randolph with LBSCP marched on Washington demanding equal pay
CORE (1942)
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African Americans in WWII
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Mexican Americans
Most worked as common laborers and farm workers
1943 Some Mexican Americans move to the city for Jobs – creates social tension
Rise of the pachucos (young Mexican Americans) who rejected American culture by wearing the zoot suit
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Zoot Suits
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Bracero Program
Allowed Mexican nationals to come into the US to work in the agricultural sector
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Los Braceros
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Native Americans
Code talkers
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Grand Alliance
Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin met in Tehran
The war is over May 8, 1945
The Soviets liberated parts of Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia
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Soviet goal was to create new Eastern European governments that were friendly to the Soviet Union
Feb. 4, 1945 Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill meet in Yalta
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Stalin wanted the West to accept a Soviet Sphere of influence in Eastern Europe
Weaken Germany
Economic restoration of the Soviet Union
The US wanted Soviet promise to got o war with Japan
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Genocide is….
The deliberate extermination of a race of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group
91
The Holocaust
Planned genocide of Jews
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Nuclear Power
Postdam Declaration
Japan to surrender or face total destruction
July 25, 1945 Truman issued the order to use the atomic bomb
August 6, 1945 Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima
August 9, 1945 second atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki
August 14, 1945 Japan surrendered
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Hiroshima
