help with assgn due in 3 days
combs
WTWA5e_LPPT_CH10.pptxLecture Slides
by
Robert Tignor • Jeremy Adelman • Stephen Aron • Peter Brown • Benjamin Elman • Stephen Kotkin • Xinru Liu • Suzanne Marchand • Holly Pittman • Gyan Prakash • Brent Shaw • Michael Tsin
Lecture Slides
Chapter 10
BECOMING “THE WORLD,” 1000–1300 CE
Uniting Afro-Eurasia
People exchanged money and goods along trade routes and sea lanes connecting the world’s regions and ushered in three interrelated themes
Trade traffic was shifting from land to sea
Contact/exchange reinforced the sense of difference across the world’s cultural spheres: China, India, Islam, and Europe
The rise of the Mongol Empire represented the peak in a history of ties and tensions between mobile and settled people
Development of Maritime Trade, Part 1
Innovations in seafaring
By the tenth century, sea routes had eclipsed land routes for trade
Improved navigational aids
Refinements of shipbuilding
Better mapmaking
Breakthroughs in commercial laws and accounting practices
Ships could carry much more than people and beasts of burden could
Development of Maritime Trade, Part 2
Needle compass was crucial to the maritime revolution
Invented by Chinese
Use of the device spread rapidly
Allowed sailing during cloudy weather
Mapmaking easier and more accurate
Made all oceans easier to navigate
Shipping became less dangerous
Better vessels rigged with lateen sails or junks
Protection of political authorities
Sea routes replaced land routes
Commercial Contacts
Agricultural development changed the nature of trade and transportation
Irrigation
Crop rotation
New grain and grass crops
Food grown in newer areas
Changes yielded surpluses that needed to be traded
Ships made it profitable to ship bulky commodities
Global Commercial Hubs
Long-distance trade created new commercial cities (entrepôts)
Meeting points between two regional hubs became cosmopolitan
Three places emerged as major anchorages
Cairo-Fustat (old Cairo)
Quanzhou
Kollam
Afro-Eurasian Trade, 1000–1300
WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART, 5TH EDITION
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Map 10.1 | Afro-Eurasian Trade, 1000–1300
During the early second millennium, Afro-Eurasian merchants increasingly turned to the Indian Ocean to transport their goods.
• Locate the global hubs of Kollam, Alexandria, Cairo, Melaka, and Quanzhou on this map.
• What regions do each of these global hubs represent?
• Based on the map, why would sea travel have been preferable to overland travel?
• According to the text, what revolutions in maritime travel facilitated this development?
8
The Egyptian Anchorage
Cairo and Alexandria served as main maritime commercial centers with ties to Indian Ocean
Numerous Muslim and Jewish firms (kin-based)
Silks were the most commonly traded commodities
Other common trade goods included olive oil, glass, flax, coral, metals, gems, and perfumes
The trade cities prospered because Islamic leaders created sophisticated commercial institutions
Islamic legal system helped created a favorable trade environment
Laws against usury
Partnerships
The Anchorage at Quanzhou
Busiest trade city in China
More centralized with the Office of Seafaring Affairs
Taxed, registered, and examined cargo, sailors, and traders
Hosted annual ritual to summon favorable winds
Locals and foreigners sought protection from goddess Mazu
Junks—main ship used in Asia
Sailed to Java, through Strait of Malacca, to Kollam on India’s southwest coast
Farther west, switched crew and cargo to the smaller Arabian dhows
Seaworthy with watertight compartments for stability
Quanzhou’s population was diverse
Foreign traders stayed on and ran successful businesses
Mixed except for religious worship
The Islamic World in a Time of Political Fragmentation, Part 1
The Islamic world experienced the same burst of expansion, prosperity, and cultural diversification as the rest of the Afro-Eurasian world
The peoples of Islam remained politically fractured even with their common religious beliefs
The dream of trying to unify and centralize the rule of an Islamic state ended in 1258 when the Mongols sacked Baghdad
Becoming the “Middle East”
Islamic peoples responded to instability by being receptive to change
Commercial networks carried the word of the Quran
The Islamic World in a Time of Political Fragmentation, Part 2
Sufism became Islam’s mystical movement
It was inside the Sufi brotherhoods that Islam became a religion to the people
Sufi orders brought about massive conversion from Christianity
The Mevlevi Sufi order is famed for the ceremonial dancing of its whirling dervishes
The world acquired another “core” region centered in what is now called the Middle East
Trade was the main source of prosperity
Environmental Challenges in the Islamic World
Severe weather conditions affected Islamic regions later than western Europe
Freezing temperatures, lack of rainfall, low water levels in the Nile in late eleventh and twelfth centuries
Turkish pastoralists driven out of steppe lands of central Asia by drought
Led to political and economic crises in regions they invaded
Invasions by Saljuq Turks brought down Abbasid Empire
Drastic population decline in Constantinople
Environmental crises caused fragmentation of Islamic political institutions
Islam between 900 and 1200
WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART, 5TH EDITION
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Map 10.2 | Islam between 900 and 1200
The Muslim world experienced political disintegration in the first centuries of the second millennium.
• According to the map key, what were the two major types of Muslim states in this period and what were the two major empires?
• What were the sources of instability in this period according to the map?
• As Islam continued to expand in this period, what challenges did it face?
14
Political Divisions
Political integration and disintegration
From 950 to 1050, it appeared that Shiism would be a vehicle for uniting the whole of the Islamic world
Fatimid Shiites in Egypt and North Africa
Abbasid state in Baghdad controlled by a Shiite family, the Buyids
Each created universities in Cairo and Baghdad, which ensured that Islam’s two leading centers of higher learning were Shiite
But divisions sapped Shiism as Sunnis challenged Shiite power and established their own strongholds
Sunni believers were mainly Turks who had migrated, not the Islamic central core from the steppe lands
By the thirteenth century, the Islamic core had fractured into three distinctive regions
Islam had splintered polities
The Spread of Sufism
Despite political fragmentation, Sufism united Islamic peoples
Practices were mystical and communal; they emphasized ecstatic rituals and communion with God
Ulama often despised Sufis, but practices appealed to popular classes due to strong emotional content and emphasis on social bonds
Sufi missionaries brought faith to distant regions
Often spread through trade; embraced by ordinary people and elites
What Was Islam?
Islam evolved from Muhammad’s original goal of creating a religion for Arab peoples
Its influence spread across Eurasia and Africa
Some worried about Islam’s true nature
Heterogeneity fostered cultural blossoming, as was apparent in all fields of higher learning
The most influential and versatile thinker was Ibn Rushd (1126–1198)
Ibn Rushd believed that faith and reason could be compatible
He believed that the proper forms of reasoning had to be entrusted to the educated class—the ulama
By the fourteenth century, Islam had become a majority faith
The agents of conversion were mainly Sufi saints and Sufi brotherhoods, not the ulama
Sufism spoke to the religious beliefs and experiences of ordinary men and women
Islamic and Hindu States and the Byzantine Empire between 1200 and 1300
WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART, 5TH EDITION
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Map 10.3 | Islamic and Hindu States and the Byzantine Empire between 1200 and 1300
Islam continued to expand after the thirteenth century.
• Where were its largest and most important gains according to the map?
• How did other religions fare under Islamic rule in this period?
• How was Islam able to continue to expand in this period?
18
India as a Cultural Mosaic
Turks brought Islam to India, but it only added to the region’s cultural mosaic
Rajas and sultans
India became an intersection for trade, migration, and cultural exchange among Afro-Eurasian peoples—a nerve center for the political balance of the world
India’s prosperity did not produce political integration; political power remained fragmented among rival chieftains, known as rajas
Rajas solicited support for their rule by providing land grants to Brahmans, who then converted local people to the Hindu faith
South Asia in 1300
WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART, 5TH EDITION
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Map 10.4 | South Asia in 1300
As the fourteenth century began, India was a blend of many cultures. Politically, the Turkish Muslim regime of the Delhi Sultanate dominated the region.
• Use the key to the map to identify the areas dominated by the Delhi Sultanate.
• How do you suppose the trade routes helped to spread the Muslims’ influence in India?
• Now use the key to find the Hindu areas. Based on your reading, what factors accounted for Hinduism’s continued appeal despite the Muslims’ political power?
20
Invasions and Consolidations
Turkish warlords entered northern India
Mahmud of Gahzna was one such conqueror
He wanted to learn from the conquered in order to win status within Islam and make his capital a great center of Islamic learning
Rajas unable to resist these powerful invaders
Land-bound Turkish Muslim regime of northern India was known as the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526)
Its rulers strengthened the cultural diversity and tolerance that were part of Indian society and culture
What Was India?, Part 1
The arrival of Islamic peoples into India made it more of a cultural mosaic, not less
The Turkish invaders adapted to local culture; they became Indians but retained their Islamic beliefs
The sultans did not force Islamic beliefs or practices onto local people, provided they paid the jizya
Islam flourished even if it did not make many new converts
As rulers, sultans granted lands to Islamic scholars, the ulama, and Sufi saints
The Delhi sultans built strongholds to defend their conquests
Curves of domes and arches on mosques, tombs, and palaces formed in the shape of lotus flowers were uniquely South Asian
Palaces and fortresses quickly evolved into prosperous cities
What Was India?, Part 2
Although newcomers and locals lived in separate worlds, they blended their cultures
When Vedic Brahmanism evolved into Hinduism, it absorbed many doctrines and practices from Buddhism
With the Turks’ invasion in the thirteenth century, leading Buddhist scholars retreated to Tibet and enhanced Buddhism there
Buddhist followers in India were submerged in the Hindu population or converted to Islam
Song China: Insiders versus Outsiders
Economic progress
China’s commercial revolution during this period had agrarian roots
Agriculture benefited from new metalworking technology
China’s farmers were able to employ new and stronger iron plows
Manufacturing flourished
By 1040, the first gunpowder recipes were being written down
Song entrepreneurs invented an array of incendiary devices
Song artisans produced lighter, more durable, and more beautiful porcelains
The Song Chinese brought about the world’s first industrial revolution, producing goods for consumption far and wide
Money and Inflation in Song China, Part 1
The growth of commerce transformed the role of money and its worldwide circulation
Song government was minting strings of copper coins
Merchants began to tinker with letters of exchange known as “flying cash”
Government began to print notes to pay its bills that ultimately led to runaway inflation, which destabilized the Song regime
Money and Inflation in Song China, Part 2
New elites
Commercial revolution enabled Song emperors to privilege civilian rule over military values
The Song undercut the powers of the hereditary aristocratic elites by establishing a government by a central bureaucracy of scholar-officials
Chosen by the competitive civil service exam
Civil officials were now drawn almost exclusively from the ranks of learned men who eventually became ruling elite
East Asia in 1000
WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART, 5TH EDITION
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Map 10.5 | East Asia in 1000
Several states emerged in East Asia between 1000 and 1300, but none were as strong as the Song dynasty in China.
• Using the key to the map, try to identify the factors that contributed to the Song state’s economic dynamism.
• What external factors kept the Song dynasty from completely securing its reign?
• What factors drove the Chinese commercial revolution in this period?
27
Negotiating with Nomads on the Borderlands
As the Song flourished, nomads on the outskirts noticed their success
Eventually nomadic armies such as those of the Khitan and Jurchen saw China as object of conquest
Song dynasts were weak because they had limited military power despite their sophisticated weapons
China’s strength in manufacturing made economic diplomacy an option
Paid tribute to groups on the fringes if they were defeated such as the Liao
Treaties allowed the Song to continue to live in peace
To keep up the payments and ensure peace, the Song government printed more money, which led to runaway inflation and instability
East Asia in 1200
WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART, 5TH EDITION
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Map 10.6 | East Asia in 1200
The Song dynasty regularly dealt with “barbarian” neighbors.
• What were the major “barbarian” tribes during this period?
• Approximately what percentage of Song China was lost to the Jin in 1126?
• How did the “barbarian” tribes affect the Han Chinese identity in this period?
29
What Was China?
Outsiders helped to define “Chinese” as the Han
Authentic Chinese valued civilian mores, especially those connected with education
Being “Chinese” meant being literate—reading, writing, and living by codes inscribed in foundational texts
The Chinese created the most advanced print culture
Private publishing industry expanded, and printing houses sprang up all over China
Under its Song rulers, China became the most populous and wealthy of the world’s regions
Its population of more than 100 million in 1100 spread Chinese culture through trade and migration
China’s Neighbors Adapt to Change
The rise of warriors in Japan
The pattern of regents ruling in the name of the sacred emperor was repeated many times in Japanese history
Began in Heian period (794–1185)
New capital of Heian (today’s Kyoto)
Rise of the imperial court
Correct etiquette and ethics based mostly on Chinese practices
Courtiers obligated to wear specific clothing, carry certain swords, and know proper salutations
Book that best captures life at the Heian court is The Tale of the Genji, written by a woman
Possibly the world’s first novel
Minamoto-no-Yoritomo, a powerful clan leader, developed the warrior or samurai class
Southeast Asia: A Maritime Mosaic, Part 1
Southeast Asia, like India, became a crossroads of Afro-Eurasian influence
The prosperity and cultural vitality of China and India spilled into Southeast Asia by land and by sea
Thai, Vietnamese, and Burmese gradually emerged as the largest population groups in the mainland region
Each population group borrowed what they could use in their own culture from the Chinese
Southeast Asia: A Maritime Mosaic, Part 2
In the capital at Angkor, the Khmers created the most powerful and wealthy empire in Southeast Asia
Water reservoirs enabled the Khmers to flourish on the great plain
Khmer kings used their military strength to expand the kingdom into Thai and Burmese states
Because of its strategic location, Malaaca became perhaps the most international city in the world
Maritime commerce brought people to the area for trade
Southeast Asia, 1000–1300
WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART, 5TH EDITION
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Map 10.7 | Southeast Asia, 1000–1300
Cross-cultural influences affected Southeast Asian societies during this period.
• What makes Southeast Asia unique geographically compared with other regions of the world?
• Based on the map, why were the kingdoms of Southeast Asia exposed to so many cross-cultural influences?
• In this chapter, the term mosaic describes both South and Southeast Asia. Compare Map 10.4 with this map, and explain how the mosaic of Southeast Asia differed from the mosaic of India.
34
Christian Europe
Western and northern Europe
When the Carolingian Empire collapsed, northern Europe was left open to invasion from Vikings
Left European peasants with no central authority to protect them from warlords
Warlords with their weapons came to be the unchallenged rulers of society
Peasants faced subjugation to the knightly class
Each peasant was under the authority of a lord who controlled every detail of his or her life
Basis of a system known as “feudalism”
Feudal lords watched over an agrarian breakthrough
Western Europe’s population increased, and by 1300 almost half of Europe’s people lived there
Latin Christendom in 1300
WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART, 5TH EDITION
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Map 10.8 | Latin Christendom in 1300
Catholic Europe expanded geographically and integrated culturally during this era.
• According to this map, into what areas did western Christendom successfully expand?
• What factors contributed to the growth of a widespread common culture and shared ideas?
• How did long-distance trade shape the history of the region during this time?
36
Eastern Europe and Russian Lands, Part 1
Eastern Europe
People emigrated to eastern frontiers of Europe to farm
Feudalism in eastern Europe was a marriage of convenience between migrating peasants and local elites
Eastern Europe offered the promise of freedom from arbitrary justice and imposition of forced labor
The Russian lands
In Russian lands, western settlers and knights met an eastern brand of Christian devotion
This world looked toward Byzantium
Eastern Europe and Russian Lands, Part 2
Its cities lay at the crossroads of overland trade and migration
Kiev became one of the greatest cities of Europe
Under Iaroslav (or Yaroslav) the Wise, Kiev was rebuilt to become a small-scale Constantinople on the Dnieper
Even had a miniature Hagia Sophia with a great dome
Message of the makeover city was political as well as religious because the ruler of Kiev cast himself in the mold of the emperor of Constantinople
He was now called the tsar/czar from the name Caesar
Tsar remained the title of rulers in Russia
What Was Christian Europe?, Part 1
Catholicism became a faith that transformed the emergence of a region called “Europe”
Parish churches built all over
The clergy reached more deeply into the private lives of the laity
Marriage and divorce were now part of church business and not a private affair
After 1215, regular confession to a priest was an obligation of all Christians
Franciscans instilled a new Europe-wide Catholicism based on embracing poverty, care of the poor, and hospitals
Universities and intellectuals
Europe acquired its first class of intellectuals
Formed universities (union) first in Paris
What Was Christian Europe?, Part 2
Ability of the scholars to organize themselves gave them an advantage not enjoyed by their Arab contemporaries
Scholars endeavored to show that everything came together and that Christianity was the only religion that fully met the aspirations of all rational human beings
Thomas Aquinas
The Europe of 1300 was more culturally unified than in previous times
Catholicism was more accessible and had permeated more intensively
Leading intellectuals extolled the virtues of Christian learning and thought
Not a tolerant place for people considered heretics—Jews or Muslims
Christian Europe on the Move
Traders and warriors
Great trading hubs emerged in Venice and Genoa as trade from east and west passed through those cities
The Crusades
Crusaders
Rome and Byzantium both sought to gain the upper hand in the scramble for European religious command
An unholy alliance evolved to push back the expanding frontiers of Islam
During the eleventh century, western Europeans launched a wave of attacks against Islam
The First Crusade began in 1095, under a call from Pope Urban II for warrior nobility to put their talent for violence to good use
Combine their role as pilgrims and soldiers and free Jerusalem from Muslim rule
New concept that there was such a thing as good and just wars
Such wars could cancel sin
The Crusades and Iberia, Part 1
Crusaders
In 1097, 60,000 men moved all the way from northwestern Europe to Jerusalem
Four “crusades”
Can’t be described as successful because few stayed behind to guard the territories they had won
Some Christians took out their frustrations on other Christians
Frankish armies sacked Constantinople in 1204
Muslim Middle East saw the Crusades as largely irrelevant
Long-term effect was to harden Muslim feelings against the Franks of the west
The Crusades and Iberia, Part 2
There were other Crusade-like campaigns of Christian expansion that were more successful
Launched from a secure home base
Spanish Reconquista pushed the Muslims farther south
Turned the tide in relations between Christian and Muslim power in the Mediterranean
Sub-Saharan Africa Comes Together, Part 1
After 1000 CE, sub-Saharan Africa ceased to be a world apart
No area in Africa escaped the effects of the outside world
West Africa and the Mande-speaking peoples
Mande-speaking peoples emerged as the link within and beyond West Africa because of their expertise in commerce and political organization
Mande is part of the larger Niger-Congo languages
Mande or Mandinka people’s home was and is the area between the Senegal and Niger Rivers
By the eleventh century, the Mande spread their cultural, commercial, and political hegemony from the high grasslands of the savannah to the woodlands and tropical rain forests
Sub-Saharan Africa Comes Together, Part 2
Mande and other groups developed centralized polities called sacred kingships
Trading networks already established with trading hubs before European explorers and traders arrived
Most vigorous and profitable businesses were the ones that stretched across the Sahara Desert
Most prized trade item was salt mined in northern Sahel by the city of Taghaza
Gold mined within the Mande homeland
Slaves were traded to the settled Muslim communities of North Africa and Egypt
Sub-Saharan Africa in 1300
WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART, 5TH EDITION
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Map 10.9 | Sub-Saharan Africa in 1300
Increased commercial contacts influenced the religious and political dimensions of sub-Saharan Africa at this time. Compare this map with Map 9.3 (p. 329).
• Where had strong Islamic communities emerged by 1300?
• According to this map, what types of activity were affecting the Mande homeland?
• To what extent had sub-Saharan Africa “come together”?
47
The Empire of Mali, Part 1
Successor state to the kingdom of Ghana
Exercised political sway over a vast area up to the 1400s
Malian Empire represented the triumph of horse warriors
Epic of Sundiata
Horses became prestige objects of the savanna peoples
Mali Empire was a thriving commercial polity by the fourteenth century
Mali’s most famous ruler was Mansa Musa (r. 1312–1332)
Made an impressive journey to Mecca for his hajj traveling through Cairo
Dazzled people in the city of Cairo with his country’s wealth
West Africa became known as the source for precious metal
The Empire of Mali, Part 2
Mali Empire had two of the largest West African cities
Jenne, an ancient northern commercial entrepôt
City of Timbuktu founded around 1100 CE as a seasonal camp for nomads
Two large mosques still extant
Famous for its intellectual vitality because Muslim scholars congregated to debate tenets of Islam
East Africa and the Indian Ocean
Trade between East Africa and the Indian Ocean
Eastern and southern African regions were also integrated into long-distance trading systems
Wind patterns made East Africa a logical end point for Indian Ocean trade
Swahili peoples living along the coast of East Africa became active brokers with the peoples of the Arabian Peninsula, the Persian Gulf territories, and India’s west coast
Most valued trade commodity was gold
Mined between Limpopo and Zambezi rivers
Mined by Shona-speaking peoples
Great Zimbabwe was a center of gold mining
The Slave Trade
The trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean slave trade
African slaves valued as much as gold
After Islam spread into Africa, sailing techniques improved through shared technology
Slave trade across the Sahara and Indian Ocean boomed
This slave system was unlike the chattel slavery found much later in the Americas
Quran attempted to mitigate the severity of slavery by requiring slave owners to treat their slaves with kindness and generosity
Quran praised manumission of slaves as an act of piety
Expansion of Slave Trade, Part 1
The trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean slave trade (cont.)
African slave trade flourished under Islam, and slaves filled a variety of roles in the slave-importing societies
Slaves were pressed into military duties
Some were valued for their seafaring skills and ended up as crew aboard Muslim trading dhows
Women mostly used for domestic servants
Other enslaved women forced to be concubines of powerful Muslim political figures and businessmen
Enslaved peoples worked on plantations, especially in lower Iraq
Expansion of Slave Trade, Part 2
In the ninth century, slaves revolted on those plantations
Slaves were prized for their labor and as status symbols for owners
These societies owned many slaves, but the economic forces and social structures of the communities did not rely on mass ownership of human beings as did the antebellum American South
The Americas Expand Regional Contacts, Part 1
Andean states
Growth and prosperity led to the formation of the Chimú Empire in South America
The Moche people expanded their influence
The Chimú regime lasted until the Incas invaded and incorporated it into their empire in the 1460s
Chimú economy successful because it was commercialized, especially through agriculture
Complex irrigation systems expanded production of food
Between 850 and 900 CE, the Moche peoples founded the city of Chan Chan, characterized by walls, roads, and palaces
The Americas Expand Regional Contacts, Part 2
Highland empire formed on the shores of Lake Titicaca by the Tiahuanaco people
Extensive evidence of long-distance trade between highlands and semitropical valleys
Trade was active enough to sustain an enormous urban population
Andean States
WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART, 5TH EDITION
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Map 10.10 | Andean States
Although the Andes region of South America was isolated from Afro-Eurasian developments before 1500, it was not stagnant. Indeed, political and cultural integration brought the peoples of this region closer together.
• Where are the areas of the Chimú Empire and Tiahuanaco influence on the map?
• What kinds of ecological niches did they govern?
• According to your reading, how did each political system encourage greater cultural and economic integration?
56
Connections to the North
Mesoamerica saw the rise and fall of several cultures
Toltecs emerge to fill political vacuum left by decline of Teotihuacán
Hybrid culture of migrants and farmers
Relied on a maize-based economy
Merchants provided status goods
Toltec capital Tula was a commercial hub but also a political and ceremonial center
Temples consisted of giant pyramids
Ball courts for ritual sport
Population grew to 60,000 people
North America: Cahokia
Cahokia was the largest city in North America
Part of the Mississippian culture
Landscape dominated by mounds
City outgrew its environment
Cahokia represented the growing networks of trade and migration across North America
North America could organize vibrant commercial societies and powerful states
Commercial Hubs in Mesoamerica and North America, 1000 CE
WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART, 5TH EDITION
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Map 10.11 | Commercial Hubs in Mesoamerica and North America, 1000 CE
Both Cahokia and Tula were commercial hubs of vibrant regional trade networks.
• Where are Cahokia and Tula on the map?
• According to the map, what kinds of goods circulated through these cities?
• How much political influence on the surrounding region do you think each city had?
59
The Mongol Transformation of Afro-Eurasia
Who were the Mongols?
A combination of forest and prairie pastoralists living on the Eurasian steppes
Resembled a permanent standing army
Used unique compound bows and were consummate archers
Rode small, sturdy horses and became expert horsemen
Kinship networks and social roles
Solidified their conquests by extending their kinship network, building an empire out of a growing confederation of tribes
Women responsible for child-rearing, shearing, milking, and pelt processing, but some also fought
Conquest and Empire, Part 1
Mongol conquest may have arisen from the nomads’ need for grazing lands
New lands provided increase in wealth through taxes
First expansionist move followed caravan routes
Opportunities to raid, not trade
Conquest and empire
The nomads began expansion in 1206 when a cluster of tribes united
At a clan gathering, they chose Chinggis (Genghis) Khan, or Supreme Ruler
Chinggis launched a series of conquests southward across the Great Wall of China and westward through central Asia, Afghanistan, and Persia
Conquest and Empire, Part 2
Mongols also invaded Korea
Mongol raiders built a permanent empire by incorporating conquered peoples and absorbing their culture
Intermarriage
Through conquest, Afro-Eurasian regions were connected by land and sea
The Mongols in China
Kubilai, Chinggis’s grandson, completed the conquest of China
Kubilai and his army also overran the Korean Peninsula
By 1280, the Mongols had established the Yuan dynasty, 1280–1368, with a new capital at Dadu
Political repercussion of these nomadic invasions altered the social and economic geography of China
Song court and its Chinese followers regrouped in the south
Much of the economic activity moved south to the new capital of Hangzhou
Hangzhou became the political center of the Chinese people
Gateway to South China Sea
The Fall of Hangzhou
Mongol armies pressed until they reached the Song capital of Hangzhou, which fell in 1276
The city survived the Mongol conquest reasonably intact
When Marco Polo visited in the 1280s and Ibn Battuta in the 1340s, it was still one of the greatest cities in the world
With the invasion, China acquired a new ruling hierarchy of outsiders
Chinese elites governed locally
Outsiders ran the central dynastic polity and collected taxes for the Mongols
Mongol reverberations in Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia was hurt by the Mongol conquests
Mongols conquered the states of Sali and Pyu in Unnan and Burma
Portions of mainland Southeast Asia became part of the Mongol Empire and were annexed to China
Mongol Campaigns and Conquests, 1200–1300
WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART, 5TH EDITION
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Map 10.12 | Mongol Campaigns and Conquests, 1200–1300
Mongol campaigns and conquests brought Afro-Eurasian worlds together as never before.
• Trace the outline of the entire area of Mongol influence shaded on this map.
• What cultural groups did the Mongol armies conquer, partially conquer, or invade?
• How many different khanates did the Mongols establish across Eurasia, and what were they?
• What role did geography play in limiting the spread of their influence?
65
Mongols in the Islamic World
The fall of Baghdad
Baghdad no longer the jewel in the Islamic crown but still important
Coming from the eastern steppes, Mongols set their sights on all of Asia
Mongke Khan, grandson of the great Chinggis Khan, ordered the invasions
Kubilai (brother to Mongke) appointed to rule over China, Tibet, and northern India
Hulagu ordered to take the western territories of Iran, Syria, Egypt, Byzantium, and Armenia
Hulagu encountered a feeble foe in the Baghdad caliph in 1258
Slaughter was vast; most perished; no quarter given
Baghdad became a ruin
Syria was next with Muslims slaughtered by the Mongols
The Collapse of Mongol Rule
Egyptian Mamluk forces finally stopped the advance of the Mongols in 1261
Mongols were better at conquering than controlling
Had a hard time ruling their newfound territories
In China and Persia, Mongol rule collapsed in the fourteenth century
Mongol conquest shaped the social landscape of Afro-Eurasia
The conquest transformed Islam as it was stripped of its power center, Baghdad
Once the conquests ended, the Mongol state promoted the interconnectedness of Afro-Eurasia
Expansion of Cultural Spheres
Trade and migration across long distances made Afro-Eurasia prosper and become more integrated
At the center of Afro-Eurasia, Islam was firm
India became a commercial crossroads
China boomed and poured its manufactures into trading networks
Trade helped define the parts of the world
Helped create new classes of people—thinkers, writers, and scientists
By 1300, territories were re-imagined as world regions with definable cultures and defensible geographic boundaries
Neither sub-Saharan Africa nor the Americas saw that kind of integration
Great African cultures flourished as they came into contact with commercial traders
American people also built great centers of trade and culture
Conclusion
By 1300, the Afro-Eurasian regional worlds became connected as a result of trade, migration, and conflict
Mongol invasion added interconnectedness once they controlled the vast territories of Afro-Eurasia
Sea lanes also became an important source of trade networks
With the rise of the Mongol Empire, the regions of the world became those that we now recognize as the cultural spheres of our modern world
This concludes the Lecture Slide Set for Chapter 10
WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART
FIFTH EDITION
by
Robert Tignor • Jeremy Adelman • Stephen Aron • Peter Brown • Benjamin Elman • Stephen Kotkin • Xinru Liu • Suzanne Marchand • Holly Pittman • Gyan Prakash • Brent Shaw • Michael Tsin
