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WTWA5e_LPPT_CH09.pptxLecture Slides
by
Robert Tignor • Jeremy Adelman • Stephen Aron • Peter Brown • Benjamin Elman • Stephen Kotkin • Xinru Liu • Suzanne Marchand • Holly Pittman • Gyan Prakash • Brent Shaw • Michael Tsin
Lecture Slides
Chapter 9
NEW EMPIRES AND COMMON CULTURES, 600–1000 CE
Religion and Empire
Islam and a universalizing religious mission
Blending of religion, empire, and trade in Europe and Afro-Eurasia
Rise of a prophetic figure among Arab peoples
Tang dynasty China resisted embrace of universalizing faiths
The Origins and Spread of Islam, Part 1
Began inside Arabia
Mecca home to a revered sanctuary called the Kaaba
Kaaba was a collection of unmortared rocks considered the dwelling place of deities
A vision, a text
Muhammad born in Mecca around 570 CE
In the year 610, Muhammad had a vision commanding him to recite phrases that became Sura 96 of the Quran
He enjoined his followers to practice certain things:
Act righteously
Set aside false deities
Submit to one and only true God
Care for the less fortunate
The Origins and Spread of Islam, Part 2
Muhammad’s most insistent message was the oneness of God
The Quran was compiled into a single authoritative version sometime around 650
Arab historians believe the Quran to be the very word of God
Quran text meant to inscribe the tenets of the faith
United a people
Conveyed a set of stable messages to other cultures
Expanded frontiers of the new faith
Muhammad saw himself as the last of a long line of Hebrew prophets and Jesus, the Christian messiah
The Move to Medina, Part 1
Muslims date the beginning of the Muslim calendar to 622
Muhammad and his followers escaped persecution that year and moved to Medina; this flight is known as the hijra
Medina became the birthplace of a new faith—Islam, which means “submission”
A new collectivity called Muslims (those who submit)
City faced tribal and religious tensions, making them open to the leadership of Muhammad
Muhammad presented the city with a document, the Constitution of Medina, requiring all the people to go to him and God to settle disputes, thus replacing clan tradition
The Move to Medina, Part 2
Adherents broadcast their new faith and their new mission
First to Mecca
Second to inhabitants of Arabia
To the larger world of Asia, Africa, and Europe
Expanding Dar al-Islam, Part 1
Conquests
Muhammad died in 632
The Prophet’s inspiration and early leaders kept the faith going
Four successors known as the “rightly guided caliphs”
Most important of the caliphs was Muhammad’s nephew Ali
Successors decided to implement the Prophet’s plan to send Arab-Muslim armies into Syria and Iraq
Muslim soldiers embarked on military conquest that they referred to as jihad
Jihad meant struggle, either military or personal daily struggles
Expanding Dar al-Islam, Part 2
Muslim leaders divided the world into two units in their quest to dominate the world
dar al-Islam or the world of Islam
dar al-harb or the world of warfare
Within fifteen years, Muslim armies controlled Syria, Egypt, and Iraq
Destroyed the Persian Sasanian Empire
Byzantium’s borders were reduced, and they continued to be threatened by the Islamic empire
An Empire of Arab Peoples, Part 1
When Ali was killed in 661, a new clan known as Umayyads took over
Moved the core of Islam away from Arabia
Introduced principle of hereditary monarchy (caliphate) to resolve leadership disputes
Ruled from Damascus until overthrown by Abbasids in 750
Five Pillars of Islam put in place as core practices and beliefs
Belief in one God and the role of Muhammad as Messenger
Ritual prayer
Fasting
Pilgrimage
Alms to the poor
An Empire of Arab Peoples, Part 2
In early days, conversion to Islam was simple
New faith did not call on adherents to abandon entire former way of life
Major conversion incentive was a reduced jizya tax
Islam did make many demands on its believers
Political limits to how much Islam could integrate others’ beliefs
Did not allow non-Arabic speakers to convert to Islam as a way to rise to high political office
Overthrow of the Umayyad rule ended that prohibition
By middle of eighth century, probably fewer than 10 percent of people in the Islamic empire were Muslim
The Abbasid Revolution
Umayyad dynasty spread Islam beyond Arabia and integrated more people, resulting in resistance to authority
In Khurasan, Muslims resented discrimination at the hands of Arab peoples
Coalition emerged led by the Abbasid family, which claimed descent from the Prophet’s family
The coalition amassed a military force and defeated Umayyad rule in 750
The Abbasid victory shifted the center of the caliphate to Iraq
Conversion to Islam rested on proselytizers and appeal of the new faith to converts
Abbasids more aggressively opened Islam to Persian people
Encouraged Islamic world to embrace Hellenistic ways
Islam in the Abbasid period was cosmopolitan and merged various peoples’ contributions into a rich, unified culture
The Spread of Islam during the First Millennium
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Map 9.1 | The Spread of Islam during the First Millennium
Islam emerged in the Arabian Peninsula in the seventh century CE. Within 150 years, leaders of this religious community had conquered a vast amount of territory.
• What was the area of Muslim lands by 634 CE? By 756 CE?
• What were the limits to Muslim expansion during the first 150 years according to the map?
• How did Islam ultimately expand beyond these areas of conquest?
13
The Caliphate under the Abbasids, Part 1
Abbasid rulers retained and strengthened the caliphate; the caliph was a political and spiritual head of the Islamic community
Muhammad’s successors did not inherit his prophetic powers, nor did they exercise authority over religious doctrines
Religious authority reserved to special scholars called ulama
Abbasid style more centralized and based on absolute authority modeled on the Byzantine rulers
As the empire grew, harder to maintain control; regional governors and competing caliphates took control in some areas
Multicentered Islamic world
Political center shifted, but religious center remained in Mecca
The Caliphate under the Abbasids, Part 2
The army
Integration relied on the use of force
Similar to the Romans, non-Arab groups formed the core of the military
Brought new populations into the empire
Gained political authority
Turkish elements entered the Islamic empire
As Islam spread, it became more multicultural while building a common culture
Islamic Law and Theology
Sharia
During the Abbasid period, Islamic law (Sharia) took shape
Sharia law covers all aspects of practical as well as spiritual life
Legal principles for marriage contracts, trade regulations
Religious prayer, pilgrimage rites, and ritual fasting
Needed to interpret legal questions that the Quran did not address
Most influential legal scholar was eighth-century Iraqi al-Shafi’I
Early legal scholars placed the ulama at the heart of Islam as lawmakers, not kings
Emergence of the ulama opened sharp divisions within Islam between secular and religious spheres
Gender in Early Islam, Part 1
Pre-Islamic Arabia was one of the last regions that had not become fully patriarchal
Men still married into women’s tribes and moved to wives’ locations in tribal communities
Women engaged in a variety of occupations and could amass wealth
Muhammad’s evolving relations to women reflected larger trends in the influence of patriarchy that made its way to Arabia
By the time Islam spread to Southwest Asia and North Africa, strict gender rules existed
Women were deeply subordinated to men
Men could divorce freely; women could not
Gender in Early Islam, Part 2
Men could take four wives and concubines; women could not practice polygamy
Elite women were veiled and lived secluded from male society
Quran did offer women some protections
Men required to treat each wife with respect
Women could inherit property, although only half of what a man received
Infanticide was prohibited
Marriage dowries paid directly to the bride, not to her guardian
Legal system reinforced status of men over women but gave magistrates powers to oversee the definition of male honor and proper behavior
Abbasid Culture
Arts flourished and left imprint on society
Arabic superseded Greek and became the language of the educated classes
Arabic scholarship made many important contributions to the world of learning by preserving Greek and Roman thought
Extensive borrowing exemplified the most substantial effort by one culture to assimilate learning of other people
To house the scholarly works, Abbasids founded massive and magnificent libraries
Islam in a Wider World
As Islam spread, it became more decentralized
Proselytizing Islam brought more people under the teachings of the Quran
Growing diversity proved problematic; no single political structure could hold the widespread provinces
Secular power in Islam was deeply divided and remains so today
Spain
One Muslim state that became a rival to the Abbasids was headed by Abd al Rahmann III, al-Nasir
Iberia’s Muslim kingdom arose during the Abbasid revolution of 750 when the defeated Umayyad family fled to Spain
Facilitated amicable relations with Muslims, Christians, and Jews
Expanded and beautified the capital at Córdoba
Great Mosque of Córdoba
Competition between rival rulers spurred creativity in the arts
Wanted to build cities and mosques that rivaled those in Islamic cities such as Baghdad
Political Fragmentation in the Islamic World, 750–1000 CE
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Map 9.2 | Political Fragmentation in the Islamic World, 750–1000 CE
By 1000 CE, the Islamic world was politically fractured and decentralized. The Abbasid caliphs still reigned in Baghdad, but they wielded very limited political authority. Looking at the map, first point to Baghdad and then point out all the areas under Abbasid control.
• What are the regions where major Islamic powers emerged?
• What areas were Sunni versus Shiite?
• Why were the Abbasids unable to sustain political unity in the Islamic world?
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Islamic Culture in the East
Islam in a wider world
At eastern end of the Islamic world, near the Oxus River in central Asia, a cultural flowering took place
Barmaki family from Balkh turned from Buddhism to Islam
Others from central Asia made notable contributions to science and mathematics
Al-Khwarizmi modified Indian digits into Arabic numerals and wrote the first book of algebra
Ibn Sina, known in the west as Avicenna
Wrote Canon of Medicine, which stood as the standard medical text in the region for centuries
Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa
Islam crossed the Sahara and entered Africa carried by traders and scholars, not soldiers
Movement depended on camels that could make the long-distance trek
Trade joined West and North Africa and generated wealth, which created the great centralized political kingdoms in West Africa
Ghana was the terminus of the North African trading routes
Seafaring Muslim traders carried Islam into East Africa, as Islam became a dominant mercantile force in the Indian Ocean
Early East African trade communities were a mixture of African and Arab populations
Exported ivory and possibly slaves
African Bantu language absorbed Arab words and eventually became Swahili
Islam and Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa, 700–1000 CE
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Map 9.3 | Islam and Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa, 700–1000 CE
Islamic merchants and scholars, not Islamic armies, carried Islam into sub-Saharan Africa.
• Trace the trade routes in Africa, being sure to follow the correct direction of trade.
• According to the map key and icons, what commodities were Islamic merchants seeking below the Sahara?
• How did trade and commerce lead to the geographical expansion of the Islamic faith?
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Opposition within Islam
Shiism and the rise of the Fatimids
Islam’s rapid rise generated internal tensions from the beginning
Believers shared a reverence for the Quran and a single God but little else
Divisions from the Prophet’s time grew deeper as Islam expanded
When the Prophet died, the fissure became wider, especially over secession issues
Kharijites
Believed the successor should only be someone who resembled Muhammad
Found appeal among people who felt deprived of power such as the highland Berbers of North Africa and people of lower Iraq
Sunnis and Shiites, Part 1
Opposition within Islam, Shiism, and the rise of the Fatimids
Sunnis and Shiites
Conflict between two groups became Islam’s most powerful dissident force and created a permanent division within Islam
Disagreement between two sects based on ideas of succession
Sunni believed succession should be based on the traditions
of Muhammad
Shia, meaning “members of the party of Ali,” felt succession should involve a descendant of Ali, who had married the Prophet’s daughter
Sunni (meaning tradition) represented and still represents
the majority of Muslims
Shiite beliefs appealed to groups excluded from power by
the Umayyads and Abbasids
Sunnis and Shiites, Part 2
Fatimids
Shiites did not seize power until the tenth century
Shiite religious and military leader Abu Abdallah overthrew the Sunni ruler in North Africa
The Fatimid regime began, a rival regime to the Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad
Rival capital called al-Qahira (Cairo)
Fatimid regime remained in power until the end of the twelfth century
The Tang State in China, Part 1
The rise of the Sui and Tang Empires in China paralleled Islam’s meteoric rise out of Arabia
Again Afro-Eurasia had two centers of power: Islam and China
Not the same as Rome and Han China because now the two worlds were more interconnected by trade, conversion, and consistent political contacts
Shared common borders
Tang promoted a cosmopolitan culture that absorbed many new elements arising from afar
Ideas came from the west, including India, Bactria, and Constantinople
The Tang State in China, Part 2
Ideas also came from the east
Early societies and states in Korea and Japan emerged in the shadow of China
Daoism and Buddhism spread to Korea and Japan
Chinese statecraft, based on Confucian classics, was seen as best model by Korean and Japanese scholars
Despite the rise of China’s empire, its impact on Korea and Japan was limited
Each maintained cultural autonomy
Agricultural Diffusion in the First Millennium
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Map 9.4 | Agricultural Diffusion in the First Millennium
The second half of the first millennium saw a revolution in agriculture throughout Afro-Eurasia. Agriculturalists across the landmass increasingly cultivated similar crops.
• Where did most of the cultigens originate? In what direction and where did most of them flow?
• What role did the spread of Islam and the growth of Islamic empires (see Map 9.1) play in the process?
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Territorial Expansion under the Tang
New sets of rulers under Sui and Tang dynasties restored the Han model of empire building
Argued for big imperial system and found broad support
Both dynasties expanded boundaries
Hero of the imperial day was Yang Jian
Served as an official of the militarily strong Northern Zhou dynasty
Father and son emperors expanded the state into Korea, Vietnam, Manchuria, Tibet, and central Asia
Expansion efforts were financially and militarily disastrous and fatally weakened the dynasty
Change in course of Yellow River caused flooding, which led to popular revolts
General Li Yuan marched on Chang’an and took the throne
In 618, Li Yuan established the Tang dynasty
The Sui Dynasty Canals
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Map 9.5 | The Sui Dynasty Canals
China, like the Islamic world, experienced a population explosion during this period.
• Where are the Sui dynasty canals on the map and the two areas showing population concentration?
• Why do you think the population concentrations are located along the canals?
• What other roles might the canals have played in addition to fostering population growth in this period within China?
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The Tang Dynasty and Its Army, Part 1
The army and imperial campaigning
An expanding Tang state required a large, professionally trained army
Aristocratic cavalry and peasant soldiers
In the north, army relied on pastoral nomadic soldiers
Uighurs, Turkish-speaking steppe peoples
Most deadly forces in the Tang Empire
Military forged the first westward expansion into parts of Tibet
Moved to conquer East and central Asia
At the height of the empire, Tang armies controlled more than 4 million square miles and 80 million people.
Surpassed the peak of Han Empire and greater than Islamic rule in the eighth and ninth centuries
The Tang Dynasty and Its Army, Part 2
China in 750 CE was the most powerful, most advanced, and best administered empire in the world
The rivalry for Afro-Eurasian supremacy brought the worlds together, but not peaceably
Muslim forces drove the Tang from Turkestan in 751 CE
Tang forced to retreat from central Asia and mainland Southeast Asia
Several factors eventually led to the downfall of the Tang
Misrule
Court intrigues
Economic exploitation
Popular rebellions
Northern invaders brought an end to the dynasty in 907 CE
With the downfall of the Tang, China fragmented into five northern dynasties and ten southern kingdoms
The Tang State in East Asia, 750 CE
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Map 9.6 | The Tang State in East Asia, 750 CE
The Tang dynasty, at its territorial peak in 750 CE, controlled a state that extended from central Asia to the East China Sea.
• What foreign areas are under Tang control? What areas were heavily influenced by Tang government and culture?
• How can we tell from the map that China was undergoing an economic revolution during the Tang period?
• How did the Tang maintain order and stability in such a large, dynamic realm?
35
Organizing an Empire
Tang rulers emulated the Han but introduced new institutions
Tang had to deal with the arrival of global religions
Zoroastrianism
Nestorian Christianity
Buddhism
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Confucian Officials in Tang Dynasty, Part 1
Organizing an empire
Confucian administrators
Day-to-day operations relied on the civil service
Tang had to devise other formulas for integrating their remote territories and diverse ethnic and linguistic groups
Created a strong and unifying political culture based on Confucian teachings rather than relying on a world religion to anchor empire
Knowledge of the details of Confucius and intricacies of Chinese language required for ruling classes
Skills were powerful in forging cultural and political solidarity
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Confucian Officials in Tang Dynasty, Part 2
Common philosophy and written language served as surrogates for the universalistic religions
The Tang state increased power through the world’s first written civil service exam system
New civil service officials were selected from those who passed the examination and meritocracy
Tang used common texts, codes, and tests to unify the governing classes
Empress Wu enforced a new aristocracy of academic ability
Through civil service exams, southern commoners took more prominent roles
Exam system also indirectly aided the poor because they saw value of education as a way to rise into the ruling elite
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Empress Wu: China’s First Female Emperor, Part 1
Under Empress Wu, women played influential roles in the court
Most played private roles, but some had public roles
Empress Wu dominated Tang court in late seventh and early eighth centuries
First and only female ruler in Chinese history
Expanded military
Recruited her administrators from the civil service exam candidates to oppose her court enemies
Challenging beliefs that subordinated women, she elevated women’s position
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Empress Wu: China’s First Female Emperor, Part 2
Ordered scholars to write biographies of famous women
Empowered mother’s clan by giving relatives high political posts
Tried to establish a new Zhou dynasty through a benign and competent rule
Chinese Buddhism achieved its highest officially sponsored development in this period
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Eunuchs in the Tang State
Tang rulers defended themselves by surrounding themselves with loyal and well-compensated men
Tang emperors relied on castrated males from lower classes
Eunuchs in China became fully integrated into the empire’s institution and wielded a great deal of power
In 820 the chief eunuch controlled the military
Eunuch bureaucracy mediated between the emperor and provincial governments
By the late Tang dynasty, eunuchs held too much political power and became an unruly group that was partially responsible for the downfall of the Tang dynasty
41
Economic Changes in Tang Dynasty China
An economic revolution
Political stability fueled remarkable economic achievement
The Sui had triggered economic progress by building canals throughout the country; Tang continued the effort
New waterways aided communication and transport
Rice was transported from the south to the north
Areas south of the Yangzi became the demographic center of Chinese empire
Chinese merchants took advantage of the Silk Road to trade with India and the Islamic world
With rebellions jeopardizing overland trade routes, the “silk road by sea” blossomed
The Tang capital of Chang’an became the richest and most populous city in the world
Textiles, paper, and ceramics all became desired commodities in the west
Accommodating World Religions
Tang emperors tolerated a remarkable amount of religious diversity
The growth of Buddhism
Buddhism thrived under Tang rule
Japanese monk Ennin studied Buddhism in China and returned to Japan to form Tendai Buddhism
When Buddhism was accepted as one of the “three ways” of learning with Daoism and Confucianism, the Tang embraced and supported it
Huge monasteries were built and emissaries sent to India to gather Buddhist artifacts all paid for by imperial patronage
Grottoes such as at Dunhuang on the Silk Road served as ideal venues for monks to practice
Anti-Buddhist Campaigns, Part 1
Tang Empire contained hundreds of thousands of Buddhist monks and nuns
Success of Buddhism threatened Confucian and Daoist leaders, who began to attack Buddhism
Secular rulers grew more and more concerned that religious loyalties would undermine political ones
Accused Buddhists of hurting kinship values and cardinal family relations
Claimed clergy were conspiring to destroy the state, the family, and the individual body
“Three Destructions” of Buddhism
Persecution of monastic orders began in the 840s
Emperor Wuzong closed more than 4,600 monasteries and destroyed 40,000 temples and shrines
Anti-Buddhist Campaigns, Part 2
Tang government brought the Buddhist monastic communities under its control, unlike in Latin Europe
Confucianism and Daoism part of Chinese bureaucracy; Buddhism lacked that power base
Buddhism became vulnerable when attacked by Emperor Wuzong
By emphasizing classical scholarship, ancient literature, and Confucian morality, Tang dynasty revered early Buddhist success
Overcoming the universalistic thrust of Buddhism resulted in persistent religious pluralism
Tang China was the one place that remained committed to a secular common culture
The Fall of Tang China
China’s deteriorating economy in the ninth century CE led to peasant uprisings
Some risings led by failed exam candidates
Revolts brought down dynasty and led to emergence of ten regional states
Early Korea and Japan
Early Korea
During fourth century, three independent states emerged on the Korean peninsula
Koguryo (north)
Paekche (southwest)
Silla (southeast)
Silla’s unification of Korea enabled the Koreans to establish a unified government modeled on the Tang imperial state
With Tang decline, Silla also began to fragment
Koryo reunited Korea and founded the Koryo dynasty
Enacted an unprecedented bureaucratic system
Used Tang dynasty-style civil service exam to choose capable officials
Korea, like Tang China, was harassed continuously by northern tribes such as the Khitan people
Early Japan
Warlike groups from Korea imposed military and social power on southern Japan
Known as the Tomb Culture
Unified Japan
Brought with them a belief in the power of female shamans
Shaman-queen Himiko sent envoy to China after Han fell
The complex aristocratic society under Tomb Culture paved way for Yamato Japanese state
Rise of Japanese state coincided with the Three Kingdoms era in Korea
Yamato Emperors and Shinto
The Yamato emperors and the Shinto origins
of Japanese sacred identity
Ancestor worship was native to Japan and was at center
of emerging belief system
Imperial line justified itself by embracing a tradition that sacralized Japanese state and society
Adopted both Buddhism and Shintoism
Emperor presented as the living embodiment of Japan
and its people
Divine characteristics placed Yamato aristocratic families
on top
The Taika Reforms in Japan, Part 1
Prince Shotoku and the Taika political reforms
Sogo looked to Japanese Prince Shotoku as the creator of all that was innovative in the Yamato state
Scribes claimed Shotoku, not Korean migrants, had introduced Buddhism
Japanese Buddhists saw Prince Shotoku as the founder of Buddhism in Japan as Christians looked to Constantine in the Roman Empire
Prince Shotoku sent emissaries to China during the Sui dynasty
Presented information about how to incorporate Chinese reforms in Japan
Looked to Tang as a model for statecraft
The Taika Reforms in Japan, Part 2
Japanese rulers tolerated and even promoted a mosaic of religions
Shotoku promoted Buddhism and Confucianism
Erected several Buddhist temples
Horyuji Temple is the oldest surviving wooden structure in the world
In 645 Nakatomi family came to power after eliminating the Soga
Used new power to enact the Taika reform edicts based on Confucian principles of government
The Yamato court adopted the Chinese notion of the Mandate of Heaven
Refused to adopt the Chinese civil service exam system
Mahayana Buddhism
Mahayana Buddhism and the sanctity of the Japanese state
Religious influences migrated to Japan; added to spiritual pluralism while uplifting its rulers
Nakatomi promoted Buddhism as the state religion of Japan
Did not reject the imperial family’s support of native Shinto traditions
Association with Buddhism gave the Japanese extra status
Japanese emperor received more explicit worship as the sacred ruler
Japanese emperor was a supreme kami—a divine force in his own right
Shintoism and Buddhism became symbiotically intertwined in the political and religious life of the Japanese
Borderlands: Korea and Japan, 600–1000 CE
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Map 9.7 | Borderlands: Korea and Japan, 600–1000 CE
The Tang dynasty held great power over the emerging Korean and Japanese states, although it never directly ruled either region.
• Based on the map, what connections do you see between Korea and Japan and the Tang Empire?
• To what extent did Korea and Japan adopt Tang customs during this period?
53
Christendom in Europe
New views of late antiquity
Advances in every avenue of human endeavor despite a decline in agricultural production, famine, and disease resulting from a colder and drier climate
Christianity a source of unity
Decline of Roman military power led to emergence of military leaders with local and regional ties
Charlemagne’s Fledgling Empire
Charlemagne ruled from 768 to 814
By 802 Charlemagne controlled much of western Europe
Empire had fewer than 15 million people
His armies were rarely larger than 5,000
Had a rudimentary tax system
His palace was primitive in comparison with some of those of Islamic caliphs
Representatives of the warrior class that had come to dominate post-Roman western Europe
Franks engaged in trade, but trade was based on war
Frankish Empire was financed by the massive sale of prisoners of war
Main victims were Slavic-speaking peoples from eastern Europe
In this inhospitable zone, Christianity put down roots
Christendom, 600–1000 CE
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Map 9.8 | Christendom, 600–1000 CE
The end of the first millennium saw much of Europe divided between two versions of Christianity, each with different traditions.
• Locate Rome and Constantinople on the map, the two seats of power in Christianity.
• According to the map, what were the two major regions where Christianity held sway?
• In what directions did Latin Christianity and Orthodox Christianity spread?
• Why do you suppose the Catholic Church, based in Rome, was successful in expanding to the west, but not to the east?
• Why do you suppose Orthodox Christianity, based in Constantinople, expanded into eastern Europe, but not into the west?
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Christianity in Western Europe, Part 1
Charlemagne’s empire was in the borderlands
Based on expansion and Christian proselytizing
Christianity emerged in the new borderlands world much different from its Mediterranean origins
Christianity bridged the gap between the Mediterranean world and the new non-Roman world of the north
Christians felt that Christ was the Messiah and that their faith was the only true universal religion
Bishop Augustine of Hippo had put forth the outlines of these beliefs in 410 CE
Wrote the book called The City of God
Catholic Church important for bringing people to religion
Christianity in Western Europe, Part 2
Several things led to Christianity’s establishment in northern Europe
Christianity’s arrival in northern Europe began a cultural revolution
Latin became a sacred language; books became vehicles of the holy
Bibles produced by monks and nuns
Monks, nuns, and popes
Pope sent out missionaries
Believed that those who had least in common with those with “normal lives” were best able to mediate between the believer and God
Missionary zeal occurred because it offered an alternative to the European warrior societies
By 800 few regions of northern Europe were without great monasteries
Rise of the Papacy
The papacy rose because the Catholic Church and western Europe united to support a single and exclusive symbolic center
Popes owed position to two factors
The Arab conquest, which had removed competition
Desire for a new, more vibrant religion
Vikings and Christendom, Part 1
The age of the Vikings
The Vikings exploited the weaknesses of Charlemagne’s regime
Viking motive simple: “to be on the warpath”
Successful because of technological advantage: their ships
Light and agile
Shallow draft
Rowed up the rivers of northern Europe
Could also travel on open waters, including the Atlantic
Plundered monasteries along rivers and in Ireland and Britain
Vikings and Christendom, Part 2
Norwegian adventurers colonized Iceland and Greenland
Reached New World in 982
Carried out trade with Native Americans
Viking efforts in eastern Europe had lasting effects
Created new trade routes through Baltic region—“The Highway of Slaves”
The Age of Vikings and the Slave Trade, 800–1000 CE
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Map 9.9 | The Age of Vikings and the Slave Trade, 800–1000 CE
Vikings from Scandinavia dramatically altered the history of Christendom.
• In what directions did the Vikings carry out their voyages, trade routes, and raids?
• What were the geographical limits of the Viking explorations in each direction?
• In what direction did the slave trade move, and what role did the Vikings and the Holy Roman emperors play in expanding the slave trade?
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Greek Orthodox Christianity, Part 1
The survival of the Christian empire of the east
Several attempts were made to capture the eastern Christian empire in Constantinople
Greek fire very effective against Muslim fleets
Greek Orthodox Christianity
Outlasting a series of military emergencies bolstered the morale of east Roman Christianity and led to its unexpected flowering in distant lands
Gained a spiritual empire that offset losses to the East Roman Empire in Southwest Asia
Heart of church power was the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople
Converted much of eastern Europe
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Greek Orthodox Christianity, Part 2
By 1000, two Christianities existed
Confident “borderland” Catholicism of western Europe
An ancient Greek Orthodoxy
Neither side really admired the other
Like Islam, the Christian world was divided, although in two distinct regions: western and eastern Christianity
Differences not doctrinal, as with Shia and Sunni Islam
Christian differences were in heritage, customs, and levels of perceived “civilization”
Each dealt with the expansion of the Muslim world differently
Christianity expanded its geographic reach to new frontiers
Growing religious homogeneity and common faith increased in western Christendom
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Conclusion, Part 1
Eurasian and North African societies witnessed a radical reordering of their political and cultural maps that encouraged migration
Commodities, technological innovations, ideas, travelers, merchants, adventurers, and scholars moved rapidly over great distances from one region to another
Despite all the circulation of people and ideas, a new set of political and cultural boundaries emerged that divided the landmass as never before
Islam was the most important of the new universalistic religions
Challenged and slowed the spread of universalistic religion Christianity
Conclusion, Part 2
The Sui and Tang Empires revived Confucianism as a basis for a new imperial order
Many ways to cope with the emergence and spread of universalizing religions across Eurasia and Africa
A common affiliation with empire
Sometimes faith followed empire, as in East Asia
Sometimes empire followed faith, as was the case with Islam
Each universal religion also saw internal debate over basic principles
This concludes the Lecture Slide Set for Chapter 9
WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART
FIFTH EDITION
by
Robert Tignor • Jeremy Adelman • Stephen Aron • Peter Brown • Benjamin Elman • Stephen Kotkin • Xinru Liu • Suzanne Marchand • Holly Pittman • Gyan Prakash • Brent Shaw • Michael Tsin
