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WTWA5e_LPPT_CH08.pptxLecture Slides
by
Robert Tignor • Jeremy Adelman • Stephen Aron • Peter Brown • Benjamin Elman • Stephen Kotkin • Xinru Liu • Suzanne Marchand • Holly Pittman • Gyan Prakash • Brent Shaw • Michael Tsin
Lecture Slides
Chapter 8
THE RISE OF UNIVERSAL
RELIGIONS, 300–600 CE
Universal Religions and Common Cultures
Increase in religious ferment throughout Afro-Eurasia
West: Christianity
India: Vedic evolved into Hinduism
Northern India, Asia, China: Buddhism
Politics shaped religion, and religion shaped politics
Afro-Eurasian spirituality shaped imperial frameworks
Western Europe and Christianity
Eastern Roman Imperium, Byzantium, and Christianity
India, Hinduism, and Buddhism
Central Asia, China, and Buddhism
Universalizing religion not essential to creating a common cultural framework
African Bantu peoples
Mesoamerican and Central American Maya
Empires and Common Cultures from 300 to 600 CE
WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART, 5TH EDITION
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Map 8.1 | Empires and Common Cultures from 300 to 600 CE
The period 300–600 CE was a time of tumultuous political change.
• Comparing this map with Map 6.2, which polities are new? Which polities have disappeared? Which ones have expanded or contracted?
• What historical factors were driving these changes in the political landscape?
4
Empires and Religious Change in Western Afro-Eurasia
The rise and spread of Christianity
Martyrs
Vibia Perpetua
Women were crucial to diffusion of Christian faith
Religious debate and Christian universalism
Rabbinical reform of Judaism
Discussion over obedience to God versus secular (imperial) authority
From Torah (scroll) to Christian Codex
Constantine: from Conversion to Creed
Background of Constantine
Proclaimed emperor in 306 CE
Council of Nicaea in 325 CE and notion of Holy Trinity
Bishops granted exemption from taxes
The Spread of Universal Religions in Afro-Eurasia, 300–600 CE
WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART, 5TH EDITION
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Map 8.2 | The Spread of Universal Religions in Afro-Eurasia, 300–600 CE
The spread of universal religions and the shifting political landscape were intimately connected.
• Using Map 8.1, identify the major polities in Afro-Eurasia during this era. How did these political configurations differ from those in the era covered in Chapter 7?
• Compare and contrast Map 8.1 with Map 8.2. Where did Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity emerge, and where did they spread?
• How did the rise and fall of empires affect the expansion of universal religions?
6
Christianity in the Cities and Beyond
Christianity in the cities
Basilicas
Cathedra, bishop’s throne
Basilicas represented a vision of heaven on earth
Relief to the poor
Bishops became judges; power increased
Christianity spread to parts of Africa and Southwest Asia
Spread through new languages
Coptic
Syriac
The “Fall” of Rome in the West, Part 1
The decline of the western Roman Empire: a takeover from the margins
The barbarians
Status determined by ability to fight
Surplus warriors
Goths in Gaul
Invited into country by emperor
Fall of empire a result of long overextension
Goths served as Roman militia in Gaul
The “Fall” of Rome in the West, Part 2
Continuity through the church
Roman influence remained
Fear of the Huns
Attila’s empire in eastern and central Europe
King Alaric II’s law code
Post-empire Rome like post-Han China
The Roman Catholic Church
Bishops of Rome emerged as popes
Rome became a spiritual instead of imperial city
Western Afro-Eurasia: War, Immigration, and Settlement in the Roman World, 375–450 CE
WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART, 5TH EDITION
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Map 8.3 | Western Afro-Eurasia: War, Immigration, and Settlement in the Roman World, 375–450 CE
Invasions and migrations brought about the reconstitution of the Roman Empire at this time.
• Using the map, identify the people who migrated to or invaded the Roman Empire. Where were they from, and where did they go? How did they reshape the political landscape of western Afro-Eurasia?
• Considering these effects, was the Roman depiction of these groups as “barbarians” a fair assessment?
10
Continuity of Rome in the East: Byzantium
The rise of Constantinople
Highly centralized empire
Constantine’s “New Rome”
Greek residents living under Roman law
Justinian
Reformed Roman laws
Digest
Institutes
Basilica of Hagia Sophia (“Holy Wisdom”)
Intensification of contact between east and west; plague decimates Constantinople in 541–542 CE
Climate change: period of drier weather harms productivity of village agriculture in eastern Roman Empire
Exchanges along the Silk Road
Sasanian Persia (224–651 CE)
Kings of Eran and An-Iran
Royal dynasty ruled Iran and non-Iranians
Capital of Ctesiphon (near modern Baghdad)
Great Arch of Kesr/Kisra
Khusro Anochirwan
Sack of Roman Antioch
Persia and Roman war
Crossroads of central Asian, Indian, and Greek culture
Persian armored cavalry
An empire at the crossroads
Religious tolerance under Sasanian rule
Jews compiled Babylonian Talmud
Blend of Greek, central Asian, and Indian culture
Nestorian Christians
Southwest Asia, 300–600 CE
WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART, 5TH EDITION
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Map 8.4 | Southwest Asia, 300–600 CE
Southwest Asia remained the crossroads of Afro-Eurasia in a variety of ways. Trade goods flowing between west and east passed through this region, as did universal religions. The question mark in eastern Africa indicates scholars’ uncertainty about the origination of the plague.
• Using your finger, trace the principal trade routes and maritime routes. What were the areas of major religious influence? What was the
relationship between trade routes and the areas of major religious influence?
• Then point out each area of religious influence. How did religious geography correspond to political geography?
• How was Southwest Asia affected by other regions, such as sub-Saharan Africa and central Asia, and how did it shape developments in these regions?
13
Sogdians as Lords of the Silk Road, Part 1
Sogdian people maintained Silk Road
Connected eastern Roman interests with Asia
Provided way for universalistic religious movements
to flow
Central Asia hub of cross-cultural contact
The Sogdians as lords of the Silk Road
Sogdians, mediators of culture and commerce
Religion
Language
Goods
Architecture
Sogdians as Lords of the Silk Road, Part 2
Buddhism on the Silk Road
Buddhism spread to China through traveling monks
Buddhist cave monasteries at Dunhuang
Large, carved Buddhas
Bamiyan (destroyed by the Taliban in 2001)
Yungang
Buddhist Landscapes, 300–600 CE
WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART, 5TH EDITION
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Map 8.5 | Buddhist Landscapes, 300–600 CE
Buddhism spread from its heartland in northern India to central and East Asia at this time.
• Using your finger, trace the red lines of trade routes and then the red arrows showing the spread of Buddhism.
• According to the map, what role did increasingly extensive trade routes play in pushing this movement?
• What was the relationship between Buddhist centers and rock-carved temples, trade routes, and the spread of this universal faith?
• How did the travels of Xuanzang symbolize growing connections between East and South Asia?
16
Political and Religious Change in South Asia
Gupta dynasty
Chandragupta
Expanded territory to encompass entire northern Indian Plan
Patronized the arts; supported poets and playwrights
Mahabharata and Ramayana
The Hindu Transformation
Brahmanism changed and became known as Hinduism
Believers became vegetarians
Identified with agrarian culture
Absorbed Buddhist and Jain practices
Three major deities represented the three phases of the universe
Brahma
Vishnu, embodied the present
Siva
A trinity of universal gods
Education promoted in Hindu temples and Buddhist monasteries
Personal devotion to gods—bhakti
Women often devoted to Krishna
The Transformation of the Buddha
The Mahayana (Greater Vehicle) and the Hinayana (Lesser Vehicle)
Buddha now became worshipped as a god
Religion also incorporated local spirits
Mahayana became a universal religion
Spread along Silk Road
Appealed to people throughout East Asia
Culture and Ideology instead of Empire
Hinduism ordered the heavens
Distinctive cultural formation, “The Sanskrit Cosmopolis”
Hindu spiritual beliefs
Articulated in the Sanskrit language
Sanskrit spread by priests and intellectuals
Became the public language of politics
Used by kings, emperors, and poets
The Code of Manu
Marriage
Profession
Dietary rules
Way to cope with changing society
Hinduism spread to areas away from state control
Internal colonization
Religious belief helped create a shared “Indic” culture
Political and Religious Change in East Asia
Northern and southern China
Several small kingdoms created following the fall of the Han
Six Dynasties period—time of civil war
Wei dynasty
Kept Chinese imperial standards
Adapted army to urban-based military technology
Built public works with corvée labor as did the Han
Tried to make government more “Chinese”
Dowager Empress Fang’s land reforms
Changing Daoist Traditions
Daoism lost its political edge; adapted to new realities during the Six Dynasties period
Two new traditions flourish
One was well-organized, community oriented, and emphasized ceremonies and ecstatic initiation rites
The second was more personal, individualistic
Ge Hong tried to reconcile Confucian learning with Daoist religious beliefs
Use of trance, meditation, and physical discipline to prolong life
Buddhism in China
Universalist message appealed to people in troubled times
Spread by travelers from central Asia
Kumarajiva, Buddhist scholar and missionary
Translated Buddhist texts into Chinese
Clarified Buddhist terms and philosophy
Established Madhyamika Buddhism
Provided legitimacy for northern states
Took on different forms in different regions
Faith and Cultures in the Worlds Apart, Part 1
Bantus of sub-Saharan Africa
Bantu language unified people through sub-Saharan Africa
Bantu history
Migrated from west to east and southward
Absorbed other hunting and gathering populations
Settled agriculturalists
Banana crops
Organized into small-scale societies
Based on age
Bantu vision of the world
Intense relationship to the world of nature
Ancestral spirits
Diviners and charms
Faith and Cultures in the Worlds Apart, Part 2
Bantu migrations ultimately filled up more than half the African landmass
Introduced settled agriculture throughout southern region
Spread political and social order based on family and clans
Bantu Migrations
WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART, 5TH EDITION
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Map 8.6 | Bantu Migrations
The migration of Bantu speakers throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa in the first millennium CE dramatically altered the cultural landscape.
• According to the map, where did the Bantu speakers originate? Where did they migrate to?
• What skills did they have that enabled them to dominate the peoples already living there?
• Did the Bantu migrations create a common culture below the Sahara Desert during this time?
26
Faith and Culture in Mesoamerica
Teotihuacán
City-state
Warfare helped control hinterlands
City’s political influence limited beyond local area
Culturally and economically influential throughout Mesoamerica
Influence waned by fifth century
City burned by invaders
Mesoamerican Worlds, 200–700 CE
WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART, 5TH EDITION
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Map 8.7 | Mesoamerican Worlds, 200–700 CE
At this time, two groups dominated Mesoamerica: one was located at the city of Teotihuacán, in the center, and the other, the Mayas, was in the south.
• What commodities did these cultures trade? Look at the symbols for Traded Commodities in the map key, and find them all on the map.
• Judging by what you see, how did each group create a common culture in surrounding regions?
• To what extent do you believe the people of the Teotihuacán and Maya worlds influenced each other?
28
The Maya, Part 1
Mesoamericans
The Maya
No great central metropolis but thousands of villages
Shared language
Connected by trade
Kingdoms revolved around hubs and hinterlands
City-state
Large cities
Highly stratified, with an elaborate class structure
Subsistence farmers
Shared culture
Early writing
The Maya, Part 2
Skilled in mathematics
Excelled at building
Blood sacrifice
Warfare between kingdoms
Conclusion
Fall of Mediterranean Rome and Han China led to era
when religion and common culture provided the means
for holding together large parts of Afro-Eurasia
Christianity adopted by Rome coalesced with the building
of Constantinople
Weakening Han allowed Buddhism to spread into China
Weak central state in India led to reform of Vedic into Hinduism
Sub-Saharan Africa and Mesoamerica did not experience the spread of universalizing religions
300–600 CE saw the emergence of three great cultural unities defined in religious terms
Christianity
Brahmanism/Hinduism
Buddhism
This concludes the Lecture Slide Set for Chapter 8
WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART
FIFTH EDITION
by
Robert Tignor • Jeremy Adelman • Stephen Aron • Peter Brown • Benjamin Elman • Stephen Kotkin • Xinru Liu • Suzanne Marchand • Holly Pittman • Gyan Prakash • Brent Shaw • Michael Tsin
