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WTWA5e_LPPT_CH07.pptxLecture Slides
by
Robert Tignor • Jeremy Adelman • Stephen Aron • Peter Brown • Benjamin Elman • Stephen Kotkin • Xinru Liu • Suzanne Marchand • Holly Pittman • Gyan Prakash • Brent Shaw • Michael Tsin
Lecture Slides
Chapter 7
HAN DYNASTY CHINA AND IMPERIAL ROME, 300 BCE=300 CE
Han China and Imperial Rome: How Globalizing Empires Were Built
Unprecedented power: Roman and Han characteristics
Size, quality, and lasting worldwide impact
Cultural, economic, and administrative control
Empire and cultural identity
Han
Civilian magistrates and bureaucrats were public servants
Emulated past models for empire’s ideals
Elites shared common language
Belief in ancestor worship
Rome
Definition of citizenship changed over time
Pragmatic innovation and adaptation as empire’s ideals
Common language was Latin
Patterns of Imperial Expansion
Both Han Chinese and Romans consolidated power within their geographical limits using a common legal framework
They had different patterns of development, types of public servants, and government practices
Han looked to past for methods; Romans used pragmatism to define methods
United huge territories and diverse populations within an imperial framework
Both became models for later empire builders
Provided a vision for a common identity
East Asia, 206 BCE–220 CE
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© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Map 7.1 | East Asia, 206 BCE–220 CE
Both the Qin and the Han dynasties consolidated much of East Asia into one large regional empire.
• According to the map, what physical features imposed a limit to this territorial expansion?
• Why was the defensive wall so long, and why was it placed facing north?
• What impact did the pastoral Xiongnu have on each empire’s effort to consolidate a large territorial state?
• According to your reading, why did the Han expand their influence farther west than the Qin?
5
The Qin Dynasty
Integration of vast territory through administrative and economic innovations
Political organization and control
Commanderies (provinces) with civilian and military governors
Registration of males for army and public labor
Control by censorship
Standardized weights, measures, and currency
Legalism
Stability through strict law and punishment
Group responsibility for individuals
Qin orthodoxy
Improved communications through road systems
Standardized writing style
Economic and Social Changes under the Qin Dynasty
Expansion of agriculture
Role of government
Role of peasant farmers
Economic changes
Farms replace royal manors
Profit from surpluses
Business and labor contracts
Long-distance trade
Merchant class and trade networks
Government trade tariffs
Defense and Expansion
The Xiongnu and the Qin along the northern frontier
Beginnings of the Great Wall
Qin relationship with Xiongnu nomadic warriors: delicate balance
The Qin debacle
Qin collapse
Constant warfare led to heavy taxes
Former nobles and conscripted workers mutiny
Civil war
Rise of the Han
The Han Dynasty
Foundations of Han power
Relied on a huge conscripted labor force
Alliance between imperial family and scholar-gentry elite
Economic, social, military, and bureaucratic supports
Emperor Wu
Humanization of legal punishments
Power and administration
Organization of ruling hierarchy
Highly centralized bureaucracy
Han administration replaced regional princes
Government schools produced scholar-officials, bureaucrats
Invented the magnetic compass and high-quality paper
Foundations of Han Power
Confucian ideology and legitimate rule
Importance of people’s welfare
Civilize locals and support elites
Confucian ideals became imperial doctrine
No more rule by fear
The new social order and the economy
Alliances with diverse social groups
Encouragement of class mobility
Economic expansion
Agrarian base
State-owned industries
State monopolies
Improved economic policies
New Social Order and the Economy, Part 1
Social hierarchy under the Han
The rich
Enjoyed new luxuries
Women
Gender distinctions increased authority of father
Women and children remained cloistered in inner quarters of the home
Some elite women operated outside the confines of the home; Ban Zhao
Poor women (commoners) were less protected; many worked in the fields; some became entertainers (singers and dancers) to survive
New Social Order and the Economy, Part 2
Lower classes
Peasants were foundation of Han society
Scholar-gentry
Linked imperial center with local society
Grew more dominant over time
Han ultimately failed in efforts to limit power of local lords and magnates
Religion and Omens
Less powerful groups often turned to Daoist religious organizations; sources of dissent
Confucianism took on more overtly religious overtones
Popular religion remained dynamic among commoners
Astronomical omens, unpredictable natural events interpreted as omens against emperor
Magic and sorcery were sources of power among elites and commoners
Pax Sinica: The Han Empire in the First Century BCE
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© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Map 7.2 | Pax Sinica: The Han Empire in the First Century BCE
Agriculture, commerce, and industry flourished in East Asia under Han rule.
• According to the map, what were the main commodities that passed among the empire’s regions?
• What type of administrative infrastructure integrated the vast domain?
• What Han policies contributed to this period of peace and prosperity?
14
Expansion under the Han
Expansion of the empire and the Silk Road
Han military expanded empire and created safe trading routes
Emperor Wu transformed the military forces
Full standing army of the empire reached 250,000
Expanding borders
Han control from southeastern China to northern Vietnam
The Xiongnu, the Yuezhi, and the Han dynasty
Symbiotic relationship with nomads to the north
Han attempt to ally with Yuezhi against Xiongnu fails
Expedition leads to information about frontier peoples
Roman frontier threats
Contact between Romans and Han via Silk Road
Trade, Oases, and the Silk Road
Peace and prosperity after Xiongnu submit to Han army
Pax Sinica (149–87 BCE) similar to Pax Romana (25 BCE–235 CE)
Trade flourished, cities expanded, standards of living improved, population grew
Expansion of Great Wall
Building of garrison cities at oases to protect trade routes
Soldiers settle along frontier
Oasis agriculture attracts settlers to these territories
Desert routes flourished for a century until challenged by Tibetan tribal peoples
The Han Empire and Deforestation
Movement of Han peoples to the south and west led to clearing of land for farming
Clearing of old-growth forests led to severe erosion
Increased run-off led to massive amounts of soil deposited in Yellow River; sediments raised water levels; increased flooding threatened crops and communities
Severe floods between 66 BCE and 34 CE
Expansion of agriculture enhanced wealth of empire; led to destruction of forests, river systems, human and animal habitat
Social Convulsions
Social convulsions and the usurper
Military expansion drained treasury and raised taxes
Dispossessed peasant farmers became rebels
Usurper Wang Mang took control and attempted social reforms
Natural disaster and rebellion
Yellow River changed course
Demographic changed
Regular peasant revolted
Reasons for overthrow of Wang Mang
The Later Han Dynasty
The later Han dynasty
Deregulated economic policies to benefit landowners, business, trade
Increased social inequality lead to rebellion
Yellow Emperor replaced Confucius
Daoist Master Laozi treated as god
Rise of Buddhism
Daoists challenged later Han
Three states replaced Han
Northwest: Wei
Southwest: Shu
South: Wu
No reunification until Tang dynasty
The Roman Empire
Comparison of Han and Roman Empires
Comparable size and scale
Rome ruled lands along seacoasts
Han ruled vast landmass
Both used violent conquest to unite empire
Foundations of the Roman Empire
Reasons for the increasing power of Rome as city-state
Military and territorial expansion
Migration of foreign peoples
Roman military and political innovations
Population movements
Celts settled in lands around the Mediterranean Sea
Movement of Gauls into northern Italy
Etruscans lost power in Italy
Foundations of the Roman Empire
Military institutions and conquests
Conquered communities provided men for army
The Punic Wars, Carthaginians, Hannibal
Male military honor and training
Military prowess matched only by China
Power of the Senate
Political institutions and internal conflict
Reasons for internal tension
Inadequate government organization
Powerful elite dispossessed farmers
Increasing power of military commanders
Civil wars began
Roman Expansion to 120 CE
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© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Map 7.3 | Roman Expansion to 120 CE
Roman expansion continued for several centuries before reaching its peak in the second century CE.
• According to the map, what were the first provinces to fall under Rome’s power? What were the last two?
• Why did the Romans not expand their empire farther into eastern Europe or Southwest Asia?
• What were the geographical limits to Rome’s expansion?
22
Pax Romana and Authoritarian Rule, Part 1
Emperors, authoritarian rule, and administration
Peace (Pax Romana) through authoritarian, one-man rule
Emperors careful to portray themselves as civil rulers; claimed that power derived from consent of citizens and strength of military
Arbitrary rule; multiple abuses of power
Military power the foundation of government
Arbitrary power of emperors balanced by uniform system
of law
Pax Romana and Authoritarian Rule, Part 2
Town and city life
Local administration through urban centers
Rome comparable only with Han capitals in size and complexity
Characteristics of life in Rome
Emperor ensured citizens’ welfare
City remained unsanitary and dangerous
Uniform rules and regulations across empire
Life in the Roman Empire
Mass entertainment
Theaters and amphitheaters
The Colosseum
Open to all Roman citizens
Similar entertainment available only to Han elite in China
Social and gender relations
Wealthy patronage of lower classes
Judicial system
Unifying characteristic of empire
Importance of family
Paterfamilias
Census
Women enjoyed personal freedom despite repressive laws
Claudia Severa
The Economy and New Scales of Production
Large-scale agricultural, manufacturing, and mining production
Road networks linked empire
Creation of land maps
Connection with sea routes and trade
Efficient use of coinage
Use of chattel slaves for mining and plantation agriculture
Importance of private property ownership
Environmental Damage
Rome the polluter
Global effects of large-scale resource exploitation
Airborne pollutants from Roman mining operations in places such as Phaedo in Jordan and elsewhere affected local populations
Caused long-term damage on a global scale: concentrations of copper and lead from Roman mining operations can now be found in Greenland, Sweden, and the Mediterranean Sea
Pax Romana: The Roman Empire in the Second Century CE
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© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Map 7.4 | Pax Romana: The Roman Empire in the Second Century CE
The Roman Empire enjoyed remarkable peace and prosperity in the second century CE. Economic production increased, and Roman culture expanded throughout the realm.
• According to the map, what commodities were traded most widely?
• With what groups did Romans trade beyond their empire, and for what commodity in particular?
• How did the Pax Romana promote the spread of Christianity?
28
Religious Cults and the Rise of Christianity
Conflict between Christianity and Roman authority
Jesus and followers
Crucified by Roman governor for sedition
Accounts of Jesus spread by disciples after his death
Core elements of ideas attributed to Jesus appeal to diverse groups of people, especially the poor and powerless
Paul of Tarsus promoted message of ultimate erasure of ethnic and gender inequalities
Jesus’s followers promoted the notion of him as divine
Persecution of Christians intensified in third century CE
Efforts failed and Christianity spread through Roman-held territories, taking on attributes of local cultures and practices
The Limits of Empire
Ecological limits to west (Atlantic Ocean) and south (Sahara Desert)
Expansion east blocked by Parthians and Sasanians of central Asia
Environmental conditions: harsh winters, short growing season in northern regions along Danube and Rhine Rivers
Slave trade
Germanic and Gothic peoples served in Roman armies
Pressures from herding peoples in western Eurasian steppe lands; armed migrations were difficult to control
Population of Roman World in 362 CE
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Map 7.5 | Population of Roman World in 362 CE
Roman frontiers at the northern and eastern limits of the empire were persistent sources of anxiety and concern for imperial leaders. While not as densely populated as the heart of the Roman Empire, these regions contained large population centers as well.
• Name some of the major groups of peoples that lived just beyond Roman rule in the areas of eastern Europe and Southwest Asia.
• What were the geographical limits of the Roman Empire?
• According to your reading, why were Roman armies never able to subdue these neighboring peoples?
31
Conclusion
Comparison of Han and Roman Empires
Use of slaves for expansion
Economic role of peasant farmers
Extent of unification within empire
Language and imperial culture
Evolution of two empires
Unprecedented military power
Complex organization allowed for more systematic control of population
This concludes the Lecture Slide Set for Chapter 7
WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART
FIFTH EDITION
by
Robert Tignor • Jeremy Adelman • Stephen Aron • Peter Brown • Benjamin Elman • Stephen Kotkin • Xinru Liu • Suzanne Marchand • Holly Pittman • Gyan Prakash • Brent Shaw • Michael Tsin
