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WTWA5e_LPPT_CH05.pptxLecture Slides
by
Robert Tignor • Jeremy Adelman • Stephen Aron • Peter Brown • Benjamin Elman • Stephen Kotkin • Xinru Liu • Suzanne Marchand • Holly Pittman • Gyan Prakash • Brent Shaw • Michael Tsin
Lecture Slides
Chapter 5
WORLDS TURNED INSIDE OUT, 1000-350 BCE
The World, c. 500 BCE
WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART, 5TH EDITION
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Map 5.1 | The World, c. 500 BCE
By the middle of the first millennium BCE, complex agriculture-based societies beyond the regional empires of Southwest Asia and North Africa contributed to the flowering of new cultural pathways and ideas.
• According to this map, where did these “second-generation” societies appear?
• Which societies had greater opportunities for cultural mixing, and which ones were more isolated?
• How did proximity to others or relative isolation shape these societies’ development?
3
Alternative Pathways and Ideas, Part 1
During the first millennium BCE, societies on the edge of regional empires began to break from dynastic regimes and forge their own paths
They experimented with new types of political and social organization
Second-generation societies borrowed from older communities, but they also came up with dramatic innovations that set them apart
Battles over ideas produced political and social innovations
4
Alternative Pathways and Ideas, Part 2
A new type of influential leader emerged: teachers and philosophers
Confucius in China
Buddha in Indus Valley
Philosophers of the Greek city-states
The age of great ideas produced debate over what was best for humanity
New ideas about governance, ethics, moral conduct, the foundations of knowledge
5
Eastern Zhou China
During the first millennium BCE, China experienced political and cultural innovations
Looked to the past for ideas about governing
Stressed elaborate court protocol and rituals
Importance of hierarchy of authority in family and state
After fleeing invaders, the Zhou established an eastern capital in Luoyang
Spring and Autumn period (722–481 BCE)
Warring States period (403–221 BCE)
Resulted in multistate system with revolutionary changes
6
The Rise of Regional States
China was not politically unified: 145 Zhou tributary states
Violence among states led to political and social changes
Regional states forged alliances and became more powerful than the central state
New administrative units formed to conscript men for the army and collect taxes
Land ownership became merit based
Southern states of Chu, Wu, and Yue came to recognize Zhou culture
Central states served as a buffer zone between the large peripheral states and ended up swearing allegiance to the peripheral states
7
The Spring and Autumn Period
Increase in political anarchy simultaneous with technological advancements
New smelting techniques led to stronger iron swords and armor
Cheaper and better weapons shifted influence from central government to local authorities
Regional states built their own infrastructure improvements
In 486 BCE, Wu state built the Grand Canal linking the Yellow River with the Yangzi River
Built by peasants pressed into labor by Zhou regional lords
8
Zhou China in the Warring States Period
WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART, 5TH EDITION
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Map 5.2 | Zhou China in the Warring States Period
The Warring States period witnessed a fracturing of the Zhou dynasty into a myriad of states.
• Find the Zhou capital of Luoyang on the map. Where was it located relative to the other key states?
• What about this map tells us why diplomacy was so important during this period?
• What does this map tell us about the relationships between “civilized” and “barbarian” peoples in East Asia?
• How do you think so many smaller polities could survive when they were surrounded first by seven and then by three even larger and more powerful states (Qin, Qi, and Chu)?
9
The Warring States Period
The Warring States period (403–221 BCE)
Seven large territorial states emerged with more power than the central Zhou leadership
Wars between 500 and 400 BCE led to the downfall of the Zhou dynasty
Qin emerged as the strongest state and replaced the Zhou dynasty in 221 BCE
In preparation to defend China, interest turned to the creation of an elaborate army and culture for the otherworld
Qin dynasty created an army of terra-cotta warriors and horses for the first Qin emperor to lead into battle in the next life
10
New Forms of Statecraft, Part 1
New types of statecraft emerged as warring states negotiated treaties, fought battles, and traded with each other
Use of state-of-the-art crossbows
Use of large infantries with cavalries and skilled archers combined
Despite the chaos of the time, many of the fundamental beliefs, values, and philosophies that became the foundation for later dynasties developed
11
New Forms of Statecraft, Part 2
Some social groups thrived despite the chaos and uncertainty as agrarian economy expanded and interregional trade grew
Scholars
Soldiers
Merchants
Peasants
Artisans
12
New Ideas and the Hundred Schools of Thought
Confucius
Loss of status led political elites to seek new ways to gain prominence
Intellectual creativity and important teachers emerged
Confucius among the best known
Philosophy looked to the past for moral and political inspiration
His ideas are credited with providing the foundations for a stable political system and integrated social order
Confucius taught hundreds of students
He left no writing of his own
His followers transmitted his teachings after his death
The Analects
Confucius set out a new moral framework for government that emphasized merit over birthright as well as perfection of moral character
13
Other Key Philosophies
New ideas and the “Hundred Masters”
Mohism (teachings of Mozi or Mo Di) was a competing school of thought
Mozi emphasized practical concerns of good government
Opposed wars of conquest
Main appeal was to city dwellers
Daoism was a philosophy espoused by Laozi and Zhuangzi
Stressed the dao (the way) of nature and the cosmos
The ruler who interfered the least in the natural processes of change was the most successful
Legalism/statism grew out of the writings of Xunzi and Han Fei
From the writings of Xunzi
Need strict moral code and laws to keep people in line
14
Scholars and the State
Scholars and the state became inseparable and formed a lasting tradition in Chinese society
Speculated on issues of governance
Promoted the use of writing, a fundamental tool of statecraft
Chinese script standardized in 221 BCE
9,000–10,000 graphs or signs
This period was fundamental in empire building for the Chinese dynasties
15
Innovations in State Administration
Many states reorganized their administrative structures
Created administrative districts with various officials
Registration of peasant households
Officials were drawn from the shi
Called gentlemen or superior men by Confucius
Partners of the ruler in state affairs
Paid salaries in grain or gold
16
Innovations in Warfare
Armies became larger and relied on a mass infantry made up of conscripted peasants led by professional officer corps
New weapon technologies
Crossbows
Siege warfare
Counterweighted siege ladders (cloud ladders) used to scale urban walls
Tunnels dug under walls
Defenders filled tunnels with smoke
War campaigns lasted years, not seasons
Commanders plotted strategies by assessing what troops were best fitted for types of campaigns
17
Economic, Social, and Cultural Changes, Part 1
Warring states spurred China’s economic growth
Agricultural revolution
Population explosion
Growth in population led to environmental changes
Fuel needs led to deforestation
Erosion of fields
Fewer animals to hunt
Population growth generally precedes agricultural productivity
From the late Zhou farmers produced more rice/wheat than anywhere in the world
Still massive decline in standard of living
Forced Chinese to continue expansion
18
Economic, Social, and Cultural Changes, Part 2
Reform during Spring and Autumn period gave peasants land
Productivity increased with new technologies
Crop rotation
Iron plowshares pulled by oxen
Surplus agricultural products were traded for market goods
Early coins helped with trade
19
Reforms in the Warring States Period
Economic, social, and cultural changes
Continued reform during the Warring States period
Strong military
Better infrastructure such as roads, walls, forts, and towers
Used military management to build public works projects
Economic growth led to higher level of cultural sophistication
Elaborate palaces and burial sites
Rewards for soldiers and governmental officials
Economic change did not promote gender equality
Male-centered kinship groups grew
Contact between men and women became more ritualized and codified
Chinese material culture reveals changes during this time as more common people had access to objects formerly available only to elites
20
The New Worlds of South Asia
The rise of new polities
Significant political and social transformation began about 600 BCE with the expansion of the Vedic peoples eastward to the mid-Ganges plain
Brahmans, upper-class priests, and scholars led way to changing the new lands
Agricultural reforms led to the emergence of towns that gave way to territorial states
The Sixteen States period—quarrels over territory—no unified state emerged
Buddhism challenged the authority of Vedic sacrifices
21
The Rise of New Political Organizations
New polities
Two major types of states
Hereditary monarchs
Small, elected elites or oligarchies
Two types of leaders emerge in the city-states
Kshatriya, a type of aristocracy
Raja (king)
In some city-states they were elected officials who ruled collectively
Often the rajas came from low-status clans
Folk tales reveal that some rajas tried to raise their status through marrying women of high-status clans
Leaders gained power and status through military rank, marriage, accumulation of land, or a blending of all three methods
22
Sixteen States in the Time of the Buddha in South Asia
WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART, 5TH EDITION
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Map 5.3 | Sixteen States in the Time of the Buddha in South Asia
South Asia underwent profound transformations in the first millennium BCE that reflected growing urbanization, increased commerce, and the emergence of two types of states: monarchies and oligarchies.
• Where did the new states and cities appear?
• What geographical and environmental features encouraged social and cultural integration?
• According to this map, what other regions had influence on South Asia, and where might South Asian culture spread?
23
Evolution of the Caste System
Various city-states shared caste system
Economic changes led to the expansion of the caste system beyond the three tiers (Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas)
Subcastes developed their own social hierarchy known as the jati
Based on kinship
Based on religious rituals
Other jati emerged as labor specialized
Each jati had its own ritual status, depending on trade
24
New Cities and an Expanding Economy
Agricultural surpluses led to the need for markets
Cities rose up where markets appeared
Little city planning
Good sanitation
Little archaeology because of continuous inhabitation
Taxila one city excavated in twentieth century
Rural households moved to the city and served as brokers between farms and markets
Bankers emerged, financing trade and industry
Less affluent took up trades in craftwork
Traders and artisans formed guilds to regulate trade and support families
Guilds eventually transformed into jati
Guild leaders wielded financial influence in the cities
25
Social Life in the New Cities
New cities and an expanding economy
Traders and bankers created coins and determined value
Many new professions emerged in the cities
Guilds formed by traders and artisans to regulate competition, prices, and wages, and set standards
Coins came into use
Despite the rigid caste system, more social mobility was possible in the cities
Poverty led some to seek work in the cities
Cities more financially unstable
Created a new caste of those who did least desirable jobs
“Untouchable” caste kept cities clean and healthy
Dissatisfied with their lot, “untouchables” sought ways to challenge the status quo imposed by the Brahman priests
26
Brahmans and Their Challengers
Brahmans, their challengers, and new beliefs
Fearful of changes wrought by urban life and literacy, the Brahmans looked for a way to reestablish order
Endowed kings with divine power
Gods selected Manu and promised him rewards
Emphasis on divine kingship created tensions within South Asian society
Brahman claim to moral authority caused resentment in the oligarchic republics
New kinds of thinking raised challenges to the Vedic past
27
Dissident Thinkers: New Beliefs
Brahmans, their challengers, and new beliefs
Dissident thinkers
Dissident South Asian thinkers challenged Brahman religious institutions
Refused to recognize Vedic gods
Vedic and non-Vedic challenges
Upanishads
Mahavira and Jainism
Ideas of Jainism popularized by Vardhamana Mahavira
(c. 540–468 BCE)
Religious doctrines emphasize asceticism over knowledge
Believed every living thing had a soul
Became a religion of traders and city dwellers
Strict nonviolent doctrine influenced later South Asian thinkers
28
The Buddha and Buddhism, Part 1
Brahmans, their challengers, and new beliefs
Buddha and Buddhism
Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha—the “Enlightened One”) directly challenged traditional Brahman thinking
He denied the elaborate cosmology of the Brahmans
His background influenced his ideas
His teachings can be summarized as the Four Truths
Life, from birth to death, is full of suffering
All sufferings are caused by desires
The only way to rise above suffering is to renounce desire
Only through adherence to the Noble Eightfold Path can individuals rid themselves of desire and the illusion of separate identity and thus reach a state of contentment, or nirvana
Eightfold way includes three categories: wisdom, ethical behavior, and mental discipline
29
The Buddha and Buddhism, Part 2
Simple, clear teachings were very appealing to non-Brahmans
Delivered his dissident message in colloquial dialect of Sanskrit
Attracted many followers who formed a group of monks known as sangha
Buddha and followers preferred to preach in cities
Buddhism offered people an alternative to the Varna system
30
Warring Ideas in the Mediterranean World, Part 1
Violent upheavals and chaos created new ways of organizing second-generation societies
New thinking and new societies at the margins
Seaborne peoples of the Mediterranean Basin shared common traits
Carried goods and ideas that they shared
Maritime technology
New ships and sails allowed for faster and easier sailing
Homer’s Odyssey recounts maritime adventures
Phoenician sailors may have circumnavigated African continent and may have traveled even farther
31
Warring Ideas in the Mediterranean World, Part 2
A new world of city-states
With order restored in the ninth and eighth centuries BCE, independent, self-governing city-states were created
City-states characterized by family-based associations of citizens who ruled collectively
Commercial centers managed exchange and trade
32
The Mediterranean World
WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART, 5TH EDITION
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Map 5.4 | The Mediterranean World
Phoenician and Greek city-states, as well as the colonies they founded, dotted the coastline of both the Mediterranean and Black Seas.
• What were the main goods traded in the Mediterranean world in this period?
• What areas did the Greeks and Phoenicians control, and what was their main settlement pattern?
• How do you think a small country like Phoenicia was able to extend its reach so dramatically?
33
A New World of City-States
Self-government and democracy
Known as qart (Phoenician), polis (Greek), or civitas (Roman)
Not run by elites or by a strong central authority
“Citizens” of the city-states governed themselves and selected their leaders
Self-government took many forms
Rule by popularly approved chief called a tyrannos (tyrant)
Rule by a few wealthy and powerful citizens called oligoi (oligarchies)
Rule by all free adult males called a demokratia (democracy)
City-states composed of adult male citizens, other free persons, foreign immigrants, and unfree persons
Only adult free males had full citizenship rights
Each city-state decided how to govern itself and make laws, so there was much variety among them
34
Families as Foundational Units
A new world of city-states
Families as the foundational unit
Small family unit (oikos, household) most important social unit
Male centered; men ruled over household (wife, children, and slaves)
Women had almost no role in public life
Those who carried on conversations in public were labeled hetairai (courtesans)
Spartan women were an exception
Exercised alongside men
Held property in their own right
35
Competition and Warfare, Part 1
A new world of city-states
Competitions and war
Much competition and violent rivalries within the city-state
Sparta the exception because of its social organization of discipline and military order
Sparta had no coined money or chattel slavery
Considered very unusual by other city-states
Rivalries took the form of athletic competition
Olympic Games staged first in Olympia, Greece, in 776 BCE
Frequent wars among the city-states over land, trade, religion, and resources
Constant warfare helped in the development of better military equipment and battle tactics
Block-like infantry formation known as the phalanx (Greek)
36
Competition and Warfare, Part 2
Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE): longest and most destructive, fought between Athens and Sparta
Wars among city-states made them stronger against external forces
Athens able to defeat Persia in fifth century
37
Economic Innovations and Population Movement
Free markets and money-based economies
Developed open trading markets and a system of money
Used coins rather than barters or gift exchange
Coinage also used in Vedic South Asia and Zhou China
Trade and colonization
Search for commodities and resources led to widespread trade
Trade led to establishment of new city-states along western Mediterranean and the Black Sea
Seaborne communication helped to spread a common culture, especially among the wealthy
Decorated chariots, elaborate armor, high-class dinnerware, ornate houses, public burials
Alphabetic script
Market-based economy
Private property
38
Slavery and Relations with Frontier Communities, Part 1
Economic innovations and population movement
Chattel slavery
Human beings were bought and sold in a system of chattel slavery
Used for labor, especially in dangerous or exhausting tasks
Slaves became an essential part of the new city-states
Trade network that developed made it easier to buy and transport slaves
39
Slavery and Relations with Frontier Communities, Part 2
Encounters with frontier communities
Peoples to the north and west remained isolated and change came slowly
City-states exerted influence with their growing trade networks
Tribal peoples often raided the city-states for wealth and commodities
Greeks mockingly called them barbaroi (barbarians) because they could not speak the Greek language
As Mediterranean empires grew powerful, the tribes’ people were imported as slaves
40
New Ideas in the Mediterranean World, Part 1
New ideas
Without a monarchy, priestly rule, or other authority, ideas and beliefs were free to rise, circulate, and clash
Naturalistic science and realistic art
Rather than seeing deities as controlling everything, inhabitants of city-states saw humans with more control of their environment.
Art reflected naturalistic view of humans and their place in the universe
Early art showed humans, objects, and landscapes as artists saw them to be
41
New Ideas in the Mediterranean World, Part 2
Later artwork depicts humans in an idealized way, especially the nude, the centerpiece of Greek art
Public nudity in art and everyday life showed a sharp break from older moral codes
Artists signed work
Vase painter Exekias
Sculptor Praxiteles
Poet Sappho
42
Rise of Greek Philosophy, Part 1
New ideas
New thinking and Greek philosophers
New thinkers influenced by ideas from Southwest Asia
Many broke from looking at the role of gods and instead looked to nature itself
Ideas of Democritus and Pythagoras had radical ideas that prefigured modern conceptions of atoms, numbers and physical phenomena, and religious relativity
Public debate about ideas conducted by philosophoi (philosophers)
By fifth century BCE, debates focused on humans and their place in the world
43
Rise of Greek Philosophy, Part 2
Following a time of intense warfare, debate turned to trying to describe an ideal city
Three generations of Greek thinkers tackled that question and others relating to the human experience and governance
Socrates (469–399 BCE)
Plato (427–347 BCE)
Aristotle (384–322 BCE)
44
Common Cultures in the Americas
Early inhabitants of America lived in dispersed villages; some contact took place over time, especially where travel by canoe was possible
Did not have animals that could be domesticated
Wheel was not used for hauling, transportation, or to make pottery
Limited the distances people could travel, communicate, and trade
45
The Emergence of Chavín Culture in the Andes
The Chavín in the Andes (1400–200 BCE)
Lived in the Andes Mountains of present-day northern Peru
Zone of Chavín culture extended to coastal regions
Around 1400 BCE, united around a shared belief system
Societies organized vertically (east to west); trading systems designed to move products along a vertical axis from lowland valleys to high elevation communities
Valleys provided tropical and subtropical produce
Maize and other crops grew at mid-range elevations
Highlands produced potatoes
Llamas, alpacas, and vicuña were raised for wool and fertilizer
Llamas could be used for carrying cargo but not people
46
Chavín Material Culture
The Chavín in the Andes (1400–200 BCE)
By 900 BCE, Chavín created advanced textiles, carvings, and metalwork
Limited trade network to areas outside the mountains
Overall, much diversity within the Chavín, but they shared an artistic tradition motivated by devotion to gods
Spiritual capital was Chavín de Huantar, in present-day northern Peru
Priests communicated with gods through the use of hallucinogenic drugs
Chavín made pilgrimages with tribute to the temple
Chavín created devotional cults that focused on wild animals, such as jaguars, serpents, and hawks, as representatives of spiritual forces
Created the first great art style of the Andes
47
The Olmecs in Mesoamerica
First advanced civilization emerged around 1500 BCE in central Mexico
Olmec meant “inhabitants of the land of rubber”
First-generation, small-scale community expanded and created new political and economic institutions
Formed themselves into a loose confederation of villages that ranged from coast to highland areas
Traded with each other, shared a common language, and worshiped the same gods
Eventually the small villages came together into a single culture that spread its beliefs and influence throughout the surrounding region
Olmec villagers practiced subsistence farming
Raised maize, beans, squash, and cacao
Traded lightweight items such as ceramics, jade, obsidian, quetzal feathers with other villages
48
The Chavín and Olmec Worlds
WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART, 5TH EDITION
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Map 5.5 | The Chavín and Olmec Worlds
The Chavín people and the Olmecs had a strong impact on early cultural integration, the Chavín in the Andes and the Olmecs in Mesoamerica.
• According to this map, how did the Olmecs influence people living beyond their heartland?
• What factors limited the extent of Chavín and Olmec influence?
• Why do you think the Chavín and Olmecs never developed a politically unified regional empire?
• What elements held the Chavín people together? What elements held the Olmec people together?
49
Olmec Culture, Part 1
The Olmecs in Mesoamerica
Trade networks developed between villages for surplus produce, ceramic, and precious goods used for ritual purposes
Cities as sacred centers
Religious and secular hubs used by surrounding hamlets
Specialized buildings such as earthworks, platforms, palaces, and plazas
Vassal labor built massive central platform at San Lorenzo
Courtyards contained sculpture and artificial lagoons
No large permanent population
50
Olmec Culture, Part 2
Worship of gods took place in the primary cities
Huge pits were used for giving offerings
Shamans
Olmec art reflected both the natural and supernatural
Were-jaguar (part man, part animal) common figure in art
Ceremonial life revolved around agriculture and rain cycles
51
Olmec Legacies
The Olmecs in Mesoamerica
Cities as athletic hubs
Ball courts part of every city
Game played with a hard rubber ball
Players memorialized in statuary
Possible actual or ritualized sacrifice of players
Olmecs practiced human sacrifice and ritual warfare
Humans, nature, and time
Olmec cosmology based on the relationship between natural and supernatural worlds
This belief led to investigation of the natural world
Faith and science intertwined
52
Social Distinctions in Olmec Society
The Olmecs in Mesoamerica
A world of social distinctions
Olmecs had a complex social hierarchy
Priests and chieftains dominated the highest social order
Though not outright militaristic, the Olmec culture did become widespread in the region
A merchant class seems to have been heavily involved in the export–import business
The loss of centers
Not clear why the Olmec culture declined
No single explanation accounts for the abandonment of the religious centers
Olmec heritage was transmitted and influenced other Mesoamericans as new cultures came to prominence
53
Common Cultures in Sub-Saharan Africa
Four regional zones of population growth evolved from earlier climatic changes
Expansion of Sahara Desert a primary historical development
Sahara Desert
Supported pastoral people
Promoted contact between the northern and western parts of the continent
Sahel region
Sudanic savanna region
Grasslands
Home to many of West Africa’s kingdoms
Western and central African rain forests
Distinct ways of life emerged in each area
54
Africa, 500 BCE
WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART, 5TH EDITION
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Map 5.6 | Africa, 500 BCE
The first millennium BCE was a period of cultural, economic, and political integration for North and sub-Saharan Africa.
• According to this map, what effect did the Mediterranean colonies have on Africa?
• What main factor integrated Kush, Nubia, and Egypt?
• Does the map reveal a relationship between the rise of Sudanic culture and the spread of ironworking? If so, what is it?
55
Nubia
Meroe: Between Sudanic Africa and Pharaonic Egypt
Meroe most developed of the Sudanic kingdoms
Historically known as Nubia
One of the only areas known to peoples outside of Africa
Had been in contact with and conquered throughout its history by Egypt
Also had strong connections to sub-Saharan Africa
Kingdom of Meroe established in the fourth century BCE
Influenced by pharaonic culture
Wrote with hieroglyphs
Erected pyramids
To prove autonomy from Egypt, moved capital 300 miles upstream
Thriving center of production and commerce
Walled city contained monumental buildings
56
West African Kingdoms
People living in Senegal River Basin and Mande peoples further inland along Niger River established important settlements such as Jenne and Gao
Nok culture established in the sixth century BCE
Taruga saw early iron smelting in 600 BCE
People moved from stone to iron use
Their technology and commodities spread east and west
People from Nok migrated into central African rain forests to farm
Nok best known for terra-cotta figurines discovered in the 1940s
Iron tools led to improved farming techniques
More food could be grown
Supported larger communities
Population increases from 400 BCE to the new millennium
57
Conclusion
Former civilizations in the four great river-basin areas gave way to second-generation societies that borrowed or invented new ways of organizing their societies
Warring states in China and the Mediterranean as well as dissident thinkers in South Asia developed alternative ways of thinking about governance
Isolated from other societies, Olmecs developed their own complex societies that would later influence future civilizations such as the Maya
Africa saw the emergence of new second-generation cultures at cities such as Meroe and Nok
Around the Mediterranean Sea, new social forms took shape in city-states that led to far-reaching ideas about the role of citizens in their own destiny
58
This concludes the Lecture Slide Set for Chapter 5
WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART
FIFTH EDITION
by
Robert Tignor • Jeremy Adelman • Stephen Aron • Peter Brown • Benjamin Elman • Stephen Kotkin • Xinru Liu • Suzanne Marchand • Holly Pittman • Gyan Prakash • Brent Shaw • Michael Tsin
