Introduction myself
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WritingStyleforThisCourse.pptAPA Style
Academic Integrity & Writing Style
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Structuring an Argument
- In this course you will be asked to analyze the presented material and present your own original argument that is supported by this material.
- This presentation will guide you through how to paraphrase and correctly cite sources.
- This will apply to your essays, video essays and creative work for this class.
Structure
- Ideas are not generated in a vacuum.
- Each idea is built on those that came before and is the foundation for those that will come after.
- Integrity of each idea is vital so that it is strong enough to support the rest.
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Integrity
- Integrity of analytical ideas means using scholarly peer-reviewed sources.
- Integrity of analysis means using multiple sources to justify an argument.
- Integrity of analysis means proper citation and credit of source material.
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Paraphrase
- Purpose of paraphrasing is to summarize the major concept of the scholarly source to make your argument.
- You must credit the source of the idea you are summarizing.
Example – Source Material
“Plagiarism occurs when you present someone else’s words, ideas, or data as your own. You may think plagiarizing only means using direct quotations without attributing them to their source. But it is also plagiarism if you follow the structure and organization of someone else’s work – that is, copying a theme, paragraph by paragraph, from someone else even if your words are different. You should also be aware that if you follow a source too closely, even if you acknowledge it as your source, you may still be regarded as having copied from that person. Your work must be a product of your own thought processes, not just a minor modification of something you have read.” (Northey & Timney, 2012, p. 20)
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Paraphrase
- Correct Paraphrase:
Including the main argument, structure or themes of a source in your work without attribution is a form of plagiarism (Northey & Timney, 2012, p. 20)
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Paraphrase
- Incorrect Paraphrase
Plagiarism occurs when you present someone else’s work as your own. You may think plagiarizing only means using direct quotes but it is also plagiarism if you follow the structure of someone else’s argument. Your work must be a product of your own summation of the material.
- Incorrect because the structure of the argument has not been changed from the original. The main concept has NOT been put into my own words.
- Incorrect because portions of the text exactly match the original, but I have not used quotation marks to indicate this.
- Incorrect because the core idea is not correctly attributed to the source material.
Use page 22 of Beins to explain.
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Example 2 – Source Material
To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow,
Creeps in this petty pace from day to day
To the last syllable of recorded time,
And all our yesterdays have lighted fools
The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle!
Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player
That struts and frets his hour upon the stage
And then is heard no more: it is a tale
Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,
Signifying nothing. (Shakespeare, 1993, 5.5.20-29)
Text sourced from http://shakespeare.mit.edu/macbeth/macbeth.5.5.html
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Paraphrase
- Incorrect Paraphrase
Day after day in endless succession; our life is nothing but a play, a candle, a brief moment. We yell and struggle but for all of that we are nothing. (Shakespeare, 1993, 5.5.20-29)
- Incorrect because the structure is still similar to the original.
- Incorrect because the main concept or idea of the source material is not summarized. What aspect of the monologue am I using for my own argument?
Use page 22 of Beins to explain.
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Paraphrase
- Correct Paraphrase:
We are not masters of our own fate and struggling against that fact is pointless folly. (Shakespeare, 1993, 5.5.20-29)
- There is a lot to unpack in the original. This paraphrase clarifies what key concept I will be using in my own work moving forward.
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Structure an Argument
- Use many sources to build your argument.
- Paraphrase the KEY concept from each source that supports your argument.
- Do not replicate the argument structure of your source material (that is considered plagiarism).
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APA Citation
- In this course you will be using the American Psychological Association (APA) formatting guide for writing and citation of sources.
- Please familiarize yourself with this formatting style.
Proper Citation - Journal
“The APA Stylebook started in 1929 as a seven-page article in a journal of the American Psychological Association.” (Cuddy, 2002, p. 35)
Works Cited
- Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy
- Cuddy, C. M. (2002). Demystifying APA style. Orthopaedic Nursing, 21(5), 35-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006416-200209000-00007
Example versions taken from Purdue Online Writing Lab.
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Proper Citation - Book
“The primary goals of scientific writing are objectivity-–a term that implies a lack of bias—and accuracy, which means freedom from ambiguity.” (Northey & Timney, 2012, p. 218)
Works Cited
- Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.
- Northey, M. & Timney, B. (2012). Making sense in psychology: A student’s guide to research and writing. Canada: Oxford University Press.
Purdue OWL
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Proper Citation - Chapter
“Conceptualizing stereotypes and prejudice within their social and cultural context is essential” (Stangor, 2009, p. 4)
Works Cited
- Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pages of chapter). Location: Publisher.
- Stangor, C. (2009). The study of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination within social psychology: A quick history of theory and research. In T.D. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination (pp. 1-22). Hoboken: Taylor & Francis.
“we are prejudiced because we feel that others that we care about are, too—that it is okay to be so. Similarly, we are tolerant when we feel that being so is socially acceptable.”
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Proper Citation – Media Source
- “You can accidentally plagiarize by not paraphrasing well enough, or incorrectly identifying the author or publisher of a piece” (Plagiarism 2.0, 2019).
- Title (n.d. or date if marked). Title of resource. Retrieved from http://Web address
- Plagiarism 2.0: Information ethics in the digital age [Video file]. (2011). Retrieved September 12, 2019, from https://fod.infobase.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?wID=102745&xtid=43790
From Purdue OWL
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Writing Resources
- The Writing Center
- https://writing.msu.edu/
- Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL)
- https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/purdue_owl.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4NPQ8mfKU0
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APA Formatting Resources
- Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL)
- https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/purdue_owl.html
- APA Style
- https://apastyle.apa.org/learn/faqs/index
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4NPQ8mfKU0
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References
Beins, B. C., & Beins, A. M. (2012). Formulating Your Ideas. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123). New York, NY: Springer.
Cuddy, C. M. (2002). Demystifying APA style. Orthopaedic Nursing, 21(5), 35-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006416-200209000-00007
Northey, M. & Timney, B. (2012). Making sense in psychology: A student’s guide to research and writing. Canada: Oxford University Press.
Plagiarism 2.0: Information ethics in the digital age [Video file]. (2011). Retrieved September 12, 2019, from https://fod.infobase.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?wID=102745&xtid= 43790
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References Continued
Purdue University Writing Lab [Reference List: Electronic Sources]. (n.d.). Retrieved September 12, 2019, from https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_list_electronic_sources.html
Shakespeare, W. (1993). Macbeth. J. Hylton & The Tech (Eds.). Retrieved from http://shakespeare.mit.edu/macbeth/macbeth.5.5.html
Stangor, C. (2009). The study of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination within social psychology: A quick history of theory and research. In T.D. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination (pp. 1-22). Hoboken: Taylor & Francis.
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