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WritingResearchProposal.pptxLecture 10 writing research proposal
BUS707 Applied Business Research
Teaching Team :
Dr Evi Lanasier
Ken Stevenson
Anika McClane
What You Will Learn
Lecture 2:
Developing Research Skills
Lecture 1:
Introducing Business Research &
Understanding Research Philosophy
Lecture 3:
Choosing Research Topics
Lecture 4:
Understanding Research Ethics
Lecture 10:
Writing Research Proposal
Lecture 7:
Research Methodology & Design
Lecture 8:
Fieldwork : Qualitative Data Collection
Lecture 9:
Fieldwork : Quantitative Data Collection
Lecture 6:
Research Design : Quantitative &
Qualitative
Lecture 5:
The Role of Theory and Literature Review
Lecture 11:
Data Analysis : Quantitatve & Qualitative
Lecture 12:
Completing and Presenting the Research
Report structure
Title and title page
Abstract/ Executive Summary
Table of contents
Introduction to the research
Research Problem and Research Objectives
Theoretical Background/ Literature Review
Research Design and Research Methodology
References
Appendices – (Ethical Approval Form, compulsory)
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Title and title page
“Do not judge a book by it’s cover”
Despite the warning, people judge books by their cover.
Qualities of a good title
Short (10-12 words, avoid unnecessary words)
Catchy (should capture readers’ attention)
Indicative of the research problem/aim
Include the name of the industry partner (Company X if you wish to keep the name confidential)
No abbreviations and/or jargons
Can add a relevant (to the topic) visual on the title page
4
Executive Summary
Brief summary of the report for busy executives
1 pages in length
Include the following information:
Purpose of the proposal
The matter being investigated
How the research will be conducted (research design & methodology)
NOT AN INTRODUCTION
5
Table of Contents (ToC)
List all sections and respective page numbers
Also add a list of tables and figures/visuals (if any); all tables and figures/visuals should be titled
Appendices (if any) should be listed too
Title page, Executive Summary and Table of Contents are usually not page numbered
Check out the link below to learn how to create a ToC
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gExEfR7wQMs
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Introduction TO THE RESEARCH
Should include
Context of the study
Overview of the industry partner (if you have one)
Briefly introduce the problem (1-2 sentences)
Purpose/Aim of the report (not purpose of the research)
Outline the sections in the report
Use PRESENT tense in this section
7
Research problem & objectives
This section should be based on your brief research plan (A2). Revised A2 if necessary
Should include:
Explanation of the problem in detail
Provide some figures (where relevant) to indicate the nature and
extent of the problem
Research questions which guided the research
Objective of the research
Use PRESENT tense in this section
8
Literature Review / Theoretical background
This section is expected to be the extended version of your A3 (structure literature review), therefore, you should not copy paste your A3 into this section, it is meant to be a basis to do a comprehensive literature review.
Should include
All existing knowledge in the area of the problem
Critical analysis of literature on each variable
Author name(s), year of publication, context of the study, research method adopted and major findings (relation with the dependent variable) of each study
Six extra literatures are required (on top of the four articles you have used in A3)
Use subheadings for each variable
Use PAST and/or PRESENT tense (as appropriate) in this section
9
Research design and Methodology
Should include:
Type of research (exploratory, descriptive or causal)
Research approach (quantitative, qualitative or mixed approach)
Type of data (primary or secondary data)
Data Collection plan (survey, experiment, observation, focus group or interview)
Sampling plan, sampling methods and techniques, sampling characteristics and size
Data analysis plan : theme-based OR statistical analysis
How ethical concerns were addressed
Use subheadings for each section
Use FUTURE tense in this section
10
References
Add in-text references for all information drawn from other sources
Present full references in Harvard Anglia style in the Reference List.
Copy of Harvard Anglia style referencing guide is available on Moodle and KOI library link.
11
Appendices
Add any supporting and detailed information which you referred to but did not include in the report
Add a title and number to each appendix
Must be useful information for the reader
May include:
Figures/tables/charts/graphs of findings
Ethics Approval Form (compulsory)
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Other important points
Use simple language
No academic jargons
Use of headings and sub-headings
Use short paragraphs
Discuss one important point in one paragraph
Number each section and sub-section
Check spelling and grammatical errors
Check referencing format
Add page numbers
Use 12 size font of Times New Roman/Arial/Calibri/Cambria
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| Research Proposal, word allocations (4000 words) | |
| Executive summary | 1 pages (excluded from word count) |
| Introduction to the research | 20% |
| Research Problem and Objectives (modification from A2) | 10% |
| Theoretical Background/Literature Review (extended version of A3) | 30% |
| Research Design and Methodology | 30% |
| Conclusion | 10% |
Suggested length of each section
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RESERCH DESIGN & METHODOLOGY - GUIDE
BUS707 Applied Business Research
TYPE OF Research design
Types of research design
Exploratory
Research Design
Single
Cross-sectional
Design
Multiple
Cross-sectional
Design
Cross-sectional
Design
Longitudinal
Design
Descriptive
Research
Causal
Research
Conclusive
Research Design
Research Design
Comparative
Exploratory – focus groups, depth interviews, case study
Descriptive – surveys
Causal – experiments
Multiple cross-sectional - comparative
Methods of Exploratory Research
Survey of experts
Analysis of secondary data
Case studies
Pilot studies
Qualitative research
Depth interviews
Focus groups
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Methods of Descriptive Research
Secondary data
Surveys
Panels
Observational and other data
Internet
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Causal Research, Common Uses & Collection Methods
Used when it is necessary to show that one variable causes or determines the value of other variables
Experiments
Test marketing a product
Taste tests
Advertising effectiveness
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A Comparison of Basic Research Design
| Exploratory | Descriptive | Causal | |
| Objective | Discovery of ideas and insights | To describe characteristics of the matter being investigated | Determine cause and effect relationships |
| Characteristics | Flexible, versatile. Often starts the research process | Research testing hypotheses Preplanned and structured design. | Manipulation of one or more independent variables |
| Hypotheses | None or very vague and ill defined | Tentative and speculative | Very specific |
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| Exploratory | Descriptive | Causal | |
| Research Approach | Qualitative | Qualitative or Quantitative | Quantitative |
| Methods | Expert surveys Pilot surveys Case studies Secondary data Qualitative research | Secondary data Surveys Panels Observational data | Experiments. |
| Ability to measure causality | None | Can predict but can not confirm | Establishes a cause-effect relationship |
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| Exploratory | Descriptive | Causal | |
| Sampling | Often small and chosen using non-probability methods | Larger sample size, often using probability-based sampling methods | Can be generalised depending on sample size and method |
| Generalisability | Can not be generalised | Can be generalised depending on sample size and method | Can be generalised depending on sample size and method |
| Cost | Low | Medium | High |
| Time | Quickest | Moderate | Longest |
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RESEARCH APPROACH
| Criteria | Qualitative Research | Quantitative Research |
| Objective | To gain a rich understanding of reasons and motivations | To quantify data and generalise the results from the sample to the population of interest |
| Sample | Small number and unrepresentative | Large number and representative |
| Data collection | Unstructured | Structured |
| Data analysis | Non-statistical, based on judgement and interpretation of the researcher | Statistical |
| Strength | Rich source of information, can probe deeply | Can generalise results to a larger population |
| Weakness | Can not generalise results | Loss of richness of data |
| Outcome | Develop an initial understanding | Recommend a final course of action |
QUALITATIVE
VS QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
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Source of data
Sources of Data
Secondary data
Already exists
Has been collected for another purpose
Primary data
Does not exist
Collected specifically for the research project
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Primary Vs. Secondary Data
Primary data are originated by a researcher for the specific purpose of addressing the problem at hand. The collection of primary data involves all six steps of the marketing research process
Interviewing respondents to determine their satisfaction with providing feedback to their lecturer on a weekly basis
Primary Vs. Secondary Data
Secondary data are data that have already been collected for purposes other than the problem at hand. These data can be located quickly and inexpensively.
ABS data reporting the proportion of Australian households who have access to the Internet
Comparison of Primary and Secondary Data
| Table 5.3 | Primary Data | Secondary Data |
| Collection purpose Collection process Collection cost Collection time | For the problem at hand Very involved High Long | For other problems Rapid and easy Relatively low Short |
SAMPLING METHODS & TECHNIQUEs
Classification of Sampling Techniques
Sampling Methods
Sampling Techniques
Strengths and Weaknesses of Basic Sampling Techniques
Technique
Nonprobability Sampling
Convenience sampling
Judgmental sampling
Quota sampling
Snowball sampling
Strengths
Least expensive, least time-consuming, most convenient
Low cost, convenient,
not time-consuming
Sample can be controlled for certain characteristics
Can estimate rare characteristics
Weaknesses
Selection bias, sample not representative, not recommended for descriptive or causal research
Does not allow generalization,
subjective
Selection bias, no assurance of representativeness
Time-consuming
Probability sampling Simple random sampling (SRS)
Systematic sampling
Difficult to construct sampling frame, expensive, lower precision, no assurance of representativeness Can decrease representativeness
Stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
Easily understood, results projectable
Can increase representativeness, easier to implement than SRS, sampling frame not necessary
Include all important subpopulations, precision
Easy to implement, cost effective
Difficult to select relevant stratification variables, not feasible to stratify on many variables, expensive Imprecise, difficult to compute and interpret results
DATA ANALYSIS
Qualitative Data Analysis
Analysis is a breaking up, separating, or disassembling of research materials into pieces, parts, elements or units
With facts broken down into manageable pieces, the researcher sorts and sifts them, searching for types, classes, sequences, processes, patterns or wholes
The aim of this process is to assemble or reconstruct the data in meaningful or comprehensible fashion
Jorgensen (1989, p. 107)
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Qualitative Data Analysis Process
Often viewed as a vague process i.e., ‘black box’
Analysis occurs in a cyclical continuous process
Involves data reduction, data organisation and data interpretation
Objectives of qualitative data analysis:
Thick description
Thick interpretation
Quantitative Data Analysis Process
Start with raw data – data sets
Data sets need to be aggregated
Organised, coded, entered into computer program or manual recording system
These systems enable the researcher to:
Determine patterns
Test relationships between variables
Findings reported numerically and/or graphically
Aim is to test hypotheses
POTENTIAL ERRORS IN RESEARCH
Potential Sources of Error in Research Design
Random
sampling error
Surrogate information error
Measurement error
Population definition error
Sampling frame error
Design
errors
Respondent selection error
Questioning error
Recording error
Cheating error
Administration
errors
Inability error
unwillingness error
Response
errors
Response
error
Non-response
error
Non-sampling
error
Total Error
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