literature review paper
Writing a Literature Review Paper
WHAT IS A REVIEW PAPER?
The purpose of a review paper is to succinctly review recent progress in a particular topic. Overall, the paper summarizes the current state of knowledge of the topic. It creates an understanding of the topic for the reader by discussing the findings presented in recent research papers.
A review paper is not a "term paper" or book report. It is not merely a report on some references you found. Instead, a review paper synthesizes the results from several primary literature papers to produce a coherent argument about a topic or focused description of a field.
Examples of scientific reviews can be found in:
Scientific American Science in the "Perspectives" and "Reviews" sections Nature in the "News and Views" section Compilations of reviews such as:
Current Opinion in Cell Biology Current Opinion in Genetics & Development Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology Annual Review of Physiology Trends in Ecology & Evolution
Almost every scientific journal has special review articles.
You should read articles from one or more of these sources to get examples of how your paper should be organized.
Scientists commonly use reviews to communicate with each other and the general public. There are a wide variety of review styles from ones aimed at a general audience (e.g., Scientific American) to those directed at biologists within a particular subdiscipline (e.g., Annual Review of Physiology).
A key aspect of a review paper is that it provides the evidence for a particular point of view in a field. Thus, a large focus of your paper should be a description of the data that support or refute that point of view. In addition, you should inform the reader of the experimental techniques that were used to generate the data.
The emphasis of a review paper is interpreting the primary literature on the subject. You need to read several original research articles on the same topic and make your own conclusions about the meanings of those papers.
CHOOSING A TOPIC
Advice on finding a general topic
Peruse your textbook and class notes
Find a relatively narrow topic that interests you.
Review tables of contents of some recent issues of journals in the library
Pick prominent journals in the appropriate field of biology.
Read the abstracts of those papers with interesting titles.
If you find a good article, this may help narrow your topic and serve as a good research resource.
Read review articles journals like American Scientist, Scientific American, BioScience, Nature, the Quarterly Review of Biology, or Science
These journals provide good review articles in many fields of science. For example, in Science these are called "Perspectives" or "Reviews". In Nature these are called "News and Views".
If you find a good article, this may help to narrow down your topic, and serve as a good research resource.
AVOID performing a database or internet search with a general topic like "cancer" or "evolution"
It would be difficult to take the first eight references from a database search and tie them together into a cohesive story.
It would be difficult and time consuming to read through the first 50 papers in a general search to decide which are relevant to your story.
Internet sites are usually not peer‐reviewed and the scientific content is not always reliable.
Preliminary Survey of Literature
Where to search General Internet searches using search engines such as Google may yield much information on your topic. However, you will need to base your work on more reliable and scientifically legitimate sources of information obtained from primary literature and other appropriate technical references.
The following approaches are useful to obtain a good idea about the variety of reference information available on specific topics.
Searching primary literature (articles in peerreviewed journals)
A good way to start your search is to use the online databases of Dibner Library. (library.poly.edu)
The library has online access to full‐text articles from a number of science journals. Although in most cases online access to the entire article is not available, the library does have hard copies of many science journals.
You can also visit scholar.google.com for reference leads.
Abstracts of articles are a good source of preliminary information about journal articles.
What to look for Current research questions
Areas of controversy in the field Recent breakthroughs of public interest
Once you've identified a subject for your project you need to formulate a topic question, hypothesis or thesis (see next section below).
Formulate a Focused Topic Question, Hypothesis, or Thesis
Breadth of the topic Choose a topic with enough background material available to make your project factual and interesting, but not so broad that you cannot address the topic thoroughly in the allotted space.
It is best to think of the topic as a thesis, hypothesis, or question to be proven, tested, or answered.
Examples of bad topics "Cancer" is too broad of a topic.
"Is Tibetan Chanting a Cure for Cancer?" probably has not been well investigated scientifically.
Examples of good topics
"The use of Taxol from the Pacific Yew to Treat Ovarian Cancer" is a fairly concise topic thesis that should yield enough scientific data for a decent project.
"Taxol from the Pacific Yew is Effective in Treating Ovarian Cancer" is a concise topic hypothesis.
"Is Taxol from the Pacific Yew Effective in Treating Ovarian Cancer?" is a concise topic question.
You should discuss your topic with your instructor and if approved, go on to research your topic.
Researching your topic
Finding relevant papers
As noted elsewhere, you will want to base most of your research on scientifically legitimate sources of information obtained from primary literature and other appropriate technical references.
Do a more thorough job of searching using various online resources.
Look up references in the Literature Cited section of a relevant article.
Search for other articles by authors of key references.
Analyze the data you have collected
Which studies support your hypothesis/thesis/question?
Do some studies support alternative hypotheses?
Is there controversy in the scientific community over this topic, or general agreement?
Collect relevant graphs, figures or tables that can be used in your presentation.
HOW TO WRITE THE PAPER
Overview of the Paper: Your paper should consist of four general sections:
Introduction The body of the paper Conclusion and future directions Literature cited
Review articles contain neither a materials and methods section nor an abstract.
Organizing the Paper: Use topic headings. Do not use a topic heading that reads, "Body of the paper." Instead the topic headings should refer to the actual concepts or ideas covered in that section.
What Goes into Each Section:
Section of the paper What it should contain
Introduction & Background Make it brief (~1/5 of the paper’s total length). Grab the reader's interest while introducing the
topic. Explain the "big picture" relevance. Provide the necessary background information.
Body of the Paper Experimental Evidence: Describe important results from recent primary literature articles and
Explain how those results shape our current understanding of the topic.
Mention the types of experiments done and their corresponding data, but do not repeat the experimental procedure step for step.
Point out and address any controversies in the field.
Use figures and/or tables to present your own synthesis of the original data or to show key data taken directly from the original papers.
Conclusion Succinctly summarize your major points. Point out the significance of these results. Discuss the questions that remain in the area. Keep it brief.
Literature Cited A minimum of 5 references must be used and cited in your paper. See the following section on how to handle citing sources.
The literature cited section Although research journals differ in specific formats used in Literature Cited section, the name year convention should be used for this assignment. Only primary literature, technical publications, and specific kinds of Internet sites (for example, online journals and specific online databases) are cited in research manuscripts.
EXAMPLE THE NAME YEAR CONVENTION Alphabetized according to primary author’s last name.
Literature Cited
Conant, R. 1975. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern and central North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Gillis, R. 1979. Adaptive differences in the water economies of two species of leopard frogs from eastern Colorado. Journal of Herpetology 13:445‐450.
Ralin, D.B. and J.S. Rogers. 1972. Aspects of tolerance to desiccation in Acris crepitans and Pseudacris streckeri. Copeia 1972:519‐525.
Schmid, W.D. 1965. Some aspects of the water economies of nine species of amphibians. Ecology 46:261‐269.
Smith, J.W., D. Pettus and D.W. Hoppe. 1998. One hundred years of amphibian water economy studies: what have we learned? American Zoologist 66:124‐198.
OTHER EXAMPLES
Example of an article in an edited volume:
Pianka, E.R. 1975. Niche relations of desert lizards. Pages 292‐314 in M. Cody and J. Diamond, editors. Ecology and evolution of communities. Belknap Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Examples of book citations:
Conant, R. 1975. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern and central North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Welty, J.C. and L. Baptista. 1988. The life of birds. Saunders College Publishing, New York, New York, USA.
Example of citing a technical publication from a governmental agency:
Sauer, J.S. 1998. Temporal analyses of select macroinvertebrates in the Upper Mississippi River System, 1992‐1995. U.W. Geological Survey. Environmental Management Technical Center, Onalaska, Wisconsin, April 1998. LTRMP 98‐T001.
Example of an online journal citation:
Cane, J. H. and V. J. Tepedino. 2001. Causes and extent of declines among native North American invertebrate pollinators: detection, evidence, and consequences. Conservation Ecology 5 <URL: http://www.consecol.org/vol5/iss1/art1>. Accessed 16 July 2001.
Example of a paper from the proceedings of a scientific conference:
Walkinshaw. L.H. 1982. Nesting of the Florida Sandhill Crane on and near the Kissimmee Prairie, Florida. Pages 1‐18 in J.C. Lewis, editor. Proceedings of the International Crane Workshop. Oklahoma State University, Stillwater.
Example of a web site citation:
BLAST 2005. <URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST>. Accessed 5 April 2005.
Saccharomyces genome database 2007. <URL: http://www.yeastgenome.org/>. Accessed 5 April 2007.