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World Literature II Final Project: Part 1 Annotations

A. Poem: The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost

1. Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,

And sorry I could not travel both

And be one traveler, long I stood

And looked down one as far as I could

Language Aspect: Anaphora

Explanation: And is repeated severally to continue the sentences and emphasize their meaning.

2. And both that morning equally lay A

In leaves no step had trodden black. B

Oh, I kept the first for another day! A

Yet knowing how way leads on to way, A

I doubted if I should ever come back. B

Language Aspect: End Rhyme Scheme

Explanation: There are two types of patterns of sound in the words at the end of each line in the stanza.

3. Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—

I took the one less traveled by,

Language Aspect: Inversion

Explanation: The right sentence is supposed to be: “the one travelled by less”. Inversion emphasizes meaning.

4. Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—

I took the one less traveled by,

And that has made all the difference.

Language Aspect: Symbol

Explanation: The two roads discussed here represent two courses in life that someone can take and the road travelled by less represents the hardest but most rewarding of them.

5. Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,

And sorry I could not travel both

And be one traveler, long I stood

Language Aspect: Conflict

Explanation: The notion that every text is supposed to be characterized by a conflict is present in the poem as the author has to make a difficult decision that is life changing.

6. I shall be telling this with a sigh

Somewhere ages and ages hence

Language Aspect: Deixis

Explanation: “This” is used to refer to the story is a manner that is not usual for the pronoun since it is commonly used to show direction.

7. Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—

I took the one less traveled by,

And that has made all the difference.

Language Aspect: Connotation

Explanation: The meaning of two roads is hidden since they do not actually mean physical roads but hard and opposing life choices. The audiences have to work out the meaning beyond the dictionary meaning.

8. Because it was grassy and wanted wear

Language Aspect: Personification

Explanation: The road under question is given the human attribute of wanting something.

9. Two roads diverged in a yellow wood

Language Aspect: Syntax

Explanation: The words yellow and wood have unique meanings but when put together someone can definitely tell the author is referring to a yellow colored forest.

10. And looked down one as far as I could

To where it bent in the undergrowth;

Then took the other, as just as fair,

And having perhaps the better claim

Language Aspect: Contrast

Explanation: The author brings out the differences between the two roads he is talking about by simply looking at their figurative differences for the audiences to decipher the deeper meaning.

11. And both that morning equally lay

In leaves no step had trodden black.

Oh, I kept the first for another day!

Language Aspect: Time (Chronological)

Explanation: The word morning is a normal term for chronological time.

12. Then took the other, as just as fair,

And having perhaps the better claim,

Because it was grassy and wanted wear;

Though as for that the passing there

Had worn them really about the same,

Language Aspect: Enjambment

Explanation: The sentences that follow each previous line are a continuation of the ideas presented in the ones above.

13. And looked down one as far as I could

To where it bent in the undergrowth

Language Aspect: Imagery

Explanation: The author uses clear description to create a mental picture in the audience.

14. Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—

I took the one less traveled by

Language Aspect: Twist

Explanation: Given two roads, the author chooses the less attractive road to travel by creating a twist in the reader’s expectations.

15. Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—

I took the one less traveled by,

And that has made all the difference.

Language Aspect: Theme of hard life choices.

Explanation: Dilemma or tough life choices is emphasized by being offered two difficult paths to choose only one.

16. Two roads diverged in a yellow wood

Language Aspect: Nouns

Explanation: The use of nouns as part of speech permits narration.

17. Two roads diverged in a yellow wood

Language Aspect: Verbs

Explanation: The use of verbs as parts of speech equally permits narration.

18. In leaves no step had trodden black.

Oh, I kept the first for another day!

Language Aspect: Hyperbole

Explanation: The author exaggerates the action of leaving out the bad life choice by indirectly stating that he would revisit it later.

19. Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,

And sorry I could not travel both

Language Aspect: Time (Historical)

Explanation: Yellow wood is a characteristic of long gone spring wood in Europe associated with period before industrial revolution.

20. Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—

I took the one less traveled by,

And that has made all the difference.

Language Aspect: Didactic Text

Explanation: The poem uses too much figurative language to drive moral lesson of making hard but rewarding life choices and avoiding shortcuts or easy ways out of a situation.

B. Song Lyrics: Angels Cry by Mariah Carey

1. I shouldn't have walked away

Language Aspect: Literal language

Explanation: The use of literal language is used to directly drive meaning in the text.

2. The final blow hit so low

Language Aspect: Figurative language

Explanation: The figurative language used is meant to underscore the direct meaning in literal language to get the audience to ponder more on the message that the song is aiming to send. The blow referred here is heartbreak and it hitting so low emphasizes its adverse impacts.

3. I shouldn't have walked away A I would've stayed if you'd say A We could've made everything okay A

Language Aspect: End Rhyme Scheme

Explanation: As a song, the end rhyme scheme is a salient sound pattern that adds to the musicality and attractiveness of the lyrics.

4. Baby, I'm missin' you, don't allow love to lose We gotta ride it through, I'm reaching for you Baby, I'm missin' you, don't allow love to lose We gotta ride it through, I'm reaching for you

Language Aspect: Direct Repetition

Explanation: Direct repetition of the lines emphasizes the meaning that they are trying to pass.

5. I couldn't have prepared myself for this fall Shattered in pieces, curled on the floor

Language Aspect: Imagery

Explanation: it is an emotional song hence the use of images add to the weight of the issue being discussed.

6. I shouldn't have walked away I would've stayed if you'd say

Language Aspect: Anaphora

Explanation: Anaphora is achieved through the repetition of the world “I” in the introduction to emphasize that it is the singer who is speaking about herself in the song.

7. But we just threw the blame back and forth

Language Aspect: Oppositional binary

Explanation: The two words are complete opposites that do not make sense on their world but have to be combined to bring out the real meaning.

8. When you and I said goodbye I felt the angels cry

Language Aspect: Juxtaposition

Explanation: The singer achieves the effect of positioning herself and the person she is talking about, her lover, through juxtaposition to show the negative emotional effects of separation.

9. True love's a gift but we let it drift in a storm Every night I feel the angels cry

Language Aspect: Personification

Explanation: In the song, true love is not an object or a living thing but it is said to drift in a storm. The giving of human attributes to an emotion shows the magnitude of heartbreak or separation.

10. Here I am walkin' on this narrow rope wobbling But won't let go, waitin' for a glimpse of the sun's glow

Language Aspect: Symbol

Explanation: The narrow rope represents the desperate state of separation while the sun’s glow represents the hope of making up.

11. But we just threw the blame back and forth We treated love like a sport The final blow hit so low I'm still on the ground

Language Aspect: Conflict

Explanation: Mariah’s song is built on the premises of the argument that any literal text should be founded on a conflict that has to be resolved in one way or another.

12. Baby, we can get back that shine

Language Aspect: Deixis

Explanation: “That” is used in an unusual context to refer to a intangible item while normally it is used in reference of tangible things.

13. Limitless omnipresent, kind of love couldn't have guessed

Language Aspect: Connotation

Explanation: The two words represent abstract concepts whose meaning require the deeper interpretation of the audience especially tapping into the idea that true love is supposed to be eternal or infinite.

14. We treated love like a sport

Language Aspect: Simile

Explanation: There is direct comparison of love to a sport using the word “like”.

15. Super natural love conquers all

Language Aspect: Syntax

Explanation: The three words could not make meaning on their own without the specific arrangement that gives them the real meaning.

16. Here I am walkin' on this narrow rope wobbling But won't let go, waitin' for a glimpse of the sun's glow

Language Aspect: Twist

Explanation: Although the singer is suffering from a heartbreak or separation she is adamant to make up with her lover and see their love through.

17. Every night I feel the angels cry

Language Aspect: Time (Chronological)

Explanation: Time is referred using a normative term “night” to describe a specific chronological state.

18. Here I am walkin' on this narrow rope wobbling But won't let go, waitin' for a glimpse of the sun's glow

Language Aspect: Enjambment

Explanation: The continuation of the singer’s idea to the next lines enables her capture the attention of the audience.

19. Every night I feel the angels cry

Language Aspect: Hyperbole

Explanation: Instead of simply saying that she misses her lover, she exaggerates that angels cry every night in opposition to the separation.

20. Like there ain't no hurricane it's just us

Language Aspect: Inversion

Explanation: Inversion in the sentence is used to achieve both musicality and capture the attention of the audiences through placing a deeper emphasis of the meaning.

C. Short Story: A Dead Woman's Secret by Guy de Maupassant

1. Now she was resting in her bed, lying on her back, her eyes closed, her features calm, her long white hair carefully arranged as though she had done it up ten minutes before dying.

Language Aspect: Imagery

Explanation: The author creates a mental picture so vivid to incite imagination of the audience.

2. Kneeling beside the bed, her son, a magistrate with inflexible principles…

Language Aspect: Syntax

Explanation: The two words would not make real meaning on their own without the particular arrangement observed.

3. He, the man, had become a judge and handled the law as a weapon with which he smote the weak ones without pity

Language Aspect: Simile

Explanation: The law is compared directly using the word “as” to a weapon.

4. She, the girl, influenced by the virtue which had bathed her in this austere family, had become the bride of the Church through her loathing for man.

Language Aspect: Allusion

Explanation: Instead of simply saying a nun, the author alludes to being the bride of the church for the audiences to figure out from real life experience his meaning.

5. The nun was wildly-kissing the dead woman's hand, an ivory hand as white as the large crucifix lying across the bed.

Language Aspect: Metaphor

Explanation: The hand of the dead woman is compared directly to an ivory without using words like “as” “like” and so on.

6. They had hardly known their father, knowing only that he had made their mother most unhappy, without being told any other details.

Language Aspect: Conflict

Explanation: The text is founded on the principle that all literal texts must be built on conflict. In this case it is separation between the father and mother of the children whose aging mother is dying.

7. He was red and out of breath from his interrupted digestion…

Language Aspect: Symbol

Explanation: “Red” is a color used to symbolize anger.

8. … for he had made himself a strong mixture of coffee and brandy in order to combat the fatigue of the last few nights and of the wake which was beginning.

Language Aspect: Personification

Explanation: Fatigue is given the human attribute of being involved in a warfare.

9. … the sweet smell of hay and of woods.

Language Aspect: Alliteration

Explanation: The use of words with consecutive “S” letters adds to the musicality and meaning of the sentence.

10. "Mamma, mamma, mamma!"

Language Aspect: Direct Repetition

Explanation: “Mamma” is repeated directly to emphasize the idea that the son is mourning.

11. And his sister, frantically striking her forehead against the woodwork, convulsed, twitching and trembling as in an epileptic fit, moaned: "Jesus, Jesus, mamma, Jesus!" And both of them, shaken by a storm of grief, gasped and choked.

Language Aspect: Anaphora

Explanation: The use of “And” in consecutive sentences is meant to emphasize their meanings.

12. … just as on the sea when a calm follows a squall.

Language Aspect: Decoding

Explanation: Two symbols calm/SQUAIL are used in succession for the audience to decode their meaning resulting from the combination.

13. And the memories, those distant memories, yesterday so dear, to-day so torturing, came to their minds with all the little forgotten details…

Language Aspect: Deixis

Explanation: The pronoun “those” is used to refer to intangible thing, memories, instead of tangible things as is the norm.

14. And the memories, those distant memories, yesterday so dear, to-day so torturing, came to their minds with all the little forgotten details…

Language Aspect: Twist

Explanation: The author uses a sudden twist in ideas where memories of yesterday are said to be dear and today torturing to emphasize the grief that the children are undergoing.

15. It was their bond with life, their mother, their mamma, the connecting link with their forefathers which they would thenceforth miss.

Language Aspect: Repetition

Explanation: The idea of a mother is repeated in the sentence by use of another word “mamma” having same meaning. Note, the kind of repetition achieved here is not direct repetition.

16. He was red and out of breath from his interrupted digestion…

Language Aspect: Figurative language

Explanation: The meaning of the sentence is not direct and the audiences have to figure out what the author implies.

17. It was one of those old-fashioned letters which one finds in old family desk drawers, those epistles which smell of another century.

Language Aspect: Reference

Explanation: Epistles are the letters of Paul in the holy bible. The audiences have to know about them to refer their meaning.

18. Since yesterday I have been suffering the tortures of the damned,

Language Aspect: Time (Chronological)

Explanation: “Yesterday” is a term that describes a certain chronological state.

19. "She was a saint!"

Language Aspect: Hyperbole

Explanation: The priest uses exaggeration in an attempt to describe how high her children held her morally yet she was just a normal person with ordinary struggles to meet religious or moral expectations.

20. They remained alone, the dead woman and her children.

Language Aspect: Nouns and Verbs

Explanation: The use of parts of speech, specifically nouns and verbs, permit the author to transmit meaning in his sentences.

D. Fairy Tale: Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp by Disney Inc.

1. … a careless, idle boy who would do nothing but play all day long…

Language Aspect: Syntax

Explanation: The three words could not make out the meaning attained without the particular arrangement.

2. … a careless, idle boy who would do nothing but play all day long…

Language Aspect: Juxtaposition

Explanation: The words “nothing” and “play” describe two unrelated things that the author positions together to describe Aladdin’s laziness.

3. … Aladdin did not mend his ways.

Language Aspect: Figurative language

Explanation: The audiences have to figure out the meaning of the phrase as it is not directly or literally stated.

4. There once lived a poor tailor, who had a son called Aladdin, a careless, idle boy who would do nothing but play all day long in the streets with little idle boys like himself. This so grieved the father that he died; yet, in spite of his mother's tears and prayers, Aladdin did not mend his ways.

Language Aspect: Didactic Text

Explanation: The text uses an extreme way of emphasizing the need for hard work and avoiding laziness by saying that Aladdin’s father died due to his idleness.

5. Next day the magician led Aladdin into some beautiful gardens a long way outside the city gates. They sat down by a fountain and the magician pulled a cake from his girdle, which he divided between them.

Language Aspect: Imagery

Explanation: The sentences create a vivid mental picture in the mind of the audiences to capture their attention to the plot.

6. At last they came to two mountains divided by a narrow valley.

Language Aspect: Personification

Explanation: The narrow valley is given the human attribute of being able to divide the two mountains.

7. Next day he bought Aladdin a fine suit of clothes and took him all over the city, showing him the sights, and brought him home at nightfall to his mother, who was overjoyed to see her son so fine. Next day the magician led Aladdin into some beautiful gardens a long way outside the city gates…

Language Aspect: Anaphora

Explanation: The use of “next day” to begin two consecutive sentences is supposed to emphasize their meaning.

8. These halls lead into a garden of fine fruit trees… "Princess," he said, "blame your beauty for my boldness if I have displeased you."

Language Aspect: Alliteration

Explanation: Alliteration in the sentences adds both musicality and emphasis on their meaning.

9. He had picked out the foolish Aladdin for this purpose, intending to get the lamp and kill him afterwards.

Language Aspect: Twist

Explanation: The author uses a twist by saying the evil magician wanted to use Aladdin to get the magic lamp then kill him afterwards to capture the attention and interest of the audience.

10. "Whence comes this splendid feast?"

Language Aspect: Time (historical)

Explanation: The word “whence” is archaic English associated with earlier centuries before the current modern world.

11. … he Princess his daughter went to and from the bath.

Language Aspect: Oppositional Binary

Explanation: The two opposite words “to” and “fro” do not make meaning on their own but when combined they do.

12. She went every day for a week, and stood in the same place.

Language Aspect: Time (Chronological)

Explanation: The term “week” is used to refer to specific chronological state.

13. Breathless she ran and told Aladdin…

Language Aspect: Inversion

Explanation: The part of the sentence is supposed to read she ran breathlessly. The use of inversion is used to make the story more interesting and emphasize the meaning.

14. For three days he wandered about like a madman…

Language Aspect: Simile

Explanation: Aladdin’s wandering is directly compared to a madman’s using the word “like”.

15. He is forever speaking ill of you, but I only reply by my tears.

Language Aspect: Hyperbole

Explanation: The use of the word “forever” to mean all the time is rather exaggerative.

16. After this Aladdin and his wife lived in peace. He succeeded the Sultan when he died, and reigned for many years, leaving behind him a long line of kings.

Language Aspect: Theme of living happily ever after

Explanation: The story is founded on a classic theme that after a long struggle against all odds, couples are supposed to live happily ever after.

17. A ten days' feast was proclaimed, and it seemed as if Aladdin might now live the rest of his life in peace; but it was not meant to be.

Language Aspect: Conflict

Explanation: The text is founded on the notion that conflict is inevitable in any situation being described.

18. … handing him her cup in exchange for his, as a sign she was reconciled to him.

Language Aspect: Sign

Explanation: The exchange of cups is clearly stated as a sign of reconciliation in the text.

19. The African magician had a younger brother, who was, if possible, more wicked and more cunning than himself.

Language Aspect: Direct Repetition

Explanation: The direct repetition of the word “more” is used to emphasize the increased viciousness of the foe encountered compared to the previous one.

20. The African magician had a younger brother, who was, if possible, more wicked and more cunning than himself.

Language Aspect: Nouns (Part of Speech)

Explanation: The use of nouns makes it possible for the author to convey meaning in his story.

Works Cited

Carey, Mariah. Angels Cry Lyrics. AzLyrics.

de Maupassant, Guy. A Dead Woman’s Secret. American Literature.

Disney Inc. Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp. Disney Tales.

Frost, Robert. The Road Not Taken. Poetry Foundation.