Discussion Post
ghafbr_bowhn
WorkedExampleofaLiteratureReview.pdf
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Myths of violence 1
Myths of violence and the stigma of mental illness12
Suzie Student
York College, CUNY
1 For the text of an APA article, use Courier or New Times Roman font at 12 pts. 2 Before the page number is the Page Header (sometimes called, Key Words) the first few words of your title.
Myths of violence 2
Myths of violence and the stigma of mental illness3
The mentally ill face a multitude of challenges. One of
those challenges is the stigmatization they face.
Stigmatization is social rejection; those stigmatized are
rejected by people because of the label they carry or that their
behaviors clearly indicate that they belong to a certain labeled
group. Stigmatization of the mentally ill is caused by the
public’s belief in myths about the dangerousness of the mentally
ill and exposing those myths can reduce stigmatization.
Regarding the mentally ill, it appears that people respond
to the mentally ill with feelings of fear and rejection.
Martin, Pescosolido & Tuch (2000)4 examined the effects of
descriptions of the targets’ behavior, causal attributions about
the source of the behavior, the target’s perceived
dangerousness, labeling and participants’ sociodemographic
characteristics. Twenty percent of the participants labeled a
target described with depressed symptoms as having a mental
illness (as compared with 54% for those described with
schizophrenic symptoms or 1% with normal troubles); 37% would be
unwilling to interact with the depressed person (48% for the
schizophrenic and 21% for normal troubles); and 33% felt that
the depressed person would do violence to others (61% for the
3 before the text begins, repeat the title, centered. 4 the first time you cite an article, list all of the authors’ names.
Myths of violence 3
schizophrenic and 17% for the normal troubles). Thus, a common
respond to the mentally ill are rejection and fear of violence.
While, based upon research, the common response to a
mentally ill person is to fear violence, diagnosed mental
patients commit violence at the same rates as non-diagnosed
people (Martin, et al., 2000)5. Public perceptions may not match
reality due to the public’s lack of contact with the mentally
ill.
Alexander and Link (2003) examined contact with the
mentally ill and the stigma of mental illness, perceptions of
dangerousness and social distance in a telephone survey. They
found that, as a participant’s own life contact with mentally
ill individuals increased, participants were both less likely to
perceive a target mentally ill individual in a vignette as
physically dangerous and less likely to desire social distance
from the target. This relationship remained after controlling
for demographic and confound variables, such as gender,
ethnicity, education, income and political conservatism. They
also found that any type of contact – with a friend, a spouse, a
family member, a work contact, or a contact in a public place –
with mentally ill individuals reduced perceptions of
dangerousness of the target in the vignette. Thus, according to
5 the second (etc) times you cite an article, you can use et al. if the article has more than 2 authors
Myths of violence 4
Alexander and Link (2003), any contact with the mentally ill is
associated with reduced fear and rejection. However, since this
study was observational in nature, we cannot know if contact
reduces fear or having lower fear increased contact.
Corrigan, Rowan, Green, Lundin, River, Uphoff-Wasowski,
White and Kubiak (2002) conducted two studies examining the
causal processes in contact, fear and rejection. Corrigan et
al. posited two models to account for stigmatizing reactions.
In the first model, labeled personal responsibility, beliefs
about personality responsibility influences both the level of
pity and anger displayed toward mental patients. Additionally,
the variables of pity and anger influence helping behavior. In
the second model, labeled dangerousness, perceived dangerousness
influences fear of mental patients, which in turn influences the
avoidance of the mentally ill.
In their first study, Corrigan et al. (2002) administered a
questionnaire to 216 community college students. This
questionnaire contained items which would allow the examination
of the two models. The results of a path analysis indicated
that while both models fit the data, the results for the
dangerousness model seemed far more consistent with the data.
Their second study was an attempt to manipulate variables in the
models. Participants met with either an educational group or
with a mental patient. During the meetings, myths about the
Myths of violence 5
personality responsibility or the dangerousness of mental
patients were discussed and debunked. While education yielded
some positive results regarding fear and rejection, contact with
mental patients produced stronger results. Thus, Corrigan et
al. demonstrated that contact causes less rejection and fear.
Stigmatization of the mentally ill is caused by the
public’s belief in myths about the dangerousness of the mentally
ill and exposing those myths can reduce stigmatization. At
least one-third of the people sampled in one study said that
they would both reject socially and fear violence from someone
displaying behaviors associated with different mentally
illnesses. Other research discovered that this rejection is
associated to lack of contact with the mentally ill and that as
contact increased, fear of the mentally ill decreased. The
direction of the relationship between fear and rejection seems
to be that fear (possibly based upon myths about mental illness)
causes rejection. Taken as a whole, it appears that exposing
these myths as myths increases the acceptance of the mentally
ill and that staged contact with a mentally person to expose
myths has an even more powerful effect. Caution must be
advised, though; Martin et al.’s (2002) and Alexander and Link’s
(2003) studies and the first study of Corrigan et al. (2002)
were based upon paper and pencil methodologies. And while
Corrigan et al.’s (2002) second study involved staged
Myths of violence 6
presentations, it was conducted in a college setting with a
college sample. Future research should replicate these findings
in more natural settings with different populations.
Myths of violence 7
References6
Alexander, L.A., & Link, B.G. (2003). The impact of contact on
stigmatizing attitudes towards people with mental illness.
Journal of Mental Health, 12, 271-289.
Corrigan, P. W., Rowan, D., Green, A., Lundin, R., River, P.,
Uphoff-Wasowski, K., White, K., & Kubiak, M.A. (2002).
Challenging two mental illness stigmas: Personality
responsibility and dangerousness. Schizophrenia Bulletin,
28, 293-309.
Martin, J. K., Pescosolido, B. A., & Tuch, S. A. (2000). Of fear
and loathing: The role of ‘disturbing behavior’ labels, and
causal attributions in shaping public attitudes toward
people with mental illness. Journal of Health and Social
Behavior, 41, 208-223.
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