week 5 critical analysis

Women and LGBTQ People Under Attack:

An Intersectional Case Study for Our Times

Women and LGBTQ people were and continue to be a

primary target of harassment, abuse, and physical assault;

women and LGBTQ people were and continue to be locked

out of many professions.

By Warren Blumenfeld

Conservative Evangelical Christians and other anti-choice and anti-LGBTQ zealots are

downright giddy and literally ecstatic over the possibility of finally receiving some of the

promised dividends for selling their souls to the Devil in sacrificing all their “deeply held

religious beliefs” by standing with Donald Trump throughout his unambiguously morally

reprehensible actions and policy directives.

They stood with him from his destructive and epithet-laden tweets to his promise of constructing

a wall on our southern border that “Mexico will pay for,” to the Access Hollywood tape, to

revelations of his payoffs to quiet a porn star, to separating babies and young children from their

parents and putting them in cages, to his involvement in trying to overturn a legal democratic

election.

These did this all with the hoped-for remuneration of Trump packing the judicial branch with

decidedly right-wing judges and “justices.”

The wall with Mexico was merely one of the many structures Trump promised to build. When he

asserted during the campaign to punish women who have abortions and their doctors who

perform them, he was figuratively walling-off women from their reproductive rights.

By committing to reproduce the Supreme Court with an untra-conservative majority and

promising to reverse both Roe v. Wade and marriage equality, he gave social conservatives the

vision of seeing a gigantic concrete and barbed-wire structure suspended high into the Heavens

separating women and LGBTQ people from their bodies and from their civil rights, and,

certainly, from their humanity.

Though I rarely offer comparisons between events transpiring before and during the ascension to

power of the German Third Reich with resemblances to contemporary United States — since to

do so could result in trivializing one of the most horrific episodes in human history —

nonetheless, I am haunted by certain parallels that demand expression.

I want, therefore, to highlight, in particular, the parallels I find in Nazi portrayals and

understandings of sex, sexuality, gender, and gender expression: a divisive and brutal program

that was anti-feminist, anti-women’s equality, anti-women’s reproductive freedoms (anti-family

planning, anti-contraception, anti-abortion), anti-lesbian, anti-gay, anti-bisexual, anti-

transgender, anti-gender nonconforming, anti-sexuality education in schools.

On Women

Alfred Rosenberg, one of the Nazi’s chief ideologues, directed his misogynist outrage against

women:

“The emancipation of women from the women’s emancipation movement is the first demand of

a female generation trying to rescue nation and race, the eternally unconscious, the foundation of

all civilization, from decline…. A woman should have every opportunity to realize her potential,

but one thing must be made clear: Only a man must be and remain judge, soldier, and politician.”

Englebert Huber, a Nazi propagandist, dictated the “proper” place of women in the Third Reich,

figuratively (and literally as well) beneath men:

“In the ideology of National Socialism, there is no room for the political woman….[Our]

movement places woman in her natural sphere of the family and stresses her duties as wife and

mother. The political, that post-war creature, who rarely ‘cut a good figure’ in parliamentary

debates, represents the denigration of women. The German uprising is a male phenomenon.”

The Nazis instituted Paragraph 218 of the German Penal Code to outlaw abortions and establish

a national file on women who had undergone and doctors who had performed abortions.

On “Indecency”

In their increasing obsession with “purifying” the social sphere, Nazi leadership enacted the

“Decree for Combating Public Indecency,” which included such provisions as working to

eliminate prostitution; closing all bars and clubs that “are misused for the furtherance of public

indecency” including “public houses solely or mainly frequented by persons engaging in

unnatural sex acts” (a.k.a. homosexuals); closing kiosks and magazine stands in libraries and

bookshops “whether because they include nude illustrations or because of their title or contents,

are liable to produce erotic effects in the beholder.”

Though Pope Pius XII maintained a position of neutrality and rarely spoke out against the

atrocities perpetrated by the Nazi regime, of which he was roundly criticized in some circles, The

Vatican, on April 3, 1933, praised the Reich on this policy:

“The Vatican welcomes the struggle of National Germany against obscene material. The strong

measures that Prussia’s Minister of the Interior Göring has ordered for the combating of obscene

writings and pictures…have received serious attention in Vatican circles. It will be recalled that

Pius XII, in his recent encyclicals, has repeatedly and vigorously stressed that defensive actions

against obscene material are of fundamental importance for the bodily and spiritual health of

family and nation, and he most warmly welcomes the type and manner…with which this struggle

has been undertaken in the new Germany.”

On Homosexuality

The Nazis acted on and eventually extended Paragraph 175, the section of the German Penal

Code dating back to 1871 with the unification of Germany:

“Unnatural vice committed by two persons of the male sex or by people with animals is to be

punished by imprisonment; the verdict may also include the loss of civil rights.”

Nazi ideology rested on the assessment that homosexual (males) lowered the German birth rate;

they endangered, recruited, enticed, and corrupted youth; that a possible homosexual epidemic

could spread; that homosexuals are “potential oppositionists” and enemies of respectable society;

and that sexual relations between people of the same sex impairs their “sense of shame” and

undermines morality, which inevitably will bring about the “decline of social community.”

Even before taking power, appearing in their daily newspaper, Völkischer Beobachter 14 May

1928, the Nazi party argued:

“Anyone who thinks of homosexual love is our enemy. We reject anything which emasculates

our people and makes it a plaything for our enemies, for we know that life is a fight, and it is

madness to think that men will ever embrace fraternally. Natural history teaches us the opposite.

Might makes right. The strong will always win over the weak. Let us see to it that we once again

become the strong. But this we can achieve only in one way — the German people must once

again learn how to exercise discipline. We, therefore, reject any sexual deviation, particularly

between man and man, because it robs us of the last possibility of freeing our people from the

slave-chains in which it is now forced to toil.”

While Nazi ideology and practice rejected lesbianism as well, it did not criminalize same sex

sexuality between women, as they had in Germany’s Paragraph 175 of the Penal Code, because

they believed that so-called “Aryan” lesbians could produce children for the “New Germany.”

On the other hand, Heinrich Himmler, Gestapo head and chief architect of the Reich’s anti-

homosexual campaign, justified his actions by arguing that male homosexuals were “like

women” and therefore, could not fight in any German war effort. Subsequently, he conducted

surveillance operations on an estimated 90,000 suspected homosexuals, arrested approximately

50,000, and transported somewhere between 10,000 and 15,000 to several concentration camps

throughout the Nazi dominion. Very few survived.

Upon coming to power in 1933, under their Youth Leader, Baldur von Shirach, the Nazis took

over all youth groups converting them into Hitler Youth groups. One action taken following

consolidation was to eliminate all signs of “homosexual corrosion,” because it allegedly posed a

threat to state control by “fostering political conspiracies.”

Nazi leaders purged all boys suspected of “homosexual tendencies.” They tried and convicted an

estimated 6,000 youth under Paragraph 175 between 1933 and 1943.

Hitler also proposed eliminating all sexuality education from the German school system and

encouraged parents to take on the primary responsibilities for sexuality instruction within the

home.

While the Catholic Church spoke out then and today against same-sex sexuality, their own

policies actually boomeranged and hit them in their own faces. Used primarily to silence any

potential resistance from the Church, the Nazis conducted their so-called “Cloister Trials” in

which they dissolved Catholic youth fraternities, arrested and incarcerated a large number of

priests, religious brothers, and Catholic laity in prisons and concentration camps accusing them

of being “threats to the state” on fabricated charges of homosexuality.

For example, prison guards at Dachau concentration camp murdered Catholic priest, Fr. Alois

Abdritzki, one of several fatalities from the “Cloister Trials.”

The Patriarchal Christian White Supremacist Connecting Strand

The Nazi regime connected multiple forms of oppression when Heinrich Himmler reorganized

the Reich Criminal Police Bureau to centralize operations by creating a national file on male

homosexuals, transgender people, what they referred to as “wage abortionists” (women and their

doctors), and to monitor the production and ban the use of contraceptives to “Aryan” women.

Within this Bureau, they established The Reich Office for Combatting Homosexuality and

Abortion, which in the single year of 1938 alone, conducted 28,366 arrests for abortion, and 28,

882 arrests of male homosexuals.

The common thread running through Nazi ideology regarding gender, gender expression, and

sexuality was their intense campaign to control individuals’ bodies and the bodies of members of

entire communities in the attempt to control their minds.

Women and LGBTQ people were and continue to be a primary target of harassment, abuse, and

physical assault; women and LGBTQ people were and continue to be locked out of many

professions.

In other words, women and LGBTQ people have been constructed as second-class and even

third-class citizens not merely in Nazi Germany, but today as the current political climate

indicates.

But women and LGBTQ are certainly not victims because through it all, women and LGBTQ

people as individuals and as groups have resisted and challenged the inequities and have pushed

back against patriarchal Christian white supremacist constraints.

Within this patriarchal Christian white supremacist system of male domination, cisgender

Christian heterosexual male bodies matter more, while “othered” bodies matter less.

These “othered” bodies include female and intersex bodies, and bodies that violate the “rules”

for the reproduction and maintenance of the dominant patriarchal Christian white supremacist

system, such as trans, gender non-conforming, and gay, lesbian, and bisexual bodies, bodies with

disabilities, non-Christian bodies, and many others.

In addition, within many Western societies, racialized non-European-heritage bodies are

regarded also as abject bodies — bodies that, to use Judith Butler’s phraseology, do not matter,

or, at least, do not matter as much as “white” bodies.

Butler reminds us that the term “abjection” is taken from the Latin, ab-jicere, meaning to cast

off, away, or out. On a social level, abjection designates a degraded, stigmatized, or cast out

status. In psychoanalytic parlance, this is the notion of Verwerfung (foreclosure).

Butler states that “we regularly punish those who fail to do their gender right,” and similarly

punish those who fail to do their “race” right. Doing one’s “race” right often depends on doing

one’s socioeconomic class right. The regulatory regimes of “sex,” “sexuality,” “gender,”

“ability,” “race,” and “class” are inimically connected, and these connections are socially

maintained.

Today, the Supreme Court of the United States is coming for the rights of pregnant people to

control their bodies. Tomorrow, they will come for marriage equality. And the dominoes will

continue to fall by the wayside unless we as a nation counter the growing tide of patriarchal

Christian white supremacy, this fascism, this cancer that has metastasized.