cyn dis 10

Lie Detection

Walden University

FPSY - 6393; MS Psychology Capstone

Dr. Jackson

4/11/2021

Lie detection works with the goal of discovering the truth known by an individual but concealed from other persons. Psychophysiological detection of lie or polygraph is built on the theory that deception results in certain emotions that correspond to a specific physiological result. Polygraph detection of lies can be dated from thousands of years ago. However, the modern polygraph can be used to measure skin conductance, breathing, and blood pressure. There are alternative metrics applied in voice analysis of stress and functional resonance magnetic, although they have not been scientifically proven. Critics have, however, raised their concern on the effectiveness of polygraph methods based because the response is emotion-based and might not correspond to a person lying often. These methods have not, however, been applied in court scenarios. Brain fingerprinting is the commonly used electrical response admissible within courts.

Lie has been applied significantly and plays a major role in the life of a human being. Sai et al. (2018) discuss how people tell the truth as a means of escaping from one lie or escaping from external threats that might affect their individual lives. In some instances, the use of lies has become aimless, leading to habituation. However, various lie detection methods have been devised to deal with legal, medical and criminal cases (Fu et al., 2017). Various research studies have focused on uncovering the neural basis and cognitive process that underlies deception from a practical and theoretical significance.

Various scientific methods have been applied in understanding lie detection. Monaro et al. (2018) used scientific methods in understanding lie detection. Lie detection can be conducted by verifying identities that are fake using specific dynamics as analyzed within a written response.

During the 11th century, various countries applied trial methods through ordeal strategies. Additionally, observance of clinical physiology focuses on differentiating physiological responses correctly within monitoring that is long-term enabled. Invasive sensing is used to correlate con-textual measures, considering the internal and the behavior of an individual.

Distinguishing of the human lie has received notably a contentious amount of support based on its subjective nature. Anderson et al. (2018) have applied the lie detector idea that invariably has captured the press's interest and imagination over 100 years. Lie detectors have commonly been applied in instances such as games by setting generality, smoothness, and greedy traps.

These methods have led to the development of more scientific approaches. Sai et al. (2018) improvised the measuring pulse rate method through ordeal approaches. However, the authors did not consider that a person's heart rate could increase from internal body states such as stress, excitement, and frustration, and interest levels.

Vrij (2018) conducted a study on polygraphs and the contributions to understanding their cons. Vrij identified several methods that can be used in detecting lies using polygraphs in law enforcement. The identification of a criminal or suspected person aids in identifying guilt using polygraphs. However, the method does not work seemingly in all scenarios where innocent individuals are analyzed as guilt. For instance, a boy watched as a woman was killed and was taken as a suspect. Using the polygraph methods, the boy was assumed to be guilty. Still, the test did not consider the boy was sad about his mother's loss: these instances result in people getting scared to participate in polygraph tests.

In many instances, employees tend to convince their employers about their innocence. Vrij et al. (2028) suggest that employers can employ the model statement as a detection technique. Liars and truth-tellers often apply similar techniques regarding their nonverbal behavior by suppressing their nervousness by replacing them with all signs that create honest impressions.

Some employees could adopt the behavior of looking into their employers' eyes without fidgetings, such as scratching their wrists or heads. This makes the detection technique approach not reliable as it incorporates some relative nonverbal cues weakness as the participants adopt different techniques to create a convincing impression.

Nahari et al. (2019) apply the strategic use of evidence technique as a prospect in understanding the detection of the verbal lie. This explores different techniques used by liars and truth-tellers to avoid revealing incriminating information informal places such as interviews. The investigator conducts the exercise by asking questions related to the presented evidence but ensures that the participant is unaware of the evidence. For instance, the investigator could possess CCTV footage, but the participant is unaware of its presence.

In this case, a truth-teller participation account is consistent with the evidence available compared to the liars' account. When a participant notices that the investigator might hold some evidence, they often alter their accounts and find a way to provide a positive and innocent explanation concerning the foreseen evidence. Changes in stories by a liar are found within their statement's inconsistencies and often are more evident in liars than the truth-tellers.

Another strategy applied in lie detection is the model statement technique. According to Vidanagama et al. (2018), the daily situations in social life imply that individuals often withhold some information when revealing details. For instance, when asking for consumer reviews concerning a certain commodity, they often withhold some details concerning their taste to avoid negative reviews of commodities. This, however, results in business owners purchasing fraudsters in generating deceptive reviews of the given product.

In this case, Vidanagma suggests that we can apply the model statement strategy as a tool in lie detection. This helps in considering the quality of information rather than its quantity. It is evident from different customer reviews in various businesses that the liars and truth-tellers have a similar information amount considering their exposure to the statement model. The provided information by truth-tellers is believable to that given by liars. Various methods concerning consumer and business reviews have been applied to distinguish deceptive and credible reviews through data mining through such strategies.

In conclusion, public offices are responsible for maintaining employees' security and other individuals from fraudsters or deceptive information. They should adopt polygraph techniques concerning different options relying on deterring violations or detecting deception. When implementing a polygraph technique of lie detection, the decision relies on various factors such as its ability, strengths, and drawbacks. They should also try to consider alternative techniques by considering the rise of technology such as techniques that analyze the brain's activities and those focusing on external, observable behaviors. Lie detectors must venture into different methods from non-scientific, scientific, and biological techniques. Various methods of lie detection have been analyzed, where some are proven while others remain under research. Therefore, future researchers should identify lie detectors that are more available and cheaper to be assessed by people at all social levels.

References

Anderson, D., Stephenson, M., Togelius,J., Salge, C., Levine, J., & Renz, J. (2018,April). Deceptive games. In International Conference on the Applications of Evolutionary Computation (pp. 376-391). Springer, Cham.

Fu, H., Qiu, W., Ma, H., & Ma, Q. (2017). Neurocognitive mechanisms underlying deceptive hazard evaluation: an event-related potentials investigation. PloSone, 12(8), e0182892.

Monaro, M., Galante, C., Spolaor, R., Li, Q.Q., Gamberini, L., Conti, M., & Sartori, G. (2018). Covert lie detection using keyboard dynamics. Scientific reports, 8(1), 1-10.

Nahari, G., Ashkenazi, T., Fisher, R. P.,Granhag, P. A., Hershkowitz, I., Masip, J., ...& Vrij, A. (2019). 'Language of lies': Urgent issues and prospects in verbal lie detection research. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 24(1), 1-23.

Vidanagama, D. U., Silva, T. P., & Karunananda, A. S. (2020). Deceptive consumer review detection: a survey. Artificial Intelligence Review, 53(2),1323-1352.

Vrij, A., Leal, S., & Fisher, R. P. (2018). Verbal deception and the model statement as a lie detection tool. Frontiers in psychiatry, 9, 492.

Vrij, A. (2018). Verbal lie detection tools from an applied perspective. In Detecting concealed information and deception (pp.297-327). Academic Press.

Sai, L., Wu, H., Hu, X., & Fu, G. (2018). Telling the truth to deceive: examining executive control and reward-related processes underlying interpersonal deception. Brain and cognition, 125, 149-156.