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wk5replies5and6.docx

Wk5

reply 5

Due date: 8/3/2022

The musculoskeletal system is made up of voluntary muscles and connective tissues that work to enable body movement. Abnormal findings associated with musculoskeletal health dysfunctions include injury, infection, inflammatory diseases, non-inflammatory conditions or tumors. Symptoms that may indicate musculoskeletal problems include pain, numbness, edema, increased warmth, stiffness, and decreased range of movement (Falkner & Green, 2018). Some of the most common musculoskeletal disorders include osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. The limitations and pain associated with musculoskeletal conditions can reduce quality of life and patients may experience depression.

The metabolic system involves the endocrine system whereby organs secrete hormones for different body functions. Once released, the hormones bind to receptor sites to stimulate appropriate response. The endocrine system maintains metabolism and weight through hormones and growth factors that modulate appetite, satiety, energy balance, and contents and numbers of adipocytes (Oyewande et al., 2020). Abnormal findings of the metabolic system occur when the secretion of hormones is disrupted by stress, illness, surgery, cancer, trauma, infection, or autoimmune disease (Falkner & Green, 2018). Some of the conditions caused by hormone disruption include diabetes, hypothyroid, and Cushing’s syndrome. Diabetes occurs with metabolic changes and in turn alters other metabolic functions. Metabolic system disorders can cause physiologic complexities as well as stress and anxiety.

Multisystem health dysfunctions may include sepsis, shock, and multisystem response. Sepsis starts with a basic infection from a disease process which then spreads to the bloodstream causing systemic inflammatory response (SIRS), sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock (Falkner & Green, 2018). These conditions are associated with a temperature >38.3 or < 36 degrees (°) C, tachycardia, tachypnea, and white blood cell (WBC) count >12,000 cells/mm3 or <4000 cells/mm3 (Falkner & Green, 2018). Sepsis can quickly progress to multi-organ failure hence the need for quick treatment.

References

Falkner, A., & Green, S. Z. (2018). Musculoskeletal, Metabolism, and Multisystem Complexities. In Pathophysiology Clinical Applications for Client Health. https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs410v/pathophysiology-clinical-applications-for-client-health/v1.1/#/chapter/5

Oyewande, A. A., Iqbal, B., Abdalla, L. F., Karim, F., & Khan, S. (2020). An Overview of the Pathophysiology of Metabolic Changes and Their Sequence of Occurrence in Obese Diabetic Females: A Narrative Review. Cureus, 12(10), e10947. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.10947

(Please write 100 words using APA format with at least two references. Sources must be published within the last 5 years. There should be a mix between research and your reflections. Add critical thinking in the posts along with research. Apply the material in a substantial way.)

Wk5

reply 6

Due date: 8/4/2022

Osteoporosis is a musculoskeletal disorder that involves decreased bone mineral density thereby making the bone porous and increases the risk of fractures (Falkner & Green, 2018). It occurs as a result of an imbalance between bone resorption and formation. Osteoporosis is the most common disease of the bone.

The risk factors for osteoporosis are classified as modifiable including diet and lifestyle factors, and non-modifiable including genetics. Nutritional deficiency and high consumption of junk food is one of the risk factors. Inadequate consumption of dietary protein, calcium, vitamin D, fruits, whole grains, and dairy products is associated with lower bone mass and increased risk of fracture (Pouresmaeili et al., 2018). In addition, absence of vitamin K in the diet leads to the impairment of calcium removal process. Alcohol consumption are also associated with poor bone health in men, while smoking is linked to loss of bone mass and increased osteoporotic fractures. Genetic factors and family history of osteoporosis as some of the unmodifiable risk factors for osteoporosis. Other risk factors include being female, early menopause, late menarche, nullparity, small statute, Caucasian, weight below normal, and rheumatoid arthritis (Falkner & Green, 2018).

To restore patients to optimal health, nurses should provide adequate psychosocial support as many patients experience depressed mood. The nurse should consider factors such as insurance, finance, transportation, and other limitations and their impact on adherence to treatment and management. Culture may also affect the treatment plan and ability of the patient to manage osteoporosis, while some patients rely support and advice from spiritual leaders as a coping mechanism (Falkner & Green, 2018). Management of osteoporosis may also involve therapies to increase bone mass and decrease bone resorption. Both aerobic and resistant training as well as adequate daily intake of calcium and vitamin D have been associated with maintenance of bone health (Pouresmaeili et al., 2018).

References

Pouresmaeili, F., Kamalidehghan, B., Kamarehei, M., & Goh, Y. M. (2018). A comprehensive overview on osteoporosis and its risk factors. Therapeutics and clinical risk management, 14, 2029–2049. https://doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S138000