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Wk5

reply 1

Due date: 8/2/2022

The human body can experience inflammation due to several different reasons. Common triggers include trauma/injury, infection, autoimmune disorders, and obesity. Some of these triggers are acute but some inflammation can lead to chronic local or systemic inflammatory states. Obesity has been studied in greater depth and is now considered a low-grade inflammatory state that can predispose the person to metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and musculoskeletal complications (Collins, et al., 2018).

There are abnormal findings with these disorders, and patients can experience a variety of symptoms. Abnormal findings of the musculoskeletal system include bone loss, muscle atrophy, numbness, edema, muscle spasms, decreased range of motion/stiffness, and pain. Additional clinical findings can be identified with lab and diagnostic workups for disease. Abnormal findings and associated symptoms of metabolic diseases include dizziness, thirst, diaphoresis, altered mental status, increased urination, fruity breath, nausea, and gastrointestinal problems. Elevated hemoglobin A1C is an indicator of diabetes. In addition, people with metabolic disorders have a greater likelihood of developing other diseases such as polycystic ovary syndrome, diabetes, hypothyroidism, and other metabolic disturbances. When the body has a systemic inflammatory response to infection or another inflammatory process, the release of immune system components can lead to sepsis or septicemia. Sepsis has three phases: systemic inflammatory response (SIRS), severe sepsis, and septic shock. Certain populations have a higher risk for developing sepsis such as geriatric, trauma, burn, and persons with multiple co-morbidities. Early recognition and aggressive treatment should be a priority to reduce the chances of multi-system organ dysfunction and death associated with septic shock. Caring for patients with musculoskeletal, metabolic, and multisystem complexities requires a multi-system approach that addresses the physical, psychological, and spiritual needs of the patient and their families (Faulkner & Green, 2018).

Physical health promotion should focus on preventative and restorative health functions—this can include medication management for comfort. Psychological support should aid with the patient's understanding and management of the complexities of their disease and the profound impact disease can have on their mental health. Psychological response to disease can put them at high risk for developing fear, coping problems, anxiety, depression, and feelings of hopelessness. Cultural and spiritual needs should also be addressed as many patients rely on their cultural and spiritual resources for support when coping with the disease. Inability to embrace these holistic components in care can lead to the patient's fundamental needs being unmet. Nurses are an integral component of a multisystem approach to care for patients suffering from diseases and can provide education and a holistic approach to health prevention and wellness (Faulkner & Green, 2018).

References

Collins, K. H., et al. (2018). Obesity, Metabolic syndrome, and musculoskeletal disease: Common inflammatory pathways suggest a central role in the loss of muscle integrity. Frontiers in physiology, 9, 112. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00112

Faulkner, A. & Green, S. (2018). Musculoskeletal, metabolism, and multisystem complexities. Pathophysiology: Clinical applications for client health. Grand Canyon University (Ed). https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs410v/pathophysiology-clinical-applications-for-client-health/v1.1/

(Please write 100 words using APA format with at least two references. Sources must be published within the last 5 years. There should be a mix between research and your reflections. Add critical thinking in the posts along with research. Apply the material in a substantial way.)

Wk5

reply 2

Due date: 8/2/2022

The musculoskeletal system consists of bones and cartilages that provide balance to the body and facilitate locomotion. The musculoskeletal system's pathophysiological changes and abnormal findings include fatigue, body weakness, reduced mobility, and inability to lift hands and feet with ease. These abnormal findings and changes have various effects on patients, including the following. The patient is unable to walk properly and perform essential mechanical duties (Frontera, 2017). In most cases, these patients have families who look up to them for supper. When they develop such changes, they cannot provide for the families; thus, they depend on others for help. Furthermore, the patient suffers psychologically and may develop stress and depression.

The abnormalities and changes associated with metabolic dysfunction are of different types. An example is those that affect the food absorption process. They result in abnormal food absorption, which leads to increased blood glucose level. When blood glucose rises above normal, it results in hyperglycemia. This condition is characterized by abdominal pain, poor appetite, weight loss, and slowed development (Boro & Freemont, 2017). The patient suffers significantly because they cannot live normally yet must buy drugs and take them. Another type is multisystem health dysfunction that affects the body's major organs. It causes head infections, chest and neck infections, coughing and chest pain. The patient's functioning is affected because they are unable to perform everyday duties.

References

Boros, K., & Freemont, T. (2017). Physiology of ageing of the musculoskeletal system. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology, 31(2), 203-217.

Frontera, W. R. (2017). Physiologic changes of the musculoskeletal system with aging: a brief review. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics, 28(4), 705-711.

Wk5

reply 3

Due date: 8/3/2022

Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease that affects people of all ages, genders, and races. Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass, disruption of bone architecture, and deterioration of bone tissue. Osteoporosis leads to decreased bone strength and increases a person's risk for injury and pathological fracture (Sözen, et al., 2017).

Nurses can help manage this patient's condition by promoting preventative and restorative health measures:

· Education, prevention, and management of other chronic diseases that contribute to osteoporosis.

· Promote functional independence and physical exercise tailored to the patient's condition.

· Encourage a well-balanced diet to include fruits and vegetables, lean protein, low-fat dairy, and Omega 3 fatty acids (low inflammatory diet).

· Provide education (compliance) on medication management for optimal musculoskeletal function including non-opioid or opioid anti-inflammatories.

· Recommend or coordinate care for the provision of supportive equipment if indicated.

· Promote psychological wellness—monitor for depression, anxiety, fear, and coping related to loss of functional independence.

· Identify and support cultural and spiritual needs.

· Provide resources for patient and family support tailored to their cognitive ability: paper, websites, local/national organizations, support groups, etc.

Nurses have a duty to the patient and their families to advocate for health, wellness, and preventative care (Faulkner & Green, 2018).

References

Sözen, T., et al. (2017). An overview and management of osteoporosis. European journal of rheumatology, 4(1), 46–56. https://doi.org/10.5152/eurjrheum.2016.048

Wk5

reply 4

Due date: 8/4/2022

Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by low bone mass, resulting in weakened bones that are fragile and can easily fracture or break. It is mainly associated with wrist, leg, hip and spine fractures. The risk factors for osteoporosis include age, unhealthy diet, lack of regular physical activity and drug and alcohol consumption. Age is a crucial factor in osteoporosis development, where older persons are at a higher risk of getting it (Sinaki, 2021). Furthermore, unhealthy diets such as low calcium diets increase the risk for the condition because these minerals are used to form and maintain bones. Lack of regular physical activity leads to weakened bones, increasing the risk for osteoporosis. Also, drug abuse and heavy alcohol consumption weakens bones and makes them lose mass, and may result in osteoporosis with time.

The contemporary world presents a wide range of conditions due to the lifestyle people are living. Nurses are mandated with helping patients with these conditions. They can help patients with osteoporosis restore their optimum health by performing the following. First, they should create awareness about the disease in populations (Yu et al., 2020). This will help people know that the condition can be cured by applying the right interventions and not panic. Secondly, the nurse should encourage people to make healthy decisions such as take diets rich in calcium and avoid smoking and alcohol. Furthermore, they should urge populations to engage in regular physical activity to promote the strengthening of the bones.

References

Sinaki, M. (2021). Osteoporosis. In Braddom's Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (pp. 690-714). Elsevier.

Yu, E. W., Tsourdi, E., Clarke, B. L., Bauer, D. C., & Drake, M. T. (2020). Osteoporosis Management in the Era of COVID‐19. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 35(6), 1009-1013.