Final Capstone Project Presentation

Literature Review: Childhood and Adult Immunization Healthcare Service Delivery

Adetoun Bakare

Walden University

HLTH 4900 Capstone

May 12, 2019

Prof. Montrece Ransom

Childhood and Adult Immunization Content and Healthcare Quality

The healthcare management system in the US has placed emphasis on the control of various viral diseases by immunization program. A wide range of healthcare workers agrees that child and adult immunization s the one top advancement in public healthcare (Salmon et al., 2006). Children and adult immunization program include the prevention of disease such as Malaria, Measles, whooping cough and influenza among other pediatric infectious diseases. In the USA the overall rates of immunization are generally low and over time has not changed much. The adult immunization program, however, has received slow uptake rates due to cultural and beliefs that the society gave birth to. Although low rates are recorded, the number of children not receiving complete immunization schedule in the US had quadrupled in the past 17 years (Cordrey et al., 2018). According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report, there is a growing concern about the immunization of the kindergartners and preschoolers in the USA (Ortiz et al., 2016). The healthcare system has enriched the immunization schedule for children and adults to include all infectious diseases that are proving a threat to the global scene. However, many of the US parents do not amicably follow the content of the immunization schedule for the basic preventive practice in the healthcare system. Adult immunization program, however, is still facing skeptics and a high form of refusal due to socio-cultural and economic factors. This poses a risk of increasing the chances of the occurrence of immunizable diseases in the general population because the adult population is scantly protected. The world trend is almost the same. The World Health Organization (WHO) together with other international healthcare players have collaborated to increase the quality and accessibility of high cost-effective immunization programs but various regions continue to lag behind in performance (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2015). However, intense programs for child and adult immunization agaist viral infectious disease have increased thus reflecting on the increase in the global immunization uptake rates (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2015).

Role of Research on Children and Adult Immunization Program

Child and adult healthcare quality services had improved globally due to advancement in technological development, which has improved research in different immunizations against different communicable diseases with a dare aim of improving service delivery. For instance, immunization in adults, vaccination of HIV and AIDs and immunization against whooping cough are major steps made in the research or controlling and eradicating contagious or communicable diseases (Ortiz et al., 2016). Empirical studies using equipments like CT scan, MRI and other technologies that have facilitated examination of people’s health condition using analysis of blood only (Salmon et al., 2006). Quantitative and qualitative research methods have been employed in various healthcare fields to investigate the effectiveness of various immunization programs against different diseases in the world (Vandelaer & Olaniran, 2015). The results have been used to increase awareness of the program, evaluate the effectiveness and develop more immunization schedules against other contagious diseases. By evaluating the cost-effectiveness, technological roles, attitudes, and perceptions facing child and adult immunization program and healthcare workers role in the quality healthcare immunization program, research has helped improving healthcare service quality. Research has found out that healthcare providers play a key role in assimilation and adoption of various healthcare techniques and immunization interventions that are aimed at reducing healthcare burden on the people (Platis, Reklitis & Zimeras, 2015).

Impact of Quality Population Health on Child and Adult Immunization

Improved quality of healthcare service delivery is instrumental in the reduction of threats

of low child and adult immunization uptake. The number of people suffering from immunizable

diseases will dramatically reduce with increased quality of healthcare service. Literature reveals

that the low rate of uptake of immunization in the US is linked to the dogma that immunization

in children is responsible for Autism (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2015). Increase awareness/education, accessibility to healthcare facilities, availability of qualified and experienced health workers and tremendously increased immunization uptake and thus reduced the rates of morbidity and mortality in communicable diseases in the US in both children and adults. Increased awareness about the contraction and severity of disease in immunized and non-immunized has increased the uptake of immunization schedules in most households in the US from 19% to 32%. Increasing the familiarity of the immunizable diseases as also contributed to the rising uptake of child and adult immunization schedule in the most states of the US (Salmon et al., 2006).

Legal and Ethical Factors Affecting Child and Adult Immunization Service Delivery

Various factors have played a big role in uplifting the quality of healthcare service delivery in the world (Vandelaer & Olaniran, 2015). Technology has improved healthcare record flow and organization, real-time consultation with healthcare providers and techniques and tools for administering healthcare services. The Legal framework has formalized legal structure for medical interventions like immunization programs and quality prescriptions for travelers (Ortiz et al., 2016).

Culture and Child and Adult Immunization

Several factors cause the prevalent low uptake of immunization in the US. The myth of autism in children immunized has contributed to over 40% of the children not being immunized in the US. Globally, socio-cultural factors, especially in Sub Sahara developing countries prohibit adult males form undertaking immunization. According to Lakew et al. (2015), immunization is a program that is exclusive for children because adults are presumed mature and defensive in immunity. Other factors include time, accessibility and money. Increased number of doses in the immunization program has worsened the uptake (Mohammed et al., 2016). According to the Behaviour Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) report 2011, healthcare worker also recorded low immunization rates due to ethical concerns (Pierannunzi et al., 2013). In the US, cultural diversity has slowed down the rates of adoption of immunization schedules. The world’s female population is three times that of male. This has affected the male healthcare service delivery because most medical interventions have been focused on women. However, research has helped identify the discrepancy and researchers are working closely with practitioners to improve male population immunization interventions. Africa and Asia are adversely affected in terms of healthcare services. Because most of the people in these regions are conservative, the highly mechanized or computerized medical interventions have faced a major adoption challenge. For instance, immunization program against hepatitis and other viral diseases in adults has been highly fought (Vandelaer & Olaniran, 2015). Some regions in the world and in the US have cultures that consider some healthcare practices a taboo. These cultures have deterred the progress of adult immunization uptake thus impeded high-quality healthcare service delivery in controlling immunizable diseases. Continued building of healthcare interventions awareness, has continuously lowered the effects of the culture on healthcare practices thus increasing quality (Ortiz et al., 2016).

Technology and Immunization Interventions

The technology of healthcare delivery has increased the number of immunizable diseases through research and development of doses. However, this has only affected a lower population taking full immunization doses (Ortiz et al., 2016). Technological advancement increased immunizable by 32% in 2015 globally thus reducing health challenges. In reference to diverse tools and equipments, child and Adult immunization program has been fostered because of the disapproval of immunizations linked to Autism in children (Platis, Reklitis & Zimeras, 2015). Again, since autism can be diagnosed and treated exclusively, technology has increased knowledge on the cause of the disease and thus erased the adverse belief that caused low US immunization uptake (Vandelaer & Olaniran, 2015).

Inter-Professional Approach on Child and Adult Immunization

The world health care services systems have incorporated all stakeholders in health to improve uptake of immunizable disease dosage. The community healthcare workers, doctors, and other practitioners have been mobilized to ensure immunization programs, surveying immunizable-preventable diseases and other healthcare services are improved (Torres et al., 2015). In the US, 49 States are conducting National Immunization Survey for both children and adults in order to develop an Immunization Information Systems for the nation. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is working with healthcare providers to provide leadership strategy for the Immunization surveys in order to promote both internal and external children, adolescents and adults’ immunization program (Platis, Reklitis & Zimeras, 2015).

Acute and Long-term care Immunization issues

The most profound issues that should be considered in the child and adult immunization program are capacity building, awareness, are and accessibility of the doses. Acute shortages of the immunization doses have hindered high rates of uptake in most parts of the world. The US has devolved immunization services into lower levels and thus records moderate levels. Other critical issues are cultural attitudes and health worker perspectives (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2015). Research reveals that culture impedes many adults in developing countries from immunization of contagious diseases. Continued research into the effectiveness and scope of immunization need to increase so that the society has full information in the immunizable diseases, disease epidemiology and severity on non-immunized individuals, so that the population makes informed decision to take immunization programs as scheduled (Vandelaer & Olaniran, 2015).

Private and public organizations in Child and Adult Immunization Delivery

In order to foster quality child and adult immunization program; both private and public practitioners in the US have been involved in the provision of immunization services. The government in this instance plays both a supervisory role and provision of quality healthcare services (Vandelaer & Olaniran, 2015). For instance, in US private clinics administer about 15% of childhood immunizations. Private providers serve on economic ability, but the government offers free. In the adult’s program, such safe net services are not available in the US (Lakew et al., 2015). Formation of practitioners’ supervisory umbrella like American Medical Association, American Academy of Family Physicians, American College of Preventive Medicine, Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, National Association of County and City Health Officials, and American Public Health Association ensure adherence to the healthcare program like child and adult immunization against communicable diseases (Torres et al., 2015).

Immunization Program Human resource organization

Proper organization of healthcare human resources has revealed to increase immunization service delivery by 15%. This influences speed, accessibility and timely administration of healthcare services. Departmentalization or regionalization of the immunization program, creation of supervisory organs, individual planning, and functional work group have increased US immunization uptake to 25%. Highly motivated personnel accounted for a 54% decrease in the number of service delivery complaints (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2015).

References

Bandyopadhyay, A. S., Garon, J., Seib, K., & Orenstein, W. A. (2015). Polio vaccination: past, present and future. Future microbiology, 10(5), 791-808.

Cordrey, K., McLaughlin, L., Das, P., & Milanaik, R. (2018). Pediatric resident education and preparedness regarding vaccine-preventable diseases. Clinical pediatrics, 57(3), 327-334.

Lakew, Y., Bekele, A., & Biadgilign, S. (2015). Factors influencing full immunization coverage among 12–23 months of age children in Ethiopia: evidence from the national demographic and health survey in 2011. BMC public health, 15(1), 728.

Ortiz, J. R., Perut, M., Dumolard, L., Wijesinghe, P. R., Jorgensen, P., Ropero, A. M., ... & Lambach, P. (2016). A global review of national influenza immunization policies: Analysis of the 2014 WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Form on immunization. Vaccine, 34(45), 5400-5405.

Pierannunzi, C., Hu, S. S., & Balluz, L. (2013). A systematic review of publications assessing reliability and validity of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2004–2011. BMC medical research methodology, 13(1), 49.

Platis, C., Reklitis, P., & Zimeras, S. (2015). Relation between job satisfaction and job performance in healthcare services. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 175, 480-487.

Salmon, D. A., Smith, P. J., Navar, A. M., Pan, W. K., Omer, S. B., Singleton, J. A., & Halsey, N. A. (2006). Measuring immunization coverage among preschool children: past, present, and future opportunities. Epidemiologic reviews, 28(1), 27-40.

Torres, A., Bonanni, P., Hryniewicz, W., Moutschen, M., Reinert, R. R., & Welte, T. (2015). Pneumococcal vaccination: what have we learnt so far and what can we expect in the future?. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 34(1), 19-31.

Vandelaer, J., & Olaniran, M. (2015). Using a school-based approach to deliver immunization—global update. Vaccine, 33(5), 719-725.