Research Designs

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Qualitative Research Methods Matrix

	Approach	Disciplinary Roots	Focus of Central Research Question	Unique Terminology	Primary Data Sources	Sampling Issues	Analysis Plan Guidelines	References
Submit in Week 2	Basic Qualitative Inquiry	Philosophy, history constructionism, phenomenology	· How can the experience of [an event, circumstance, program, a context] be described or explored? · What is the meaning of [a process, program, or event] to the target individual(s) of interest? · What “practical” knowledge can be learned?	Use of the words “describe,” “explore,” “experience,” and “meaning” in title and research questions	Interviews	Choice is a function of the question	Content analysis is a good choice as it is generic and exploratory	Elo et al., 2014 Merriam, 2009 Saldana, 2016 Worthington, 2013
	Qualitative Case Study	Analyzing a specific topic: Case study of historical events An analysis of psychological cases Analyse ethnographic An analysis of social issues	What are the goals, mission, and vision of the organization? In what ways does the manager of an organization demonstrate leadership qualities? In order to achieve its goals, what measures does the organization take. Does the case address any mental health issues? Does the case address any mental health issues?	A holistic approach Observation of phenomenon In a natural setting	Documents, interviews, reports, observations	In selecting representative data, the researcher must ensure that the data is representative. The case should be examined as an illustration of the topic under consideration	Describes and explains things holistically. An explanation of a specific phenomenon.	Patton, 2014 Hays & Singh, 2012, Harling, 2012 Donnelly, Brenchley, Crawford & Letts, 2013
	Grounded Theory and Realism	Management, drama, education, and psychiatry are all specialized fields in psychology, medical sociology, and psychiatry	How can the events described above be attributed to a theory? What is the credit approval process for small retail merchants?	A theory of induction, a theory of sampling, a constant comparison, open coding, axial coding, saturation, memo writing	Axial and open coding, interviews, and documents	Sampling theoretic always presents a problem of elusiveness and inconsistency	Documents, notes, and interviews that are analyzed for content. Analyzes data to organize various ideas.	Jørgensen, 2001 Barello et al., 2015, Charmaz, 2016
	Phenomenology and Heuristic Inquiry	Psychology Sociology and social work	How does this phenomenon affect this individual or group of individuals and what is its essence, structure, and meaning? How do I experience this phenomenon and what is the essential experience of others who have also experienced it intensely?	hermeneutical phenomenology, textural description, transcendental phenomenology,	Participant Interviews, questionnaires	Information about the sample will be collected in extensive detail, various impressions will be processed, and contradictory information will be managed	Systemic analysis	Howard & Hirani, 2013, Houghton, Casey, Shaw & Murphy, 2013, Creswell, & Poth, 2017
Submit in Week 3	Social Constructivism and Narrative Inquiry	Social sciences, oral history, autoethnography, biographical study, life history	Why do researchers construct their studies, studies and reports according to their context? What is the participants' conceptualization of the research problem?	Autobiography, autobiographical studies, restorying, and constructivist philosophical framework	Interviews, observation, questionnaires, focus groups	Participants with direct experience of interest	Throughout a research project, analysis is performed. Analyzing the experiences of a person	Creswell, & Poth, 2017
	Systems Theory
	Ethnography and Autoethnography
	Interactive and Participatory Qualitative Applications

Highlight indicates example response.

Modified from Patton, M.Q. (2014). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications

Hays, D. G., & Singh, A. A. (2012). Qualitative research paradigms and traditions. Qualitative inquiry in clinical and educational settings, 32-66.

Harling, K. (2012). An overview of case study. Available at SSRN 2141476.

Jørgensen, U. (2001). Grounded theory: Methodology and theory construction. International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences, 1, 6396-6399.

Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2017). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage publications.

MacDonald, C. (2012). Understanding participatory action research: A qualitative research methodology option. The Canadian Journal of Action Research, 13(2), 34-50.

Mele, C., Pels, J., & Polese, F. (2010). A brief review of systems theories and their managerial applications. Service Science, 2(1-2), 126-135.