Enviromental Science

SCIN140 Annotated Bibliography Template

**Please review the provided example before completing and submitting this assignment.

Name: Marquis Robinson

Date: 26 APR 2026

You will review two peer-reviewed sources below. For guidance on how to select peer-reviewed papers, see the assignment instructions. Non-peer reviewed articles will not be accepted so reach out to instructor with questions.

Please upload your articles as separate documents along with the assignment (5 points each)

Source #1 Title (2 pts)

Lead Levels in Tap Water at Licensed North Carolina Child Care Facilities, 2020–2021

Reference in APA format (8 pts)

Redmon, J. H., Kondash, A. J., Norman, E., Johnson, J., Levine, K., McWilliams, A., Napier, M., Weber, F., Stella, L., Wood, E., Jackson, C. L. P., & Mulhern, R. (2022). Lead Levels in Tap Water at Licensed North Carolina Child Care Facilities, 2020–2021. American Journal of Public Health (1971), 112(S7), S695–S705. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307003

In-text citation in APA format (4 pts)

(Redmon et al., 2022)

Summary (18 pts)

This study looked at thousands of water taps in North Carolina childcare centers to see if lead was a problem. The researchers found that more than half of the centers had at least one faucet that was contaminated. The data showed that buildings using private wells and older plumbing systems were the most likely to have high lead levels. Overall, the study proves that lead is still a major issue in the state's water, especially in older buildings. This research is important because it shows that regular testing is the only way to know if the water is actually safe for kids to drink.

Evaluation (13 pts)

This is a peer-reviewed journal article published in the American Journal of Public Health, which is a highly credible source for environmental health research. I located this source using the APUS Trefry Library database by filtering for scholarly publications. The lead authors are established experts from RTI International and the NC Department of Health, giving them significant authority on the subject of water quality. This source is particularly reliable because it utilizes a massive statewide dataset to prove a specific type of water pollution occurring in thousands of locations. By providing data specifically from North Carolina, this article offers the localized scientific evidence necessary to support my project's focus on regional water safety.

Source #2 Title (2 pts)

Lead occurrence in North Carolina well water: importance of sampling representation and collection techniques

Reference in APA format (8 pts)

Wilson, L., Hayes, W., Jones, C. N., Eaves, L. A., Wait, K. D., George, A., Freeman, B., Mize, W., Fowlkes, J., Currie, J., Burchell, M., Gray, K., Fry, R. C., & Pieper, K. J. (2024). Lead occurrence in North Carolina well water: importance of sampling representation and collection techniques. Environmental Research Letters, 19(4), 44020. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad2b2c

In-text citation in APA format (4 pts)

(Wilson et al., 2024)

Summary (18 pts)

This 2024 study investigated the specific ways lead gets into the drinking water of North Carolina households that rely on private wells. The research focused on how different sampling and collection methods can change the accuracy of lead detection in a home's water supply. A major finding was that because these wells aren't regulated like municipal systems, many families are likely consuming lead without being aware of the risk. The data gathered across the state showed that lead isn't typically in the groundwater itself but leaches out of the actual household pipes and fixtures. This is a significant concern because it means the pollution is originating from the home's own plumbing infrastructure. Ultimately, the study proves that lead is a persistent chemical pollutant that continues to threaten the safety of residents in rural North Carolina.

Evaluation (13 pts)

For this part of my research, I selected a peer-reviewed article from Environmental Research Letters to get a modern scientific perspective on groundwater safety. This journal is a highly credible publishing source because it requires a rigorous expert review process and focuses on high-impact environmental issues. The study's credibility is further supported by the authors’ credentials, as they are established researchers from NC State and UNC Chapel Hill with expertise in toxicology. I chose this specific source because it provides very recent, localized data that is directly relevant to the water quality issues in my state. It helps me bridge the gap between broad water pollution concepts and the actual health risks faced by North Carolina residents. Including this study allows me to present a more complete picture of how chemical pollutants move through our local environment and into the tap water.