Sophie Miles

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TWO-PART ASSIGNMENT

DISCUSSION IS DUE WEDNESDAY 06/09/21 AND THE ASSIGNMENT IS DUE ON SATURDAY 06/12/21

Week 2: Labels and Models in the Assessment Process

In 2006, the 130-year-old American Association on Mental Retardation changed its name to the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities because it recognized that within the culture of its membership opinion toward the term mental retardation had turned negative. In its press release, an official noted, “This new name is an idea whose time has come. Individuals with disabilities and family members do not like the term mental retardation and their advocacy is encouraging political and social change at national, state, and local levels. Our members demanded that we keep up with [the] times and they voted for this name change” (American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 2006).

Like the disabilities field, the field of addictions also relies on terms and labels to diagnose, treat, and intervene. One precaution in working in the field is to understand the controversy surrounding labeling, the effect of labeling on clients, and the influence of cultural context on labels. A consideration affecting assessment and treatment is the underlying model used to inform processes.

This week, you examine the implications of labeling in addictions assessment, and you explore the relationship between addiction models and assessment processes.

Learning Objectives

Students will:

· Analyze implications of labeling in the addictions assessment process

· Analyze influences of cultural context on labeling in the addictions assessment process

· Analyze the relationship between models of addiction and assessment processes

· Evaluate controversies associated with models of addiction

Learning Resources

Required Readings

Gordis, E. (2009). Contributions of behavioral science to alcohol research: Understanding who is at risk and why. In G. A. Marlatt, & K. Witkiewitz (Eds.), Addictive behaviors: New readings on etiology, prevention, and treatment (pp. 19–32). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Addictive Behaviors: New Readings on Etiology, Prevention, and Treatment, 1st Edition by Marlatt, G. & Witkiewitz, K. Copyright 2008 by American Psychological Association. Reprinted by permission of American Psychological Association via the Copyright Clearance Center.

For your Assignment, focus on the various hypotheses that describe why some individuals develop addictions and how certain age groupings are affected by alcohol.

Miller, G. (2010). Learning the language of addiction counseling. New York, NY: Wiley. Learning the Language of Addiction Counseling [Third Edition] by Gerri Miller. Copyright 2012 by John Wiley and Sons - Books. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley and Sons - Books via the Copyright Clearance Center

· Chapter 1, “Introduction” For your Assignment, focus on the various models of addiction and how they might relate to assessment.

Van der Aa, N., Overbeek, G., Engels, R. C. M. E., Scholte, R. H. J., Meerkerk, G-J., & den Eijnden, R. J. J. M. (2009). Daily and compulsive internet use and well-being in adolescence: A diathesis-stress model based on Big Five personality traits. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 38(6), 765–776.

For your Assignment, focus on how the diathesis-stress model is applied in assessing Internet addiction in adolescents. Pay particular attention to how this model was incorporated into the assessment of Dutch adolescents in order to study their behavior.

Young, R. S., & Joe, J. R. (2009). Some thoughts about the epidemiology of alcohol and drug use among American Indian/Alaska Native populations. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 8(3), 223–241.

Focus on the cultural context of alcoholism in the Indian/Alaska Native populations. How might such labels as alcoholic and drinker differ in these populations as opposed to a different population in the United States?

Volkow, N. D., & Koob, G. (2015). Brain disease model of addiction: why is it so controversial?. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2(8), 677-679.

Nordqvist, C. (2011, August 16). Addiction has a new definition - It is a disease, not just bad choices or behaviors. Medical News Today. Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/232841.php#1

American Society of Addiction Medicine. (2011, August 15). New definition of addiction: Addiction is a chronic brain disease, not just bad behavior or bad choices. ScienceDaily. Retrieved from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110815095013.htm

Focus on how the new definition of addiction differs from definitions of years past. Why would this new definition be controversial? How would it affect treatment and practices?

Optional Resources

Hamlin, J. (n.d.). Labelling theory (social reaction theory). Unpublished manuscript, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Minnesota-Duluth. Retrieved November 25, 2013, from http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/jhamlin/2311/Labeling%20Theory.pdf

· Chapter 1, “Introduction”

Kroska, A., & Harkness, S. K. (2008). Exploring the role of diagnosis in the modified labeling theory of mental illness. Social Psychology Quarterly, 71(2), 193–208.

Richard, A. J., Trevino, R. A., Baker, M., & Valdez, J. (2010). Negative Reflected Appraisal, Negative Self-Perception, and Drug Use Intentions in a Sample of Suburban High School Students. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 19(3), 93-209.

THIS IS DUE 06/09/21 WEDNESDAY

Discussion: Implications of Labeling

Assessment starts out with the best of intentions. Addictions professionals apply labels associated with common presenting characteristics in order to provide an understanding of the type of help each person may require. This is the rationale behind the American Psychiatric Association’s classic Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), first published in 1952 to consolidate census and psychiatric hospital information. This resource crosses many fields, from medicine to psychiatry to psychology.

Despite the success of this text and the respect it has garnered in the field, a decades-long controversy has surrounded the use of labels in addictions. As the primary provider of labels, the DSM is at one end of the spectrum. At the other end are those who criticize labels as being too limiting for various reasons, including cultural considerations. (For the purposes of this course, culture goes beyond race and ethnicity to include other defining aspects, such as social group, neighborhood, sexual orientation, occupation, and others.) An individual’s behavior might be perceived as deviant by one culture but not by another. It is also important to remember that the DSM has undergone many revisions, the most recent in the DSM-5; it is important to stay abreast of the changes as they occur.

In this week’s Discussion, you will analyze the implications of labeling and cultural considerations in the addictions assessment process.

· “Some Thoughts About the Epidemiology of Alcohol and Drug Use Among American Indian/Alaska Native Populations”

· “Views and Models About Addiction: Differences Between Treatments for Alcohol-Dependent People and for Illicit Drug Consumers in Italy”

To prepare

Review the Learning Resources, including the following articles:

By Day 4

Post your response to the following:

What role, if any, should labeling play in the addictions assessment process? In your response, include implications and cultural considerations.

By Day 6

Respond to at least one of your colleagues’ postings in one or more of the following ways:

· Respond to someone who took a different viewpoint from your own.

· Offer an insight on labeling outside of the addictions profession that furthers the Discussion.

· Expand on an implication or consideration.

THIS IS DUE 06/12/21 SATURDAY

Assignment: Models of Addiction and the Assessment Process

Several models are prominent in the field of addictions; these models include the medical model, moral model, and the biopsychosocial model. A particular model advocated by an addictions professional will influence the professional’s choices of assessment methods and treatment of addiction.

To prepare:

· Consider the following definition of addiction by Michael Miller, M.D., former president of the American Society of Addiction Medicine: “At its core, addiction is not just a social problem or a moral problem or a criminal problem. It is a brain problem whose behaviors manifest in all these others areas…The disease is about brains, not drugs. It is about underlying neurology, not outward actions” (as cited in Nordqvist, 2011).

Assignment Directions:

· Review the articles by Volkow and Koob, Nordqvist, and the American Society of Addiction Medicine

· Research two articles that support or refute this position.

· Examine Miller’s statement and, based on your research, identify which model it reflects and the implications for the assessment process.

By Day 7

Submit a 2- to 4-page paper that includes the following:

· A brief description of the articles you chose and an explanation of their significance to Miller’s definition

· An explanation of the model reflected in Miller’s statement and its implications for the assessment process

· An explanation of the controversy that exists between models of addiction and their effects on assessment

· An explanation of the relationship between the models of addiction and assessment processes

Cite your sources using APA guidelines.