Help Needed

Wk 1 Discussion - Title

Post a substantive response for each peer which includes a minimum of one scholarly citation with reference in the response. 

Respond to the following in a minimum of 175 words each: 

Valerie Long

At one time alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, LSD, opium, and even heroin were legal and thought to be therapeutic (Capuzzi & Stauffer, 2016). Cocaine was even used in soft drinks at one time. Over time each was deemed to be unhealthy, addictive and regulations were needed to control them. Heroin was at one time used to treat alcoholism and morphine addiction (Capuzzi & Stauffer, 2016). Capuzzi & Stauffer (2016) list: Moral, psychological, family, disease, public health, developmental, biological, sociocultural, and multicausal models as etiological theories. I believe that individuals have one or more of these theories that can relate to their story. There is no single factor that causes addiction. Which leads to the biopsychosocial model of addiction. This includes genetic, personality, psychological, cognitive, social, and environmental factors (Skewes & Gonzalez, 2013). Alcoholism runs in my family, some members are worse than others, even though we know there is a high risk of addiction it did not slow any of our family down on picking up the drink. We saw it growing up, we were around it all the time, we knew addiction was strong in the family, yet we did it anyway. 

Capuzzi, D. & Stauffer, M. D. (2016). Foundations of addictions counseling (3rd ed.). Pearson Education, Inc.

Skewes, M.C. & Gonzalez, V.M. (2013) The biopsychosocial model of addiction. https://is.muni.cz/el/1423/jaro2018/PSY109/um/68207459/Biopsychosocial_Model_of_Addiction_Miller_P__2013__Principles_of_Addiction.pdf

Angie Eller

Top of Form

Although the consumption of cannabis, cocaine, alcohol and opioids have anciently historical roots, attitudes and approaches toward addiction and treatment have drastically changed through the years. In 1879 a Civil War Surgeon founded a medical institution that treated addiction through hydration, adequate sleep, and healthy foods. He also injected his patients 4 times daily with what was believed to be a combination of alcohol, atropine, and apomorphine. Treatment for addiction in the 19th and early 20th century bordered on barbaric with many individuals receiving imprisionment, admittance to an asylum and even a frontal lobotomy. In addition, during the 20th century, it was believed that alcoholism was passed down from generation to generation becoming worse as the years progressed. Because of this, legislation was passed requiring the sterilization of people addicted to alcohol in an effort to "save the next generation." Currently, our understanding of addiction is a large part of what makes treatment successful and today recovery is promoted through research based methods and approached with a positive attitude with hope as the cornerstone (The Evolution of Addiction and Treatment Through the Ages, 2016). By 1960 over 200 definitions and theories regarding addiction were widely spread but many Models, including the conditioning, educational and characterological Models were largely perpetuated shaping public opinion, harmful attitudes, and causing shame on the suffering individuals. Currently the American disease model is the most widely accepted and postulates that addiction, like any chronic disease, can be diagnosed, understood and treated (The Evolution of Addiction and Treatment Through the Ages, 2016). Advances in neuroscience are changing the way mental health issues like addiction are being addressed. According to Buchman, Skinner, and Illes, a biopsychosocial system approaches the complexity of addiction through moral responsibility and free choice within the biological, and a lived experience and socio-historical individual context (Buchman, et al., 2011).

Buchman, D., Skinner, W., Illes, J. (2011). Negotiating the relationship between addiction, ethics, and brain science. AJOB Neurosci. 1(1): 36-45. doi:10.1080/21507740903508609

The Evolution of Addiction and Treatment Through the Ages. (2016). https://destinationhope.com/the-evolution-of-addiction-and-treatment-through-the-ages/