mat 10 assign

24

Anxiety Disorder in Prison Confinement

Jamiah Riddick

Walden University

FPSY – 6912; Mental Health Law

Dr. Geyer

May, 7th 2021

Anxiety Disorder in Prison Confinement

Abstract

Anxiety is termed as normal emotion how the brain reacts to a particular form of stress while alerting the body of any potential danger that lies ahead. Anxiety is okay as everyone undergoes the feeling once in a while. However, this is termed when it develops into a disorder. Various groups of illnesses result in overwhelming and constant fear or anxiety. The development of anxiety in excess could result in avoiding family, school, or work along with different social gatherings that could worsen or trigger the symptom. However, access to treatment by these individuals results in many people managing their feelings. Anxiety disorder is a common mental illness among the population in prison and the general public. Despite this impact, great attention is often provided to services in mental health among the middle and low-income countries. This problem becomes more in facilities where the general health provision is inadequate. This paper pays attention to anxiety disorder within prison confinement. This will focus on strengths, factors, and solutions for dealing with anxiety disorders within confinement facilities.

Background

Globally, mental disorders have increased with high rates, according to WHO. This has estimated about 45 million individuals globally suffer from behavior or mental behavior. These disorders mostly are prevalent within the prison population. This disproportionality increase of mental disorders among prisoners is associated with various factors that include the broad misconception surrounding individuals having anxiety disorders being A greater jeopardy to the entire public. Also, the society's intolerance to disturbing or challenging behavior, lack of promoting rehabilitation services, increased care and treatment, along the poor or lack of access to improved mental illness services in health among different nations are among factors that create a challenge in confinement facilities. The anxiety disorders, however, could be evident before admission that further might be exacerbated from stress from imprisonment. However, mental disorders might develop when imprisonment is a consequence of prevailing conditions that might result from human rights violations and torture. However, the rise of mental disorder could result from imprisonment itself that is a consequence of prevailing conditions that possibly are from violations of human rights or torture. Mental health disorders are most prevalent among the prison population, where about one in nine prisoners suffer from common problems such as anxiety and depression. Epidemiological studies that have been conducted within prisons in different countries have identified increased prevalence from psychiatric morbidity. The prevalence of anxiety disorders is elevated among the prisoners that are high when compared to Impact from the general population.

Anxiety is an experience common among individuals where the feelings of being anxious concerning specific things are important and normal for survival and adaptation. However, the anxiety degree that different people experience is excessive and affects individual functional capacity that is deliberating (Amerian Psychiatric Association, 2012). However, anxiety disorder is diagnosed when the anxiety presents itself persistently and recurrently affecting the individual's ability to continue with daily activities.

Various prisoners are often within their worthwhile age and are mostly expected to devote themselves to their country once they return from prison. Also, individuals are trained on different activities vocationally, which helps equip them with skills and knowledge to achieve a better future life. This, however, would not occur if the well-being of the prisoners was not maintained.

Prisons are not good for mental health (Torrey et al. 2010). Various factors affect many prisoners, resulting in negative mental health effects that include different forms of violence or solitude and overcrowding (Torrey et al. 2010). Other factors that result in mental health development are lack of productive activities, insecurity from relation or work prospects, isolation from the social networks, and lack of privacy. Major factors include poor mental health access to services and other health-related illnesses. Unfortunately, the rising rates of prison suicide that are usually associated with depression are a great manifestation of the major cumulative effects factor.

Also, people having anxiety disorders are exposed highly to discrimination and stigma. Different people and societies view individuals with mental disorders as suffering from discrimination, stigma, and marginalization from the health, economic and social spectrum based on the widespread misconception associated with mental disorders (Wilper et al., 2009). This discrimination and stigma often persist in prisons, where people often face high marginalization and isolation from imprisonment.

However, access to treatment that is effective is quite possible, with often the resources that are available fall into the wrong hands and end up being wasted. Various treatments are effective when dealing with anxiety disorders but are often limited to resources that are available and might be wasted, resulting in cheap services and interactions and ineffective services that get to a small proportion for those under need. Establishing separate hospitals such as psychiatric units particularly is not cost-effective within the confinement centers.

This is based on the fact that these facilities are expensive to maintain, with limited capacity that is linked with decreased release rates that often leave individuals to have the persistent and severe stigma. Various institutions operate from external operations in departments of health that are accountable for controlling the quality of the high intervention in health. Also, there is minimal verification of what the hospitals are expensive while undergoing improvement in the outcomes of treatment. These hospitals rather confine prisoners from falling at risk of violations of human rights.

However, these facts remain true concerning distress in mental health that involves the beneficence to the worldwide disease burden. Great attention is given to sectors in mental health where mental and general health prison services are particularly given little attention. Institutions and individual groups must continue to learn mental health needs while creating programs that fit these populations. As a result, this study aims to assess anxiety and factors associated with disorder among prisoners in confinement institutions.

Factors that impact Anxiety Disorder

Anxiety disorder and Age

There is an excellent association between mental disorder and Age among the prisoners. Various studies conducted previously show that adults who are aged below 49 years often have a higher chance of suffering from mental disorders as compared to the older prisoners (Adams & Ferrandino, 2008). The age group between 30 to 49 years has an increased prevalence of getting affected by mental disorders besides dysthymia, dependence on alcohol, and OCD in higher numbers within the age group below 29 years. Prisoners between 70 years and above involve fewer mental disorder cases. This is supported by discussions among females who hold discussions observed where younger inmates become restless and never develop interests in paying attention to rehabilitation programs from denial of confinement. The young group often feels that they have enough time to pursue activities they chose after being released. However, reports from different mental disorder surveys show no significant relationship between mental disorders and Age, while Age does not predict the prevalence of anxiety disorder.

Level of Education and mental disorder.

This paper aims to elaborate whether an individual's education level before imprisonment and participation in education programs within the confinement facility is associated with mental health among the inmates. Individuals with higher education levels often report fewer mental health disorders with increased life expectancy than adults having lower education levels (Scott, 2016). Education is highly associated with increased health within the disadvantaged population, for instance, women compared to men. Education often serves as a major substitute over the limited resources within these groups.

Previous studies have focused on documentation of various benefits associated with education among inmates that is extended to the local communities. However, there is a growing concern over postsecondary and high school education among the inmates. For instance, in 2015, the Obama administration in the US announced the Pell Pilot program that was a strategy of testing a new model that would allow and give a chance to inmates pursuing postsecondary education in creating a more effective and fairer criminal system. This is meant to reduce recidivism while combating mass incarceration impacts on communities.

Improved health could act as a benefit that additionally increases the potential of effective learning, health ability, and literacy while engaging promotion in health with a potential of improving health within the community (Eaton et al., 2008). Prisoners who are actively engaged with education during confinement have higher chances of engaging in social support while decreasing their chances of violation. Also, the study demonstrates high generalizability within the association of education beyond non-institutionalized populations.

Significant results show that there is an association between health and education that are causally oriented. As a result, future research should be encouraged to examine the proximity between pathways that involve operations in association with the marginalized societal segments. These findings are considered timely through addressing the disciplinary practices in healthcare. The promotion of prisoners' needs involves empowerment in mental health groups through support while understanding behavior related to illnesses. This involves supporting notions through secondary and primary education among prisoners. This is considered a significant element for increasing and promoting longevity and changes in prisoners' lives after release.

Marital status and mental disorder

Prisoners who had been involved or committed to marriage before confinement have higher chances of undergoing mental disorder (anxiety disorder0. This is followed by prisoners who are not committed or single that cohabit the widowed prisoners with the lowest prevalence rates of developing an anxiety disorder. Previous reports that have been conducted show that the occurrence of one developing anxiety disorder is associated with the individual's marital status. The increased number of married prisoners developing the disorder is associated with increased disagreements among spouses from harming one partner and the fear of being rejected by the family after release or their marriage breaking down. This is mostly augmented by current trends in society from weak ties in marriage while partners are haring each other increase. However, single prisoners do not face various societal challenges as they only have themselves to think about. Society believes that marriage is a place that offers sanity and, therefore, should provide psychological stability among the spouses that would offer fewer chances of developing anxiety disorders.

Gender and Mental disorder

Gender is also associated with the increased occurrence of developing anxiety disorder where female prisoners have higher chances of contracting mental health disorders than male prisoners (Glaze & Maruschak, 2008). This is associated with increasing women's needs that are more complex than involves children or even being pregnant. Also, the female prisoners are overburdened by worries concerning their children and their welfare as compared to male prisoners. Incarceration among females results in them being more prone to social and psychological harm.

Today, 65% of the prison population undergoes mental disorders, with anxiety disorders being ranked the highest. This paper discusses various factors that result in mental health disorders that include the shock of long imprisonment periods, being confined, the shock of being convicted, frustration from losing an appeal, and overthinking. This results in stress among the feelings of worthlessness and shame with the change of attitude from friends and relatives. However, anxiety disorder among prisoners could be reduced through creation and participation in programs, positive attitude from prisoners and staff workers, counseling, and increased parenting within social activities. Marital and gender status are essentially linked to mental disorders within the prisoners. On the other hand, married prisoners and female prisoners have an increased risk of undergoing mental disorders.

Standard

Various international guidelines are concerned about care for prisoners, specially framed by the human rights commission and WHO. Standards that guide correctional care in health facilities are established by different bodies such as American Correctional Association, American Public Health Association, and National Commission over Correctional Health Care (Mears & Cochrain, 2012). Uniform standards of quality within the correctional system and facilities allow the comparison while identifying worse and better facilities in improving the delivery of care within a given time. Measures of quality that are employed within the underlying system continuously rely on substantial variations. The variations, in turn, result in translating difficulties on measures of quality used within the corrective free society. Additionally, various quality measures concerning health from the transition period into the correctional facilities over a difficult time in health perspectives.

Benefits of responding to Mental Health Matters in Prisons

For prisoners, the issue of conveying the matter of mental health issues improves the quality and health of life for populations suffering from mental disorders and the prison population. Promoting higher understanding is a major problem faced by individuals having mental discrimination, stigma, and mental disorders that decline (Mears & Cochrain, 2012). Ultimately, focusing on the individual needs of people with mental disorders helps improve profitability when they leave prison. This will help them adjust to the new community life that might decrease the likelihood of ever returning to prison.

For employees, often prisons are demanding and create a problematic environment for working by all staff levels. The existence of having inmates with untreated and unrecognized mental health illness could complicate further while affecting an individual negatively that might affect the confinement environment. This further might create more excellent mental and overall morale for workplace staff that considerably promotes the prison staff's mental health and overall morale. This should be considered and the core objective of undergoing management in prison.

In a community, health in prison is not addressed following the isolation from the population's general health based on the inter-charge that is considered constant between the larger community and prison (Ditton, 1999). This could arise through administration, guards, constant release, and admission from prison and health professionals. As a result, health in prison should be identified as part of public health that addresses the needs of mental health declining re-offending incidents. This decreases the number of individuals returning from the community to prison. This will help in diverting individuals with disorders in mental from prison into accessing rehabilitation and treatment that could ultimately decline the costs of the increasing prison.

Anxiety Disorder and Defense

The publicity specified to incidents involving people with mental illness may make the public believe that an elevated proportion with an anxiety disorder may commit crimes since this is not the case. The mental illness patients consist of a disproportionate number of people who may be arrested, appear before courts, and imprisoned (Kim, 2015). The Commonwealth and all territories and states have created guidelines in their criminal laws against the disposition as well as prosecution of persons with anxiety disorder.

The provided laws offer that the unsoundness of the mind is a defense against criminal charges. The law's application entails that people charged for having conducted a crime may be conceived not fit in entering an appeal, or maybe found that they are not guilty of anxiety illness, and may be taken as forensic patients. The National Inquiry report into the Human Rights for People having anxiety disorder showed that the rights of people who are mentally ill in the system of criminal justice were incorporated by the International Covenant on Political as well as Civil Rights.

Protection principles for people with anxiety disorder apply to prisoners, where principle 20 delineates that they are accredited to the optimal mental health care available, and the rights described in the principles (Colovic et al., 2016). Commonwealth authorities of health, territories, and states have established principles of the National Statement for Forensic Mental Health. It states that legislation needs to recognize the people's needs with anxiety disorders that are engaged in the system of criminal justice and must align with the principles of protection to people with mental disorders and advancement of mental health care.

Most jurisdictions have developed special services or courts created for assessing mental health for people brought to courts for criminal charges and detract treatment to people found having the disorder. Queensland is the only jurisdiction to have developed a court of mental health that determines the responsibility of mental issues. The court comprises a Supreme Court judge who helps receive assistance and expert advice on clinical issues from the assisting psychiatrist. The court can inform itself depending on how it considers significant, and evidence rules do not bind it. The court can order examinations by the health professionals and psychiatrists and can make forensic orders to offer treatment in the mental health system.

All territories and states have developed tribunals of mental health to help in assessing the detention of forensic patients and civilly committed in the health system. Tribunals involve a difficult task since they need to balance paradigms that compete, such as the paradigm of criminal justice that comes with the expectation from the paradigm on keeping dangerous people out of the streets and keeping the society safe (Colovic et al., 2016). The welfare and health paradigm entails treating people and helping them get better.

The Constitution of tribunals is different in various jurisdictions since they include people with medical and legal qualifications and community members. They have distinct powers, where some of the tribunals determine while other recommendations to the executive government or courts. Territories and states have developed mental liaison programs for assessing people's mental health before the courts. For example, in South Wales, a court liaison program was developed to help in providing the assessments of mental health and referral services to the magistrates in the state.

South Australia also has developed an alternative for the Magistrates Diversion Court program to incarcerate criminals. The program offers individuals the opportunity to voluntarily talk about their disability or health needs and offend behaviors as legal proceedings are delayed (Davidson et al., 2017). The need for mental health liaison services and diversion programs becomes clear when mental illness prevalence among the people involved with the system of criminal justice is considered. Most people with anxiety disorder do not involve themselves in committing crimes, but mental disorder patients in the system of criminal justice are overrepresented.

There are various reasons for the remarkable mental illness high rates among individuals in prisons. Factors that contribute to the elevated rate include general disadvantages such as unemployment and homelessness, substance abuse, lack of mental health services, lack of early intervention, poverty, and deinstitutionalization in the community. There are challenges involved in offering treatment in a not conducive to effective treatment or anxiety disorder individuals. Effective treatment may pose a challenge since prison wardens focus on placement issues and security rather than treatment.

People with anxiety disorder in prison and society are vulnerable. A victim's chances of attaining a satisfactory outcome may not be suitable due to limited access for the victim to legal assistance and victims perceived as unreliable witnesses. Mental health challenges pose a severe problem in providing appropriate legal advice (Kim, 2015). Challenges arise at all corners of offering legal assistance from the provision of the first advice to censorious incidents. Various reasons given for such challenges are the inability of clients to address the lawyers of their paranoia and situation.

Anxiety disorder individuals come up against the police within the system of criminal justice once they are either detained for others' safety or their safety in a censorious incident or when arrested for a petty or misdemeanors crime. Incidents are rare, which attracts the public since they result in injury or death by shooting an anxiety disturbed person or other individuals such as police officers. The Police Federation advocates for better training for police officers concerning the mentally ill individual's obligations since better training may lead to productivity.

The imprisonment adaptation is always challenging, and at the time, it creates acting practices and thinking that may be flawed in adjustments of post-prison. Incarceration psychological effects vary from one individual to the other and are reversible (Schug & Fradella, 2015). Incarcerated individuals in prisons tend to suffer long-term repercussions since they are subjected to deprivation, and significant unusual norms and interacting patterns, pain, and living with others.

Rather than concentrating on the imprisonment’s clinically diagnosable effects, there is a need to focus on the subtle and wider psychological changes in the ordinary course of conforming to prison life. Institutionalization is a term used to delineate the process of how inmates are transformed and shaped by the institutional environments they live in (Peters et al., 2015). However, a transformation starts in the course of one being institutionalized (Peters et al., 2015). Individuals become more familiar with the restrictions inflicted by institutional life.

Different psychological structures need to be applied to regulate the correctional environments. The process of institutionalization may be challenging and subtle to recognize as it takes place. The process is expedited when people enter institutional settings at an advanced age before forming the expectation and ability to control their life choices (Peters et al., 2015). Since there is minimal tension betwixt the demands of the autonomy and institution of a mature adult, institutionalization emanates quickly, and it is less problematic with younger inmates (Peters et al., 2015). Younger inmates have limited if anything they may rely on or revert to once the institutional structure is abolished.

Barriers of Anxiety disorders in Prison Confinement

Different issues that impact individuals into developing mental disorders/anxiety disorders result from various barriers. Individuals having anxiety disorders face the difficulty of accessing and receiving pharmacotherapy in mental health conditions. Psychiatrists and psychologists who should give services in health to inmates having mental disorders are in shortage. Also, the tools for screening typically applied in the settings of prison are not diagnostic tests. The tests, however, are used in gauging new inmate security risks of identifying new inmates within the institution.

Also, the correctional budget guiding the facilities is often declining, limiting access to treatment to individuals having only the most severe conditions that affect mental health (Arbel, 2018). There should be ideal situations where professionals who are licensed will receive the proper diagnosis. Unfortunately, the application of external programs for treatment is limited based on the correctional budget that lacks extensive resources to manage the enrolled inmates. Treatment is involved in off-site medication or handling involved logistics that secure transport.

The experience in incarceration itself is a major challenge in mental treatment health. When anxiety/mental health disorder is not treated, they result in significant life adjustments within the prison. Also, the lack of privacy, crowded quarters of living, solitary confinement, and victimization risks within an institution are identified as correlates for adaptation and self-harm that result in challenges among individuals having mental conditions in health within the settings in prison.

Based on the strong relation between criminal behaviors and mental health, the system of public health involves a greater deal that helps one gain better treatment, particularly among the inmates. This aims at decreasing costs that are linked with increased recidivism rates. In improving these challenges, access to medical continuity should occur from admission towards imprisonment. Also, these assess medical continuity correlations, receipt of examinations, and screening by the medical personnel while assessing the medical continuity degree that is predicted by prisoners screening in conditions of mental health within prison intake.

This shows that the increase from lack of treatment partially is continuous and is attributed to the population in prison increase without an analogous increase among the prison staff. As a result, to maintain a cost-effective treatment system among anxiety disorder patients, administrators within confinement institutions should find incentives to maintain mental health levels low. This will be adopted as a mechanism of saving associated costs with health pharmacotherapy and care.

The evidence from the number of rescreening prisoners might undergo suggests that inmates having severe anxiety disorders in health could most often use medication during and before the current terms in prison (Baillargeon et al., 2009). These inmates are given medication based on various terms where they are presented with behavioral problems that might violate the rights of anxiety disorder patients. Also, anxiety disorder symptoms might not be observed when a prisoner is admitted and therefore is not a cause of alarm within the prison staff. The dormancy of symptoms to this condition during entry results in inmates being misclassified from the conditions by which the administration screening occurs.

In cases where screening is treatment is available, inmates receiving the treatment will depend on the number of resources available, support from the public on correctional facilities, and the process of decision making in the confinement facility (Coppola, 2019). Previous reports on mental health show that about half of male and three-quarter of female has, in one instance, recorded symptom from an anxiety disorder. These rates are used in underscoring the significance of accessing treatment based on the lack of treatment for all inmates.

Another barrier is that mental conditions often represent a different needs level compared to other physical needs affecting the inmates. For instance, the transmission of Tuberculosis is classified as a significant physical hazard. As a result, prisoners who are suspected of contracting the disease are given special attention. However, this is not the case for medical illnesses where for instance, it is difficult to identify the symptoms associated with anxiety disorder. This emphasizes the importance of screening along with proper treatment from humanitarian and legal perspectives.

Damage caused by Anxiety Disorder

Various reasons result in individuals suffering from anxiety within the confinement facilities, resulting in inmates developing anxiety disorder (Reiter et al., 2020). The crime an individual had committed before a sentence might make one anxious as they think perpetually about the committed crime from the feelings of guilt or stress that led to mental stress. Also, the inmate's place is restricted to or bound separates them from the loved ones; the isolation makes one think strongly concerning their freedom, pushing them into the world of depression and stress.

Another cause of anxiety in the inmate's prolonged imprisonment is that individuals experiencing continuous or frequent imprisonment are affected by different psychological conditions. Often they think about what society might think concerning their term that increases the levels of risks for the development of mental illness or stress. Other factors associated with the condition involve unemployment, substance abuse, lack of intervention early enough, poverty, and community mental health service. Intrinsic factors involved include police, sentencing, and incarceration effects significantly affect the inmate's mental health.

Anxiety disorder is evident among prisoners when the individual portrays specific behavior that is different from their norm. This can be noted by a person's reaction whenever the prison door closes or opens, as the individual is often perturbed about feeling stressed. Also, these individuals often are testy and angry and often at the edge while expecting something abnormal to occur. Based on vague or no reason, they sometimes feel that they might lose control or even go mad (Semenza & Grosholz, 2019). Often, they might experience difficulties in sleeping while feeling sweaty from breathing difficulties. Unless these symptoms are observed and understood effectively by the individual inmate, there is no way they will receive help in overcoming the experience of overwhelming anxiety. In various cases, unnoticed symptoms lead to individual damage while worsening the condition.

After identification of the symptoms, the inmates are expected to seek treatment within the prison healthcare facility. Diagnosis involves examining the individual's medical history for the physician to identify and confirm anxiety presence. Apart from observation, this condition does not have any form of lab tests that might diagnose and rectify the disorder. However, after close examination, anxiety disorder among the inmates can be treated despite the treatment being complex for individuals with multiple anxieties. The process therefore involved is personalized specifically for every individual. Treatment mainly involves the use of medication along with therapies.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy is one solution that is used in treating mental illness. Diverse and negative patterns within the manner by which individuals perceive themselves are mostly addressed using therapy. This concentrates intensely on understanding, analyzing, and identifying behavior and thinking patterns in the patient. This form of therapy often involves the behavior and cognitive therapy components.

The patient, in this case, actively participates within learning skills and therapy that is useful in self-recovery. For an individual to improve from using this approach, they are responsible for practicing learned skills during therapy sessions. However, the effects from this therapy among inmates are noticed from twelve to sixteen weeks. Medication offered during treatment is effective and safe and frequently is applied along with different therapies. However, the drugs are taking a period to show effectiveness (Stoyanova, 2019). Also, the effect of the medication is highly based on long-term versus short-term periods. However, this takes time for the drug to better work for patients if as per the medical instructions. The assigned medication for anxiety involves sedatives and antidepressants that are prescribed based on symptoms severity. However, in different cases, prisoners can treat the anxiety disorder themselves in various ways such as meditation, resting, physical exercise, or having a conversation with a sympathetic individual.

Solutions to Problems surrounding Prison Confinement

The prevention, treatment, and detection of mental health disorders and promoting good health need to be considered part of goals in public health in the prison. This should be part of the public goals of prison health which is sore to effective management in prison. Even nations having limited access to resources can adopt major steps that will help in improving the prisoner's and prison staff's health. However, various steps could be adopted in economic, political, cultural, and social contexts.

First, creating plans that could divert people from having mental disorders into accessing the mental health system should be established. Prisons are considered as a “wrong place” for individuals in destitute of treatment in mental disorder health. The system concerning criminal justice highlights punishment and deterrence of care and treatment (Stoyanova, 2019). However, legislation could be introduced by allowing the transfer of prisons into accessing general psychiatric hospitals that might facilitate all criminal stages proceedings that involve the imprisonment, prosecution, prosecution, and arrest. Individuals with anxiety disorders who already have been charged for conducting offenses that could be classified as minimal should be introduced to different mechanisms that could help divert them into getting services in before reaching the prison. This will aid in ensuring that they access the necessary therapy while contributing to decreasing the increasing population in prisons. However, the imprisonment of individuals having mental disorders from lack of services in mental health could act as an alternative that strictly should be prohibited by the law.

Another strategy involves providing the inmates with appropriate care in mental health that is easy to access and receive treatment. The prisoners' approach to treatment, evaluation and referrals of individuals with anxiety disorders involving abuse of substance should be adopted as an intrinsic part of accessing overall services in health that are available for all inmates. Health services that are provided and available to inmates should be considered minimum with correspondent level to individuals in the broad community. However, these could be attained through the provision of training about anxiety disorder to the health workers in prison while managing visits from the community mental health teams to prisons regularly.

Also, another strategy could involve enabling the mental health patients to access additional health services externally from the prison settings. The services in health care are provided to all prisoners and should minimally be equivalent to different community levels. This could be achieved through the provision of training in mental health to health workers in prison. Individuals who require further access from specialists could also be shifted further to mental health care where the in-patient treatment and assessment are issued (Semenza & Grosholz, 2019). Care by the primary health providers within the prison should be linked to primary training to recognize management that is common among disorders in mental health.

Provision of acquiring entry to the major services in mental health care within mentally ill wards in common hospitals should be made easier for mental health prisoners. Whenever prisoners need extreme care, they temporarily should be shifted within the general psychiatric units in general wards with appropriate levels of security. According to the principles of accessing deinstitutionalization, access to a particular prison in psychiatric hospitals is highly discouraged.

Ensure that there is maximum availability of support psychosocially that is prescribed rationally in the psychotropic medication. Through appropriate health care, providers are trained to have equal access to psychosocial and psychotropic support for treating mental disorders in individuals from the general community.

Besides, staff should be appropriately trained on mental health issues among all individuals involved within a prison setup that includes; health workers, prison guards, and prison administrators. Also, training should promote the recognition of staff for mental health disorders while raising apprehension on human rights. Also, this will include the challenging attitude in stigmatization while encouraging mental health promotion for both prisoners and staff. A significant element in training individuals within various prison staff levels should occur through prevention and recognition of suicides. Additionally, the workers in prison health should have specialized skills that help in managing and identifying disorders in mental health.

Further, it is significant that education and information are provided to inmates and their families concerning issues in anxiety disorder. The families of inmates should access education and information concerning the mental disorders' nature based on decreasing discrimination and stigma while preventing disorders in mental health and enhancing mental health. This type of information will aid the inmates as their families will comprehend their emotional response concerning confinement. Also, this provides strategic ways to reduce major negative mental health effects while informing them of ways and means of seeking help in anxiety disorder.

Another strategy involves accessing high standards for management in prison. An individual's mental health within a confinement facility is enhanced through efficient management within the prison while protecting and promoting human rights (Arbel, 2018). Attention in areas like meaningful occupation, prevention of violence and discrimination prevention, food, sanitation, promotion of the social networks, and discrimination prevention is crucial.

The system should ensure that high prison management standards are promoted. A prisoner's mental health, including mental disorders, is enhanced through appropriate management in prison that protects and promotes human rights. Further attention should be placed in areas revolving around meaningful occupation sanitation; prevention of violence or discrimination along with the promotion of social networks are significant. This will help in ensuring that prisoner's needs are part of the national mental plans and policies. Health policies in national mental plans should involve the needs or requirements that exist among people in confined facilities concerning Mental disorders. Plans and policies as well might fail to achieve this, making it necessary for advocating for inclusion. Stakeholders should adopt a mental health plan and policy involved in the development by the prisoners and staff through the development plan.

Another solution involves the adoption of legislation in mental health that will protect the rights of humans. All prisoners, inclusive of those portraying mental health disorders, have an equal right to being treated with respect and humanely as an inherent dignity of human beings (Adams, 2009). Additionally, different conditions involving prison confinement should conform to the international standards for human rights internationally (Adams, 2009). The legislation guiding mental health in prison is a powerful tool used in protecting the individual rights of people facing mental disorders that includes prisoners. However, many nations over the world still use the outdated laws guiding mental health where they fail to the needs of mental health among the population of prisoners.

This has called for the increased development of the provisions in the legislation that address the needs and helps in promoting the prisoner's rights that includes the right to accessing improved care and treatment. Also, it addresses issues like decline to proceed with treatment, appealing decisions of conducting treatment involuntarily, protection from violence and discrimination, and confidentiality while protecting cruel and torturous relations that result in degrading and inhuman treatment. Further, the legislation provides the prisoners undergoing any mental disorder with protection procedures within the system of criminal justice that is equivalent almost to those received by other prisoners.

The protection provided by the legislation involving the prisoner's fundamental rights such as adequate conditions for living, sufficient food, open-air access, conduction of essential activities, and contact from the family is significant that could further result in promoting efficient health mentally. Inspection through independent mechanisms such as improved boards of mental disorder could be conducted by legislation. This calls for inspection of prisons along different facilities in mental health is a way of facilitating health to help in monitoring conditions, especially among individuals with mental health disorders.

Lastly, this helps in encouraging collaboration within inter-section. Various issues and problems could be broadly solved through adopting significant areas and other different factors that discuss the prisoner's requirements, especially mental health prisoners. Various stakeholders should help in meeting the needs faced by prisoners with mental health disorders. At the same time, they are planning for a response within inter-sections.

Recommendations

There are various strategies of coping that can be applied by an individual when they feel stressed and anxious. The individual should restrain from consuming any caffeine or alcohol as they aggravate while triggering anxiety that might result in a panic attack. An individual should fill in an anxiety diary to record the activity and anxiety levels. Adopt the behavior of noting down all activities that might seem important to you. This way, an individual will gain while tackling the anxiety information that helps them in identifying their general stress levels. After realizing a problem, approach it using different approaches to help you solve the issue. When finding the solution to a problem that has significantly impacted you, you must find a person who can help you solve the problem.

Conclusion

Generally, life in prison is very difficult and easy for one to build up pressure. It is often difficult to control stress, but various measures could be adopted to decrease the pressure levels. This calls for a strong focus on services during reentry that involves health insurance within the medical care. Considering the statistics that revolve around morbidity and mortality, substance abuse relapse causes high emergency from the release that links one to care about critically being released. However, clear recognition should be accorded appropriately based on the proposition that an individual returning home after being released undergoes structural, social, and personal challenges. After being released, the success of an individual depends on the quality and nature of support services that are provided within the community. This paper has analyzed the various causes of anxiety that result from mental illnesses. However, mental illnesses in prisons can generally be minimized through individuals getting engaged in rehabilitation programs, developing a positive attitude, increased social activities, and remote parenting. However, future research should be conducted following anxiety disorder effects after individuals are released. Individuals fear getting back into the community after being released as the community, family, and friends view them differently. Various coping methods should be instituted to allow the released individuals into getting back into society where they can be adopted while changing their previous behavior.

References

Adams, K., & Ferrandino, J. (2008). Managing mentally ill inmates in prisons. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35(8), 913-927.

American Psychiatric Association. (2012). Position statement on segregation of prisoners with mental illness. APA Official Actions, Approved by the Board of Trustees, December.

Arbel, E. (2018). Devalued liberty and undue deference: The tort of false imprisonment and the law of solitary confinement. Retrieved from https://commons.allard.ubc.ca/fac_pubs/472/

Baillargeon, J., Binswanger, I. A., Penn, J. V., Williams, B. A., & Murray, O. J. (2009). Psychiatric disorders and repeat incarcerations: the revolving prison door. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(1), 103-109.

Colovic, O., Tosevski, D. L., Mladenovic, I. P., Milosavljevic, M., & Munjiza, A. (2016). Defense mechanisms in "pure" anxiety and "pure" depressive disorders. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 204(10), 746-751.

Coppola, F. (2019). The brain in solitude: An (other) Eighth Amendment challenge to solitary confinement. Journal of Law and the Biosciences, 6(1), 184-225. doi:10.1093/job/lsz014

Davidson, F., Heffernan, E., Greenberg, D., Waterworth, R., & Burgess, P. (2017). Mental health and criminal charges: Variation in diversion pathways in Australia. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 24(6), 888-898.

Eaton, W. W., Martins, S. S., Nestadt, G., Bienvenu, O. J., Clarke, D., & Alexandre, P. (2008). The burden of mental disorders. Epidemiologic reviews, 30(1), 1-14.

Ditton, M. (1999). Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report Mental Health and Treatment of Inmates and Probationers.

Glaze, L. E., & Maruschak, L. M. (2008). Parents in prison and their minor children (Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report). Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.

Mears, D. P., & Cochran, J. C. (2012). US prisoner reentry health care policy in international perspective: service gaps and the moral and public health implications. The Prison Journal, 92(2), 175-202.

Kim, K. (2015). The processing and treatment of mentally ill persons in the criminal justice system.

Reiter, K., Ventura, J., Lovell, D., Augustine, D., Barragan, M., Blair, T., … Strong, J. (2020). Psychological distress in solitary confinement: Symptoms, severity, and prevalence in the United States, 2017–2018. American Journal of Public Health, 110(S1), S56-S62. doi:10.2105/ajph.2019.305375

Peters, R. H., Wexler, H. K., & Lurigio, A. J. (2015). Co-occurring substance use and mental disorders in the criminal justice system: A new frontier of clinical practice and research.

Semenza, D. C., & Grosholz, J. M. (2019). Mental and physical health in prison: How co-occurring conditions influence inmate misconduct. Health & Justice, 7(1). doi:10.1186/s40352-018-0082-5

Scott-Hayward, C. (2016). The fiscal corrections: rethinking policies and practices.

Schug, R. A., & Fradella, H. F. (2015). Mental illness and crime. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Stoyanova, V. (2019). Common law tort of negligence as a tool for deconstructing positive obligations under the European convention on human rights. The International

Journal of Human Rights, 24(5), 632-655. doi:10.1080/13642987.2019.1663342

Torrey EF, Kennard AD, Eslinger D, Lamb R & Pavle J. (2010). More Mentally Ill Persons Are in Jails and Prisons Than Hospitals: A Survey of the States Treatment Advocacy Center. http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/final_jails_v_hospitals_study.pdf

Wilper, A. P., Woolhandler, S., Boyd, J. W., Lasser, K. E., McCormick, D., Bor, D. H., & Himmelstein, D. U. (2009). The health and health care of US prisoners: results of a nationwide survey. American journal of public health, 99(4), 666-672.