OUTLINE AND 20 page paper!! NEED GRAMMER AND PUNCTUATION TO BE PERFECT

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ENGL 303: Technical Writing White Paper Instructions

In addition to establishing writing style guidelines for Ubiquitous reports, these guidelines will help you understand how you can effectively organize the information in your white paper. Your decisions will dictate how clearly that information is presented. Consider the following carefully; remember, as the writer, you control what organizational patterns to use throughout the report. Make use of Chapter 18, Moodle Resources I made available to you, the Ubiquitous Style Guide, the Merchant’s English Usage Guide for Technical Writing to complete this assignment. Consult the course schedule for this assignment's due date. To turn in this assignment successfully, you must submit a complete, electronic version of the report to Turnitin.com on time, at the date described. Remember—you cannot pass this class if you do not submit the report, regardless of your current standing in the class. Audience and Purpose You need to focus on the interests of your readers. Your primary audience will be the decision maker—make sure you research and find who your appropriate primary audience(s) are. This is the audience you will address your white paper to (but not the memo of transmittal; see the memo of transmittal instruction for more details). Your secondary audience will be the subject- matter experts who will carry out your recommendation. Your “gatekeeper” audiences are Dr. Birkin and your instructor. Because in this context white papers are intended to formally convey important information, the language used should adhere to Markel’s eight measures of excellence. Remember, the topic you proposed in the memo of intent assignment MUST be the same topic you will discuss in this assignment. White Paper Versus Technical Report The term white paper comes from the term white book, which is an official publication of a national government. While white papers began as a discussion of governmental policy, they have become a common tool used to introduce technology innovations and products. A white paper usually argues for a specific position or solution to a problem or a specific approach to taking advantage of an opportunity; they are often used to persuasively propose to their reader that they should adopt a new technology. White papers are often used to develop or build interest and then preference as part of the “sales funnel” (AwarenessInterestPreferenceSale).

English 303: Technical Writing White Paper Instructions—2

Figure 1. White Papers and the Typical Sales Funnel Source: “Eight Rules for Creating Great White Papers.” Knowlegestorm. The Content Factor. April 2005.

contentfactor.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Eight_rules_for_great_whitepapers.pdf. White papers, like technical reports, identify a problem or opportunity and then convince the reader to accept a specific solution or approach. However, they are not sales pitches in the traditional or overt sense: a reader should feel informed, not sold. While both white papers and technical report formats are written according to the situation and audience, white papers have a greater diversity of formats and styles. Because white papers are highly persuasive documents, they need to engage your reader. You need to grab your reader’s attention quickly and then hold their attention. You do that by following Markel’s eight measures of excellence. You also need to show your reader that you have a mastery of the subject and that you understand the context your audience must work within (for example, budget concerns). In other words, do not focus on self-interest (promoting the topic) but instead focus on the interests of your audience. One approach is to show that you understand the pain or problems your audience has about the issue your topic addresses. This helps establish your ethos, your credibility. Below is a detailed explanation of the components required for this assignment. White Paper Components Overview For specific stylistic decisions, such as formatting paper headers and level headings, consult the Ubiquitous Corporation Style Guide. Markel’s Technical Communication does a good job discussing the basics of designing and writing a technical report. Many of those are applicable to a white paper. For specific stylistic decisions, consult the Ubiquitous Corporation Style Guide.

English 303: Technical Writing White Paper Instructions—3

Document Components Details

Not all reports need an Acknowledgments section. Since in the “real world” reports are usually a group writing effort, an Acknowledgment section, as explained in your textbook, is important. If someone outside your writing group helped you, you need to acknowledge them. Do not need to acknowledge the Writing Center or me as editors are considered part of the writing team. All other sections, however, are required. Keep in mind that while you will repeat some information in the report, do not just merely copy and paste: each section has a distinct purpose and may have different primary and secondary audiences. Thus, you may need to rephrase, rewrite, or expand on what you have written before: you need to address the needs of each section and its audiences. Front Matter White papers need to have the following components for the front matter:

Table 1. White Paper Components Example 1 Section Components

Front Matter

• Cover Page. • Title Page. • Table of Contents. • List of Illustrations. • Glossary/List of Symbols (if only one page,

otherwise, place in the back matter). • Abstract. • Acknowledgments.

Cover and Title Pages. The first page of the front matter is the cover page. A cover page protects the document, presents the Corporation’s branding, and for confidential or secret reports, shields the nature of the report from accidental viewing by unauthorized readers. An example of a cover page is found in the appendix of the Ubiquitous Style Guide. The title page gives the title of the report, who the report is for, who wrote it, and when it was written. Title pages can aid in building ethos and gaining the interest of the audience. Choose a title that conveys the specific purpose of your report. Formatting instructions are found in the Ubiquitous Style Guide. Table of Contents. Having a correct and properly formatted table of contents is important for your documents’ accessibility. It also aids your documents’ professional appearance. Microsoft Word has tools for creating a table of contents. Information can be found in your textbook as well as on Moodle. List of Illustrations. A list of illustrations helps readers to quickly locate important illustrations. The list of illustrations page will have two subsections (as appropriate): the first for

English 303: Technical Writing White Paper Instructions—4

listing figures with the second for listing tables. If you only have figures in your paper (no tables), rename this section List of Figures. If you have only tables in your paper (no figures), rename this section List of Tables. As this is essentially a table of contents of illustrations, page numbers for each table and figure must be included. Glossary (Includes List of Symbols). A glossary is required. A glossary aids multicultural and non-subject matter experts as well as subject matter experts who, because of specialization, may not remember a term that is used in their field but is not commonly used in their specialization. For example, if your topic is on biomedical imaging and one of your primary audience is composed of electrical engineers but not all specialize in biomedical imaging or bioengineering, you should include specialized terms used in biomedical imaging in your glossary. Include abbreviations, acronyms, initialisms, symbols, and words that your audience needs to understand to be persuaded by your paper. Analyze your audiences—what abbreviations, symbols, and words will they be familiar with, and which will they not be? Normally you do not need to include

• terms that are commonly used (those found in an American English standard dictionary), • common Latin abbreviations (such as e.g., i.e.,etc., a.m, and p.m.), • contractions (should not have any anyway, unless in quoted material or discussing them), • common name prefixes or titles (such as Dr., Mr., Ms, or Mrs.), • common name suffixes (such as Ph.D.), • MLA abbreviations, or • URL abbreviations.

Also, you do not need to include a symbol or abbreviation which you used only once in your document. However, you still need to spell out all abbreviations when first encountered, even if it is used only once. Glossary items must be listed in alphabetical order for the glossary to be considered accessible (one of the Eight Measures of Excellence). Check the Ubiquitous Style Guide for how to properly format the glossary section. Boldface items included in your glossary when they first appear in your paper. For the first term boldfaced in the document, explain to your reader what boldfacing a term means by including a footnote as explained in your textbook on page 486. To repeat, you only need to footnote the first term boldfaced in your document (in other words, the footnote will only occur once). Abstract. Since subject-matter experts (SMEs) are the main audience for the abstract and since non-subject-matter experts will be addressed in the executive summary, technical language is allowed in the abstract. The abstract should be a descriptive or topical abstract; thus, do not explain the criteria used, but do give a brief description of the problem or opportunity, the major

English 303: Technical Writing White Paper Instructions—5

findings, and your solution or recommendation(s). Do not use footnotes in your abstract. Avoid complex mathematical notations. Format the body of the abstract as one paragraph. It will probably be easier to write the abstract last (as well as the executive summary, discussed below). Add a keyword list (in a horizontal listing) of terms that you expect an SME researcher to likely use when searching for your report electronically. Include one blank 12-point line before the keywords section. Keep the list of terms to less than two sentences in length. Use normal (non- bold, non-italic) 12-point font. Left justify. Do not end a list of terms with a period, or include “and” before the last term. For example:

Keywords: antibiotic, Aqua Cure, first aid spray, open wounds, ointment

Word count for the abstract (including keywords) should be between 100 and 250 words. Refer to the Style Guide for page numbering guidelines. Abstracts, executive summaries, and introductions each serve different audiences. A common mistake by student writers is to treat abstracts, summaries, and introductions as similar writings. This is a major error. Page 480 in your textbook has an example of an abstract. Page 485 has an executive summary example. Also, pages 491 and 493 in your textbook have excellent examples of an abstract and an executive summary, respectively, written on the same topic (thus good for comparison). Acknowledgments. The author(s) of a report must acknowledge every person or agency not on the writing team that contributed to the project, including those that contributed economic, material, and workforce resources. To leave this section out when others have contributed to the report is considered at best bad form, and at worst plagiarism. However, acknowledgments normally do not include editors, proofreaders, or fact checkers; thus, do not include me, the Writing Center, or anyone else who proof-read your paper in your acknowledgments. Body For the body of the white paper, you have some flexibility as different topics will need somewhat different treatments. One of these flexibilities involves the wording of section titles. Pagination. Treat level 1 headings as chapter headings. White paper page headings show not only the title of the paper and the page number but also the section or “chapter” title as well. As discussed in the Style Guide (section 8), the body is also paginated differently than the front matter. Having section titles and different pagination in the page header is done using section breaks (see davidmmerchant.com/writing-help/ for sources to help you with section breaks). Section Title Wording. White papers have more flexibility for writing level heading titles than do technical reports. For example, instead of “Problem Statement,” use something like “Technology’s Impact on Productivity.” Use clear, specific, and informative headings. Keep titles parallel in construction (see section 4 in the Style Guide). Make sure you format section titles (level headings) correctly, as discussed in the Style Guide.

English 303: Technical Writing White Paper Instructions—6

Organization Schemes. White papers have more flexibility for organizing the body of the paper than do technical reports. A few common organization schemes for white papers are shown in table 2 below.

Table 2. White Paper Body Organization Examples Section Components

Example 1

1. Executive Summary 2. Introduction/Background

(brief introduction of the issue including relevant background) 3. Proposed Solution(s)/Innovation(s)/Approach(es)

A. First Solution/Innovation/Approach I. Introduction of Solution/Innovation/Approach

II. Application of Solution/Innovation/Approach (how it solves the problem or takes advantage of the opportunity)

B. Next Solution/Innovation/Approach (if applicable)… 4. Results/Conclusion

(recommendation of one solution over others)

Example 2

1. Executive Summary 2. Introduction/Background

(brief introduction of the issue including relevant background) 3. Proposed Solution(s)

A. First Solution/Innovation/Approach I. Introduction of Solution/Innovation/Approach

II. Application of Solution/Innovation/Approach (how it solves the problem or takes advantage of the opportunity)

B. Next Solution/Innovation/Approach (if applicable)… 4. Future Direction/Long-Term Focus

(overall future direction of the problem and solution) 5. Results/Conclusion

((recommendation of one solution over others)

Example 3

1. Executive Summary 2. Background

(setting the stage for the introduction discussion; sometimes before discussing the more obvious immediate cause for a problem or an opportunity and moving to how to respond/treat/approach the problem or opportunity, you need to discuss ultimate causes or basic underlying factors)

3. Introduction (general introduction to the issue or topic)

4. Proposed Solution(s) A. First Solution/Innovation/Approach

I. Introduction of Solution/Innovation/Approach II. Application of Solution/Innovation/Approach

(how it solves the problem or takes advantage of the opportunity) B. Next Solution/Innovation/Approach (if applicable)…

5. Future Direction/Long-Term Focus (overall future direction of the problem and solution)

6. Results/Conclusion (recommendation of one solution over others)

English 303: Technical Writing White Paper Instructions—7

Section Components

Example 4

1. Executive Summary 2. Introduction

(background of the problem, importance of addressing the problem) 3. History of Solutions/Innovations/Approaches

(overview of solutions or approaches, including proposed solution/approach) 4. Market Drivers

(trends, needs or demands by the public, what does a good solution need [criteria and feasibility])

5. Main Obstacles/Opposition (with solutions to the obstacles)

6. Additional Obstacles/Opposition (with solutions to the obstacles)

7. Call to Action (sales pitch)

Insert what you need from your extended definition wherever it logically fits: in the introduction (background of the problem, causal analysis), or in a discussion of a solution. Only include what you need, if anything. If you need any extra extended definitions, add them; remember: always need to keep in mind audience, purpose, and context. Executive Summary. Remember that each section begins with a first-level heading which always starts on a new page. The summary is not an abstract. The main audiences for the summary will be managers and general readers. Since they are not SMEs, you need to minimize technical jargon. In the body of the summary, include the background of the problem or opportunity, a brief description of the methods, a broad discussion about the conclusions and recommendation(s) keeping in mind your audience (especially the managers who are interested in costs and savings, corporate bottom line, feasibility). Word count should be between 250 and 350 words. Do not merely copy and paste from earlier documents—keep your audience in mind as you write the executive summary. As mentioned earlier, page 480 in your textbook has an example of an abstract. Page 485 has an executive summary example. Also, pages 491 and 493 in your textbook have excellent examples of an abstract and an executive summary, respectively, written on the same topic (thus good for comparison). Background and Introduction as Separate Sections Option. How you organize the introduction will be determined by which organization scheme from table 2 above you use. Some papers will have the background before the introduction (those following the example 2 scheme in table 2 above); that is, the background will be a separate section (starting on a new page with a level-one heading) followed by the introduction in its section (starting on a new page with a level-one heading). Most papers will have the background and introduction together in one section.

English 303: Technical Writing White Paper Instructions—8

Papers with a separate background section will begin with the context of the report: subject and purpose (see the top of page 494 in your textbook for an example); recall that Dr. William Birkin, Director of Research and Innovations for Ubiquitous, asked for the research. Include a discussion of the scope of the project if needed (the boundaries of your topic: what topics you are including, as well as those you are not). Often, solutions are not universal: what works for one context will not work in another; thus, you need tell your reader how you have narrowed your focus. For example, countries can sometimes have different regulations, economic situations, and cultural attitudes that make a solution workable in one country but not in another. Do not casually discard this discussion: if you need it, make sure it is included. The background section then sets the stage for the introduction. This organizational scheme is typically used when a problem or opportunity is complex, largely unknown to your readers, or the problem being solved is not accepted as a problem and you need to lay some groundwork first. For example, in a white paper discussing an innovation to remove carbon dioxide from the air to help combat global warming, you may first need a Background section to discuss global warming as a problem including its causes (including carbon dioxide build-up in the atmosphere). Then in the Introduction, you can start discussing carbon dioxide build-up in the atmosphere. In the Introduction section, discuss your topic: the problem or opportunity; give general background information, enough to show you know what you are talking about. Point out problems from their perspectives. For example, in an introduction to a white paper discussing removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, the background section was used to first discuss a general background to global warming leading up to a brief discussion of causes including the build-up of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The Introduction can now discuss the background of carbon dioxide build up in the atmosphere in more detail without having to first prove that global warming is a problem and one that the reader should care about; the paper can now focus on the main topic. Do not mention the recommended solution or approach directly yet. Remember that since your primary audience is probably not an SME, you need to keep technical jargon to a minimum. Introduction Includes Background Option. Do not confuse an introduction with an abstract. An introduction sets the stage for your paper; it provides any needed, relevant background or context for your topic. The Introduction begins with the context of the report: subject and purpose (see the top of page 494 in your textbook for an example); recall that Dr. William Birkin, Director of Research and Innovations for Ubiquitous, asked for the research. Include a discussion of the scope of the project if needed (the boundaries of your topic: what topics you are including, as well as those you are not). Again, solutions are often not universal: what works for one context will not work in another; thus, you need tell your reader how you have narrowed your focus. For example, countries can sometimes have different regulations, economic situations, and cultural attitudes

English 303: Technical Writing White Paper Instructions—9

that make a solution workable in one country but not in another. Do not casually discard this discussion: if you need it, make sure it is included. After the context of the report, the introduction continues with a background of the problem or opportunity. Use this part of the introduction to show the importance of your topic and the necessity to solve it or address it—why should your audience care? Do not mention your solution or approach directly yet. As with the previous option (background and introduction as separate sections), remember that since your primary audience in the introduction is probably not an SME, you need to keep technical jargon to a minimum. Discussing Solutions. After you have shown a case for a need for your solution or approach, transition to discussing the solutions. Rather than write the proposed solution as the only correct solution, research the benefits and possible challenges of both your solution and the alternative, feasible solutions (if applicable). You are essentially comparing and contrasting, which may need a table to help your reader understand how the solutions compare to your proposed solution or approach. Describe how the solution(s) would be implemented. Provide information about costs associated with the solution. Use this discussion to anticipate objections of your audience to your proposed solution and put those objections to rest: address any concerns your audience may have. Remember, you need to persuade your audience. Sometimes you may need to give a historical overview where you discuss what has led to the problem, issue, or opportunity your solution solves or takes advantage of. If your solution or approach is unique or innovative, you may need to discuss this new class or category and then introduce your solution or approach. In discussing solutions or approaches, you need to show how your proposed solution or approach solves the problem or best takes advantage of an opportunity. You will, thus, need set up a criteria analysis for determining the best solution(s). When you discuss the application of your solution or approach, discuss the criteria you choose; in other words, discuss how you determined what would be the best solution or approach or why you choose those criteria. You will also need to show that the proposed solution is feasible (this is a persuasive document, after all). The technical report example in your textbook combines both the criteria analysis and feasibility into one task, which is also acceptable for a white paper. The following is a list of the most common feasibility criteria (not an exhaustive list and not all may apply to your white paper):

• Availability of materials and technology. • Capital/cost requirements. • Environmental concerns. • Implementation schedule. • Local and international laws and regulations. • Market opportunities and strategies. • Production or distribution capabilities

English 303: Technical Writing White Paper Instructions—10

• Professional staffing levels. • Profit and loss forecasts. • Public acceptance • Real estate needs. • Risk analyses. • Transportation requirements.

Other Section Options. Depending upon which organization scheme you choose, after discussing solutions you can have a section discussing

• the overall future direction of the problem/opportunity and the solution/approach (Direction/Long-Term Focus);

• trends or the needs or demands by the public for a solution (Market Drivers); or • any obstacles or opposition to the solution or approach (Main Obstacles/Opposition,

Additional Obstacles/Opposition)—include how to solve or mitigate the obstacles or oppositions.

Conclusion/Call to Action. The conclusion in the white paper concludes the paper and makes a “sales pitch” for the recommended solution to the board of directors. Recall that a white paper has more freedom for level 1 heading texts. However, as always, use clear, specific, and informative headings. Instead of “Conclusion” or “Recommendation,” for example, use something like “Using Technology X to Improve Productivity” (without the quotation marks, of course). Visuals and Examples. Using visuals, from tables to charts to images, helps your document be persuasive by making the document both more appealing visually and more comprehensible. Visuals can help engage a reader and are usually more quickly understood than text and are thus useful to support, summarize, or illustrate a concept discussed in the text. Examples, including case studies, can also help illustrate your argument. However, be careful not to make your white paper look like an article, case study, or brochure (especially not like a sales brochure). A white paper should not be an obvious sales pitch or have a hard-sell approach. Additional Tips. Remember audience, purpose, and context: this is a persuasive document and your audience are not subject-matter experts (they may even be resistant to your solution or idea). Follow Markel’s Eight Measures of Excellence (as discussed in his textbook). Back Matter The reports need to have the following components for the back matter:

English 303: Technical Writing White Paper Instructions—11

Table 3. White Paper Back Matter Components Section Components

Back Matter

1. Glossary /List of Symbols (if more than one page, otherwise, place in the front matter).

2. References. 3. Appendices.

Glossary. See the discussion on glossaries and lists of symbols in the front matter section above. References. You can acquire these sources from the Internet, books, journals, magazines, databases, e-books, or e-journals. Referenced information used in your document is best summarized or paraphrased. Keep quoting to a minimum. Whether quoted or paraphrased, all use of references should be cited to avoid plagiarism. Make sure your reference page(s) includes all references used (whether quoted from or not) for all sections of your document. Appendices. Each appendix should be its own document. No more than one document can be in an appendix. (For example, if Appendix E is a copy of a questionnaire, then Appendix F is the results of that questionnaire.) Place the transcripts of any interviews you did during your research in the appendix. Treat each interview transcript as a separate document. Appendices are optional in that if you do not need to place anything in an appendix, then you do not need an appendix section. Label each appendix item with a letter of the alphabet: starting with the letter A, label the first page of each appendix document with its corresponding letter. Follow that letter with the actual title of the document the appendix houses (for example, Appendix B: Questionnaire on Researching Credible Solutions to Viral Infections in Adolescents). Put the label as a level 1 heading. Be sure to record the labels for the Appendices in the Table of Contents appropriately. Tips

• Remember that this is not a memo. • You can reuse any information from your earlier papers in this class: the internal

proposal, the extended definition, and the literature review; just be careful that you do not blindly copy and paste.

• Your paper includes front matter, body, and back matter. Do not leave any section out. • The memo of transmittal is a separate document. While it is physically attached (usually

by a paperclip) to the white paper, it is not part of the white paper. Do not include both in the same Word document.

• Proofread and revise more than once: I advise doing separate proofreading/revising sessions with each focused on one measure of excellence (accuracy, accessibility, clarity, etc.). Double-check these instructions to make sure you are including everything that was asked for. Finally, edit your paper for grammar and spelling. By the way, the Writing Center is your friend.

English 303: Technical Writing White Paper Instructions—12

Closing If you have any questions, feel free to message me through Moodle, post in the Course Questions Forum on Moodle, email me at [email protected], or stop by my office during office hours. You can also, of course, ask questions during class workshops. References “Eight Rules for Creating Great White Papers.” Knowlegestorm. The Content Factor. April 2005.

contentfactor.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Eight_rules_for_great_whitepapers.pdf. “Purdue: OWL: White Papers.” Purdue Online Writing Lab. Purdue University. 2017.

owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/546/01/ Stelzner, Michael A. Writing White Papers: How to Capture Readers and Keep Them Engaged.

WhitePaperSource Publishing. 2006. “White Paper Basics: The Dos, Don’ts, Whys, Whats, and Hows of White Papers.” Canright

Marketing Reports. Canright. November 2011. www.canrightcommunications.com/ whitepaper_report.php.

  • Audience and Purpose
  • White Paper Versus Technical Report
  • White Paper Components Overview
    • Cover and Title Pages. The first page of the front matter is the cover page. A cover page protects the document, presents the Corporation’s branding, and for confidential or secret reports, shields the nature of the report from accidental viewing by u...
    • Table of Contents. Having a correct and properly formatted table of contents is important for your documents’ accessibility. It also aids your documents’ professional appearance. Microsoft Word has tools for creating a table of contents. Information c...
      • List of Illustrations. A list of illustrations helps readers to quickly locate important illustrations. The list of illustrations page will have two subsections (as appropriate): the first for listing figures with the second for listing tables. If you...
      • As this is essentially a table of contents of illustrations, page numbers for each table and figure must be included.
      • Glossary (Includes List of Symbols). A glossary is required. A glossary aids multicultural and non-subject matter experts as well as subject matter experts who, because of specialization, may not remember a term that is used in their field but is not...
      • Include abbreviations, acronyms, initialisms, symbols, and words that your audience needs to understand to be persuaded by your paper. Analyze your audiences—what abbreviations, symbols, and words will they be familiar with, and which will they not be?
      • Normally you do not need to include
      •  terms that are commonly used (those found in an American English standard dictionary),
      •  common Latin abbreviations (such as e.g., i.e.,etc., a.m, and p.m.),
      •  contractions (should not have any anyway, unless in quoted material or discussing them),
      •  common name prefixes or titles (such as Dr., Mr., Ms, or Mrs.),
      •  common name suffixes (such as Ph.D.),
      •  MLA abbreviations, or
      •  URL abbreviations.
      • Also, you do not need to include a symbol or abbreviation which you used only once in your document. However, you still need to spell out all abbreviations when first encountered, even if it is used only once.
      • Glossary items must be listed in alphabetical order for the glossary to be considered accessible (one of the Eight Measures of Excellence). Check the Ubiquitous Style Guide for how to properly format the glossary section.
      • Boldface items included in your glossary when they first appear in your paper. For the first term boldfaced in the document, explain to your reader what boldfacing a term means by including a footnote as explained in your textbook on page 486. To rep...
      • Abstract. Since subject-matter experts (SMEs) are the main audience for the abstract and since non-subject-matter experts will be addressed in the executive summary, technical language is allowed in the abstract. The abstract should be a descriptive o...
      • Acknowledgments. The author(s) of a report must acknowledge every person or agency not on the writing team that contributed to the project, including those that contributed economic, material, and workforce resources. To leave this section out when ot...
  • Body
    • Executive Summary. Remember that each section begins with a first-level heading which always starts on a new page. The summary is not an abstract. The main audiences for the summary will be managers and general readers. Since they are not SMEs, you ne...
  • Background and Introduction as Separate Sections Option. How you organize the introduction will be determined by which organization scheme from table 2 above you use.
  • Some papers will have the background before the introduction (those following the example 2 scheme in table 2 above); that is, the background will be a separate section (starting on a new page with a level-one heading) followed by the introduction in ...
  • Papers with a separate background section will begin with the context of the report: subject and purpose (see the top of page 494 in your textbook for an example); recall that Dr. William Birkin, Director of Research and Innovations for Ubiquitous, as...
  • The background section then sets the stage for the introduction. This organizational scheme is typically used when a problem or opportunity is complex, largely unknown to your readers, or the problem being solved is not accepted as a problem and you n...
  • For example, in a white paper discussing an innovation to remove carbon dioxide from the air to help combat global warming, you may first need a Background section to discuss global warming as a problem including its causes (including carbon dioxide b...
  • In the Introduction section, discuss your topic: the problem or opportunity; give general background information, enough to show you know what you are talking about. Point out problems from their perspectives. For example, in an introduction to a whit...
  • Introduction Includes Background Option. Do not confuse an introduction with an abstract. An introduction sets the stage for your paper; it provides any needed, relevant background or context for your topic.
  • The Introduction begins with the context of the report: subject and purpose (see the top of page 494 in your textbook for an example); recall that Dr. William Birkin, Director of Research and Innovations for Ubiquitous, asked for the research. Include...
  • After the context of the report, the introduction continues with a background of the problem or opportunity. Use this part of the introduction to show the importance of your topic and the necessity to solve it or address it—why should your audience ca...
    • Discussing Solutions. After you have shown a case for a need for your solution or approach, transition to discussing the solutions. Rather than write the proposed solution as the only correct solution, research the benefits and possible challenges of ...
    • Other Section Options. Depending upon which organization scheme you choose, after discussing solutions you can have a section discussing
    • Conclusion/Call to Action. The conclusion in the white paper concludes the paper and makes a “sales pitch” for the recommended solution to the board of directors. Recall that a white paper has more freedom for level 1 heading texts. However, as always...
    • Glossary. See the discussion on glossaries and lists of symbols in the front matter section above.
    • References. You can acquire these sources from the Internet, books, journals, magazines, databases, e-books, or e-journals. Referenced information used in your document is best summarized or paraphrased. Keep quoting to a minimum. Whether quoted or pa...
    • Appendices. Each appendix should be its own document. No more than one document can be in an appendix. (For example, if Appendix E is a copy of a questionnaire, then Appendix F is the results of that questionnaire.) Place the transcripts of any interv...
  • Tips
  • Closing
  • References

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/HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke. 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