Week 3 - Assignment: Critique the Application of the Process
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WHATABOUTMUNICIPALSTRATEGICMANAGEMENTAND.pdf
Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law
Special Issue 2/2015 7
WHAT ABOUT MUNICIPAL STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND
PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT
Krister BREDMAR
School of Business and Economics, Linneaus University
Kalmar, Sweden
Abstract: The purpose with this paper is to study how environmental uncertainty affects strategic priorities
and to what extent the strategic priorities could be monitored through performance measures, within a
Swedish municipal context. The findings show that in some areas, such as a budget in balance and cost
control, there are traditional priorities and performance measures, whereas in other areas such as
monitoring day-to-day improvements and growth and expansion, there is less support from performance
measurement systems.
Keywords: Strategic areas, municipal CFOs, performance measurement
INTRODUCTION
It is from time to time stated that the single most important task for management
is strategy (Macintosh, 1994). In a classical manner this comes down to two different
tasks, i.e. formulating a strategy and implementing a strategy (Andrews, 1971). The latter
task is usually integrated with management control ideas where historically important
authors like Anthony (Anthony, 1965) places management control in the area in-between
strategy and operations in an organizational hierarchy. Still today, even though the first
thoughts in line with the above reasoning, is dated around the second world war and was
fist fostered at Harvard Business School (Merchant, 1989), there is an interest in what
circumstances that contributes to the strategic thinking in organizations and to what
extent that impacts strategic actions. In this context modern performance measurement
and management ideas have come to grow and it has had a natural impact on how
systems and models have been developed.
Even though performance measurement and management ideas in its
contemporary form could be traced back 50 years in time, there have been two
developments that have triggered the interest in the research community. Firstly there has
been an increased technological development especially around the ability to store and
present data and information in a never-ending capability. This has made it even more
important to really understand what information is needed since there is more or less an
infinite supply of data in larger organizations. Secondly there has been an increased
interest in broader information as well as in financial reporting, a trend that could be
described as a consequence of the relevance lost debate in general and the balanced
scorecard models been developed in particular. New information needs have been named
and the information market has become even more demand oriented. Much of the
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Special Issue 2/2015 8
development that is happening today comes from the industry and very few new ideas
come from public administration in general and municipal organizations in particular.
Over some time now there has been a transfer of management ideas from the
industry to public sector, which has come to be summarized in the concept New Public
Management. Since the public administration in many ways is an even more complex
operation to manage, due to several different stakeholders and due to huge volumes
handled, there is a possibility to use resources in a more effective way, if effective
management tools are used. In this study effectivity is about measuring to what extent an
operation is reaching its goals. As a consequence performance measurement comes down
to being able to follow how well a strategy is implemented, and if the goals are reached.
In a way, this also defines the purpose behind developing extensive measurement
systems, and that is to be able to measure how well the organization is fulfilling its
strategic intent and purpose.
This paper focuses on strategic management in a municipal context. Since two
basic tasks are formulating and implementing a strategy, this is also of interest in this
paper. This interest could be formulated into three questions; [1] in what areas does
municipal CFOs consider uncertainty?; [2] in what areas are there strategic focuses?; and
[3] in what ways is it possible to follow performance? In this way, strategic management
is understood as being conscious of uncertainties, making strategic priorities and then
measuring performance. Even though much of the development in the area of strategic
management and performance measurement today comes from industry, there should be a
clear interest within public administration to be able to translate and transform ideas and
models from industry to public sector. Especially since the public sector is so diversified
and deals with so many different operations and since computer technology and modern
information systems make it possible to follow and monitor complex operations.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS
One important task for strategic management is to handle strategic uncertainty.
Usually this is done through an ongoing alignment with the changes and uncertainties in
the environment (Andrews, 1971; Anthony, 1965). For a municipal organization,
uncertainties can come from political and regulatory stakeholders (Ebrahimi, 2000). In
order for the organization to be able to act in a strategic way, it therefore needs to scan its
environment for potential uncertainties and threats which can be done by the top
managers, special units or parts of an organization (Porter, 1980). Because of the problem
with scanning the entire environment research have argued that it needs to be
decomposed into segments (Bourgeois, 1980; Fahey & Narayanan, 1986). One segment
consists of remote environmental sectors, such as political, economic, social, cultural and
technological ones (Asheghian & Ebrahimi, 1990; Sawyerr, 1993). From another point of
view, the task environment consists of issues dealing with goal setting and goal
achievement (Bourgeois, 1980; Duncan, 1972). Altogether, strategic management is thus
a form of continued alignment of the internal ambitions with the ongoing changes in the
environment.
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Special Issue 2/2015 9
When making strategic priorities it becomes important to understand both the
internal and external environment in order to handle strategic uncertainty. There are
several important differences between how private businesses are operating compared to
public sector management, especially shown in the environment (Rainey, Backoff, &
Levine, 1976; Ward & Mitchell, 2004). One of them is that the public sector is dependent
on formal regulations and procedures more than the private sector, which also affects
how strategic management is done. The customer is the citizen or constituent, which does
not pay for the service directly but indirectly through taxes, in most cases. It then
becomes important to understand in what areas the critical success factors can be
identified (Rockart, 1979), something that from a public management perspective gives
vital input to the strategic management in general and strategic priorities in particular.
After deciding what the strategic priorities are, it becomes important to decide in
what ways performance within the strategic areas should be measured (Poister & Streib,
1999). There are several different areas that need to be understood and dealt with in order
for the performance measurement to be effective. Measures should for example be
derived from goals and objectives, different forms of standards or targets needs to be
established and instead of focusing on what data is available there should be a focus on
what is important to measure. It is also important measure over time to be able to identify
changes in performance and also to measure and define metrics in a similar fashion over
several operations in order to be able to benchmark and compare performance. The
timing in measuring a performance is also crucial in order to be able to take action when
performance is not satisfactory.
METHODOLOGY
This paper is based on a survey conducted in March 2014. There are 290 Swedish
municipalities and they were contacted by e-mail. The CFO or the person with an
equivalent job description was asked to answer a web-based survey with mainly 18
proposals and three background questions. The proposals, which are translated from
Swedish, are presented in the appendix. The respondent was asked to give a response on
the proposal based on a seven grade Likert-scale (Norman, 2010). If the respondent
answered 1, the respondent did not agree to the proposal at all and if the answer was 7 the
respondent fully agreed to the proposal. The survey was open for the respondents for
about a month and during that period 91 answers were given. Out of them 85 answers
were complete and were used as the empirical material for this study. The method was in
many ways suitable for the purpose of the paper and even though a higher response rate
always is better, the collected material showed enough of variance to be interesting.
Since this paper is of a descriptive kind, with three rather open questions, this
method give a broader view and a more general picture of what the CFO’s opinions are
within this field. There is a problem with a general picture such as the one presented in
this paper, much due to the fact that a municipal operation is complex and multifaceted.
The picture presented is therefore of an aggregated kind and mainly based on one
respondent’s opinion and view. This could also be biased based on how the CFO wishes
things to be instead of how they actually are. Nevertheless, it gives a quick glimpse of
Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law
Special Issue 2/2015 10
how they look at strategic management and performance measurement, which for
example gives insights into additional studies and more focused methods. In the next
section, the findings will be presented and this is done with an ambition to give a broader
picture. Likert-scale studies are not suitable for advanced mathematical calculations, due
to the type of scale used, and because of that, the only actual calculation done was three
means. In addition, seven combinations between two questions are presented in
frequency tables.
FINDINGS
From a more general perspective, the findings could be categories or clustered
into three groups. The first group consists of proposal 4 to 8 and deals with how
uncertainty is perceived. The second group of questions is proposal 9 to 15 and this group
answers to questions about strategic priorities. In the final group, proposal 16 to 20, the
respondent’s answers describe how performance measures and reports are dealt with in
the organization. In order to get the general view or picture, a mean of the answers to
each proposal or question in the groups have been calculated and the answer is presented
in a radar-diagram in the coming paragraphs.
Figure 1 Means from proposal 4 to 8, grouped into how uncertainty is perceived
In the first group of answers to proposal 4 to 8, the findings show that the
respondents agree on the fact that uncertainty is produced from external factors like the
general economy, proposal 4, and legislative and regulating authorities, proposal 5, to a
greater extent. It also shows that they agree that there are many factors that influence the
municipal outcome and economy, but it is not an uncertainty factor in the same way, nor
is the business community’s success or failure an uncertainty factor. The least source of
uncertainty is the political leadership and how they are working. The diagram, see figure
Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law
Special Issue 2/2015 11
1 below, show a slight tendency to acknowledge uncertainty as something coming from
the outside, from the general economy and authorities, and not from the inside, e.g. the
political leadership.
When it comes to answers about strategic priorities, the means shown in a radar-
diagram can be found in Figure 2 below. In this group of findings, there is one thing that
stands out and that is the answer to proposal 9, a budget in balance, which has a mean of
6.7. It is a clear statement from the CFO’s but maybe not a surprising one. One might
think that to a CFO it is of highest importance in a strategic perspective to have a budget
in balance and a good economy in general. The answers also show a strategic interest in
growth and expansion (proposal 10) cost control (proposal 11) and in adapting service
levels, and improving operations in general (proposal 12 and 13). However, when it
comes to two additionally interesting areas, employees’ conditions and marketing, the
answers show is a slight decline, but they are still quite high since the mean is above 5.
Figure 2 Means from proposal 9 to 15, grouped into strategic priorities
The final group of answers shows two different perceptions. In a more general
way, the respondets on avarage are pleased with the report systems (the mean on proposal
16 is 5.3) and they also think that it is fairly easy to follow costs (the mean is 5.7 on
proposals 18). However, on a more specific level it is harder to follow growth and
expansion, with a mean of 4.0, and both day-to-day performance and work results are
hard to trace in the reports. The respondets give those two proposals a mean of 3.5 for
proposal 19 and 3.6 for proposal 20. So the performance reporting systems seem to be
working on a general level but when it comes to more specifik areas the respondets are
not that pleased.
Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law
Special Issue 2/2015 12
Figure 3 Means from proposal 16 to 20, grouped into performance measurement and reports
In addition to the more general picture painted above this paper continues with
cross-tabulating different proposals with each other. With this kind of cross-referencing
the idea is to see if statements and proposals from one perspective are back with support
from other proposals and perspectives. Each of the seven presentations or cross-
tabulations is shown in summary in a table. Since working with strategic management
issues in many cases comes down to understanding how to deal with uncertainties the
first table shows how different type of municipalities see uncertainty in the general
economy, which is shown in table 1 below. There is a slight tendency towards showing
that municipalities closer to big cities see the general economy as a larger uncertainty
factor than the average municipality. Other than that, the uncertainty concerning general
economy is fairly evenly distributed.
Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law
Special Issue 2/2015 13
Table 1 Type of municipality and general economy uncertainty
One of the strongest indications in the survey was that finding a budget in balance
was of strategic importance. This more general statement is interesting in itself but it is
also interesting to see if the respondents that thought the issue of getting a budget in
balance also think that there are many factors to deal with which would cause
uncertainty. This combination is shown below in table 2. 66 of the respondents’ answers
that a budget in balance is of highest strategic importance, but when it comes to different
factors affecting the outcome of the local economy the answers are more evenly
distributed, with a focus around 5. This might be interpreted as if an uncertainty is
recognized but its impact is not that crucial.
P9 Balanced
budget
P6 Uncertainty from many factors
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
2
3
4
5 3
Type of municipality P4 Impact from general economy
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Metropolitan 1 1
Suburbs of metropolitan 1 4 7
Town 1 2 8
Suburbs of town 1 1
Commuting municipality 1 6 2 6 4
Tourism and hospitality
municipality 2 1 2 1
Goods-producing municipality 1 6 6 2
Sparsely populated municipality 2 2 1
Municipality in densely populated
region 2 4 1
Municipality in sparsely
populated region 2 2
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Special Issue 2/2015 14
6 2 4 5 2 2
7 4 9 13 18 16 6
Table 2 Cross-tabulation from proposal 9 and 6
In a similar way it is interesting to combine two questions or perspectives that
should support each other. If the organization focuses on the budget, it should also be
interested in financial dimensions in the financial reporting system. The answers are
shown in Table 3 below. The majority of the respondents have answered that it is easy to
use the report system, but also here there is a more even distribution with several
outliners. Two respondents have answered 2 and 3 on proposal 16, which could be
interpreted that even though there is a strategic focus on a budget in balance it is not easy
to follow in the existing reporting system.
P9 Balanced
budget
P16 Easy to use the report system
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
2
3
4
5 2 1
6 1 3 6 5 1
7 1 1 8 19 31 6
Table 3 Cross-tabulation from proposal 9 and 16
In the survey there are some questions/proposals that ask about the same topic but
from two different perspectives. In the following section four of them are presented. One
important part of leading an organization strategically is to decide whether it should grow
and expand. However, if that decision is made then it also becomes important to follow to
what extent there actually is a growth. Among almost half of the answers that state that
growth and expansion is of strategic interest, a majority is not stating that they have clear
metrics and reports showing this. The answers to this combination are presented in Table
4. It seems like there is a tendency to think that growth and expansion is important but the
CFO does not have measures to follow whether this is accomplished.
P10 Growth
and expansion
P17 Metrics and reports that show growth
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
2 1
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Special Issue 2/2015 15
3 1 1 1 1
4 2 4 1
5 3 4 10 5
6 1 4 9 11 1
7 1 1 4 6 5 6 1
Table 4 Cross-tabulation from proposal 10 and 17
Traditionally, financial information systems have focused on costs and
consumption of resources. In the next combination of proposals, shown in Table 5, there
should be dominance towards showing costs, especially if cost control is of strategic
importance. That is to a certain extent also true since there is an even distribution around
answer 6 on proposal 18 (if the report systems show costs). However, it is also interesting
to see that as much as a quarter of the answers are a 5 on the proposal if costs are of
strategic importance. Overall, the findings are more or less as expected.
P11 Cost
control
P18 Reporting systems show costs
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
2 1
3
4 1 1 2 2 1
5 2 4 16
6 2 2 6 11 4
7 1 6 10 11
Table 5 Cross-tabulation from proposal 11 and 18
For sometime there has been a focus on improving day-to-day operations within
industry, something that also is a part of New Public Management. Two of the proposals
were centered on this, proposal 13 and proposal 19 as shown in Table 6 below. This
seems, however, to be an area where there has been little or not sufficient development.
When it comes to being able to measure day-to-day performance, there is a great variance
among the answers, with a center around 3 and 4. These answers are in this context fairly
low. At the same time, a majority says that improving daily operations are of strategic
importance.
P13 Improve
operations
P19 Measure day-to-day operations
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Special Issue 2/2015 16
1
2 1
3
4 1 1 2 2 1
5 2 4 16
6 2 2 6 11 4
7 1 6 10 11
Table 6 Cross-tabulation from proposal 13 and 19
Being able to measure daily performance is also something that involves the
ability for an employee to follow their work, which was one of the strategic proposals.
Combining proposal 14 with 19 shows to what extent respondents’ look at employee’s
conditions as a strategic issue and if there is a possibility to measure what is done, what
the performance is. This combination is shown in Table 7. As presented earlier in this
chapter there is a somewhat weaker tendency towards focusing on employee conditions
as a part of strategic issues, which also is shown in Table 7. Nevertheless there is a slight
linear pattern showing that the two proposals follow each other to some extent.
P14 Employee
conditions
P19 Measure day-to-day operations
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
2
3 1 2 1
4 3 3 5 3 1
5 4 6 7 6
6 2 3 5 6 5 2
7 3 4 3 5 2
Table 7 Cross-tabulation from proposal 14 and 19
Altogether, the findings show that some of the answers are close to what could be
expected while others show a greater variance. In the following section, the paper
continues with a short discussion of the findings.
DISCUSSION
Overall answers show what might be expected. CFOs think that it is of strategic
importance to have a budget in balance and they also feel that they can use their reporting
Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law
Special Issue 2/2015 17
systems to follow this. They also see it as important to follow costs and consequently
they find that information to a large extent in the reporting systems. When it comes to
handling uncertainty as a part of the strategic management process, there seems to be an
emphasis on issues they can not control, such as the general economy and legislative and
regulatory authorities. The political leadership, which is one of the most important
stakeholders, seems not to create to much of a problem or uncertainty. In a more general
perspective, it seems like the respondents have a higher profile among the answers when
it comes to strategic intent and a slightly lower response distribution when it comes to
performance measures and reporting. In a way, this might be interpreted as intention and
reality, what the CFO wish for and what they live by.
In some areas there seem to be answers that might not be expected. One of those
areas is that if there is a specific strategic intent it is not always easy to follow what the
organization performs. One such example is the ambition to grow and expand, which
seems not to be that easy to follow in reports. In the same way, there is an intention to
improve on a day-to-day basis but at the same time this is an area that is hard to measure
and report on. This is an interesting result since at the same time the respondents say that
they are interested in controlling costs, and that is something that can be monitored in the
systems. But for some reason that is not connected to day-to-day operations. Being able
to follow and monitor daily operations is also something that on average shows lower
distributions among the answers. When the relevance lost debate turned into a balanced
scorecard solution, many public administration managers were quick to embrace the non-
financial reporting thought. As a last question in this survey, the respondents were asked
to name non-financial measures and reports that they used on a regular basis. Only one
forth of the respondents did this, which might signal that they do not work with that kind
of reporting to the extent that it sometimes has been presented.
CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, three different areas have been connected to strategic management,
that is, dealing with strategic uncertainty, making strategic priorities and working with
performance measurement. In a way the findings show that these three areas could be
understood together, as parts of strategic management. In order to be able to work with
strategic management, one must understand the uncertainties, make priorities and follow
performance. Theories within this field have a heavy focus on business operations, which
in several ways are different from working in the public sector. In many cases the
stakeholders are harder to grasp, compared to in a business environment, where, for
example, the customer is equal to a citizen and boards are made of different political
opinions. Nevertheless, the findings show that municipal CFOs are heavily focused on
thinking strategically.
When it comes to the three areas, which in this paper makes up strategic
management in a municipal context, the proposal that got the highest average was how
the general economy had an impact on operations. This is truly something that neither the
CFO nor the politicians can do something about. In the same way, it seems like the CFOs
do not think that the political leadership is creating uncertainties, which might mean that
Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law
Special Issue 2/2015 18
they have an executive management function that is working. Among strategic priorities
the proposal saying that it is of strategic importance to work with a budget in balance got
the highest average. In general all of the proposals in this grouping received high
averages. This might be explained by a general interest among CFOs in strategic
question. On average the third group of proposal answers was much lower. This could be
due to the fact that the respondents have high intent, strategically, but it might be more
difficult to follow that intent in reports and measures. Even though saying that the highest
average among answers in these categories was on the proposal that it is easy to follow
planning and outcome in the report systems.
Since the municipal environment is so much more complex in many aspects, it
becomes interesting just to study traditional business logic, when it comes to
contemporary management control theories. In some cases that logic is easy to transfer
and translate (such as a budget in balance) but in other areas (such as growth and
expansion) it becomes harder to compare ways of working with the theories. In the long
run, benchmarks between different branches and environments could enrich the other
areas and maybe in the future, businesses will look at how the public sector have chosen
to solve issues with strategic management and performance measurement.
Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law
Special Issue 2/2015 19
APPENDIX
The following proposals were used in the survey.
P4 The general economy in Sweden largely impacts municipal operations.
P5 Legislative and regulatory authorities often alters our business conditions.
P6 There are so many factors that affect the outcome of the local economy, and the
economy is then perceived as uncertain.
P7 There is a strong link between if the business community in the municipality
succeeds and if the municipality succeeds.
P8 The way the political leadership is working, is creating uncertainty for municipal
operations.
P9 A functioning economy, such as a balanced budget, is strategically important.
P10 Growth and expansion are key strategic areas that we work with.
P11 In our business, it is a strategic priority that we control our costs.
P12 It is strategically important for the municipality to adapt the municipal service
levels.
P13 We work long term to improve the daily operations.
P14 It's a strategic priority that employees at all levels in the municipality have the
best conditions possible to do their jobs.
P15 In our municipality, it is strategically important for us to continually enhance our
profile and we market ourselves in the best way.
P16 It's easy to follow the municipality's financial planning and outcome in our report
system.
P17 We have clear metrics and reports that show growth and development.
P18 Our reporting system shows where we consume resources in the municipality, ie
where the costs were incurred.
P19 The performances in the day-to-day operations are easy to present using reports.
P20 Employees at various levels in the municipality are able to get access to reports
that show the results of their work, what they have done.
Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law
Special Issue 2/2015 20
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