Essay 1500 words

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Bibliography Every piece of work you submit must be accompanied by a correctly presented bibliography – a list of your sources. As with in-text referencing we use a variant of the Harvard style for bibliographies in sociology. Your bibliography should be in alphabetical order by the author’s last name. You should not number or bullet point the items in your bibliography. Sometimes you might use sources that do not quite conform to the rules as set out here. If in doubt try to follow the basic rules set out here, or consult the library referencing guide available at: https://www.westminster.ac.uk/library- and-it/support-and-study-skills/guides-and-tutorials/referencing-your-work There are specific ways of presenting different types of sources. Follow these rules carefully: Single authored books Single authored books (whether you used a physical copy or accessed an e- book) are presented in the following way: Step 1: author’s surname and initial(s) with a full stop after each initial; Step 2: the year of publication in brackets, followed by a full stop; Step 3: the title of the book, in italics, followed by a full stop. Only the first word in the title (and any names) needs to have a capital letter; Step 4: the place of publication* followed by a colon; Step 5: the name of the publisher followed by a full stop. Here is an example: Holmes, M. (2009). Gender and everyday life. London: Routledge.

* Where to find the place of publication: At the front of books is a page with the copyright and publisher information. Look for the location/address of the publisher – you should give the name of the city/town as the place of publication. The library record for books also lists this information. If a publisher has offices in the UK and in other locations, list the UK location. When referencing a book that has been published in the US we usually include the state abbreviation. For example: Rancière, J. (1999). Dis-agreement: politics and philosophy. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

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Editions In the following example the book is in its second edition. In order to make this clear, add a comma after the title of the book and list the edition number (2nd, 3rd etc) and ‘ed’ before a full stop. Nettleton, S. (2006). The sociology of health and illness, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Polity.

Two or more authors In cases where there are two authors, the book is presented in the following way: Pilcher, J. and Whelehan, I. (2004). Fifty key concepts in gender studies. London: Sage. Where there are three or more authors, you need only put the lead author followed by ‘et al.’ Benhabib, S. et al. (1995). Feminist contentions: a philosophical exchange. London: Routledge.

An edited book Edited books follow a similar format to authored books, but you need to indicate when someone is an editor rather than the author. To do this insert ‘ed.’ in brackets after the editor’s name, or ‘eds.’ if there is more than one editor: Silverman, D. (ed.) (2016). Qualitative research, 4th ed. London: Sage. Robinson, V. and Richardson, D. (eds.) (2015). Introducing gender and women’s studies, 4th ed. London: Palgrave. More usually you will be listing a single chapter from an edited book (see p16).

Several items by one author Where you have cited several works by one author, you put the earliest work first on the bibliography. If you have a number of texts from the same year by the same author, list them in order of publication, using letters to differentiate them (2010a, 2010b, etc.).

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A chapter in an edited collection Edited collections are books that have chapters written by different authors. The collection also has an editor who has put the book together, but who is not its author. Citing a chapter in an edited collection differs from normal books. It is done in the following way: Step 1: author’s surname and initial(s) with a full stop after each initial; Step 2: the year the collection was published in brackets, followed by a full stop; Step 3: the title of the chapter followed by a full stop. Note that only the first word of the chapter title needs to be capitalised; Step 4: the word ‘in’ and a colon; Step 5: the surname and initial(s) of the editor(s) of the book; Step 6: in brackets put (ed.) or (eds.) where there is more than one editor; Step 7: the title of the collection in italics with a full stop at the end; Step 8: the place of publication followed by a colon; Step 9: the publisher followed by a comma; Step 10: the page range of the chapter followed by a full stop. Here are some examples: Miller, J. and Glassner, B. (2016). The ‘inside’ and the ‘outside’: finding realities in interviews. In: Silverman, D. (ed.) Qualitative research, 4th ed. London: Sage, 51-66. Woodward, K. (2015). Gendered bodies: gendered lives. In: Robinson, V. and Richardson, D. (eds.) Introducing gender and women’s studies, 4th ed. London: Palgrave, 97-113.

Films and DVDs The required elements for a reference are: Step 1: full title in italics; Step 2: year of distribution or release in brackets, followed by full stop; Step 3: ‘Directed by’ and name of director, if relevant; Step 4: format or medium in square brackets, followed by full stop; Step 5: country or place of origin/distribution, followed by a colon; Step 6: film studio or maker, followed by a full stop. Here are some examples: Buffy the vampire slayer (2011). Directed by Joss Whedon [DVD]. United Kingdom: 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. Health for all children 3 (2004). [DVD] London: Child Growth Foundation.

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Journal articles Academic journals are an important resource for both academic researchers and students. With the advent of online availability journal articles are far more accessible than ever before. There are three main types of journal articles – print, online and online-first: Regular ‘print’ journals Most academic journals are still available in hard copy (print) and even though you are most likely to access them online, you still list articles on your bibliography as if they were print items (don’t ask why!). Follow the following referencing form even where you have accessed journal articles electronically: Step 1: author’s surname and initial(s) with a full stop after each initial; Step 2: the year of publication in brackets, followed by full stop; Step 3: the title of the article followed by a full stop. Note that only the first word of the title needs to be capitalised; Step 4: the name of the journal in italics followed by a comma. Note that all significant words in the journal title should be capitalised; Step 5: the volume number; Step 6: the issue number in brackets followed by a comma; Step 7: the page range of the article. Here is an example: Armstrong, D. (1995). The rise of surveillance medicine. Sociology of Health and Illness, 17 (3), 393-404. If there are two authors, a journal article is presented like this: Hockey, J. and Draper, J. (2005). Beyond the womb and the tomb: identity, (dis)embodiment and the life course. Body and Society, 11 (2), 41-57. As with books, if there are three authors or more, you use et al.: Macintyre, S. et al. (2005). Are rich people or poor people more likely to be ill? Lay perceptions, by social class and neighbourhood, of inequalities in health. Social Science and Medicine, 60 (2), 313-317. Some journals only have an issue or volume number and not both. If this is the case put the number given, followed by a comma: Jameson, F. (1993). On cultural studies. Social Text, 34, 17-52.

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Online journals Some academic journals (for example Sociological Research Online) are published exclusively online. Your bibliography needs to give the name of the journal, the volume/issue number and the web address as follows: Step 1: author’s surname and initial(s) with a full stop after each initial; Step 2: the year of publication in brackets, followed by full stop; Step 3: the title of the article followed by a full stop. Note that only the first word of the title needs to be capitalised; Step 4: the name of the journal in italics followed by a comma. Note that all significant words in the journal title should be capitalised; Step 5: the volume number (if given); Step 6: the issue number (if given) in brackets followed by a comma; Step 7: ‘Available from’ and the article’s URL; Step 8: the date you accessed the article in square brackets. Here is an example: Thurnell-Read, T. (2013). “Yobs” and “snobs”: embodying drink and the problematic male drinking body. Sociological Research Online, 18 (2). Available from http://www.socresonline.org.uk/18/2/3.html [Accessed 19 August 2017]. Online journal articles do not have page numbers (this is often how you can tell it’s an online-only journal). Often the paragraphs will be numbered – if you reference an online journal article in an essay, use the paragraph number like you would a page number in a book or traditional article in an in-text reference.

Online-first articles Increasingly academic journals are publishing articles online before they come out in a print issue of the journal. Articles published ‘online-first’ have no volume or issue number and may not have page numbers. Therefore, when listing this type of article in your bibliography you should cite the online publication date and the DOI (digital object identifier). For example: Graefer, A. (2013). White stars and orange celebrities: the affective production of whiteness in humorous celebrity-gossip blogs. Celebrity Studies. Published online 6 August. DOI: 10.1080/19392397.2013.798913. For these articles you do not need to state the date accessed.

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Website/webpage item See p45 for more on how to use online sources. Here is the general format for listing websites/webpages and online material in your bibliography: Step 1: author of the article (an individual or organisation). If there is no obvious author you can list the name of the website as in the second example below. Step 2: the year the page was published in brackets followed by a full stop. If the item is not dated, put ‘no date’ in brackets; Step 3: the title of the item, followed by a full stop; Step 4: the name of the website in italics, followed by a full stop; Step 5: ‘Available from’ and the site’s/page’s URL; Step 5: the date you accessed the page, in square brackets, and a full stop. Here are some examples: Coughlan, S. (2016). Degrees have ‘retained earnings value’. BBC News. Available from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-37106997 [Accessed 19 August 2017]. Equal Pay Portal (2016). Beyond gender. Equal Pay Portal. Available from http://www.equalpayportal.co.uk/beyond-gender [Accessed 19 August 2017]. Android Developers (2015). 10 ways to increase your earnings. YouTube. Available from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irWymeJ9uXo [Accessed 19 August 2017].

Online newspaper article Step 1: author’s surname and initial(s) with a full stop after each initial; Step 2: the year of publication in brackets, followed by a full stop; Step 3: the title of the article followed by a full stop. Note that only the first word of the title needs to be capitalised; Step 4: the name of the newspaper in italics followed by a comma. Note that all significant words in the newspaper title should be capitalised; Step 5: day and month of publication followed by a full stop; Step 6: ‘Available from’ and the article’s URL; Step 7: the date you accessed the article in square brackets, and a full stop. Here is an example: Nuccitelli, D. (2016). Climate urgency: we’ve locked in more global warming than people realize. The Guardian, 15 August. Available from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per- cent/2016/aug/15/climate-urgency-weve-locked-in-more-global-warming-than- people-realize [Accessed 19 August 2017].

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Example of a Westminster Harvard style bibliography Below is an example of a correctly formatted and presented bibliography featuring some of the most commonly used types of items.

Note that: • Items are listed in alphabetical order by author surname. • Items are not numbered, bullet pointed or separated by type. • Page numbers are only necessary for journal articles and chapters in edited

collections. • Titles of books, journals, newspapers and websites are in italics. • Every source has a clearly identifiable author, date and title. • Online items have a full URL and date they were accessed.

Billington, R. et al. (1998). Exploring self and society. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

Bloch, A. and Solomos, J. (eds.) (2009). Race and ethnicity in the 21st century. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

Clarke, J. (2008). Still policing the crisis? Crime, Media, Culture, 4 (1), 123- 129.

Crawford, J. and McKee, K. (2016). Hysteresis: understanding the housing aspirations gap. Sociology. Published online 11 August. DOI: 10.1177/0038038516661263

Hall, S. (1992). Cultural studies and its theoretical legacies. In: Grossberg, L. et al. (eds.) Cultural studies. New York: Routledge, 277-294.

Hill Collins, P. (2004). Black sexual politics: African Americans, gender, and the new racism. London: Routledge.

Kennedy, M. (2011). The Wire actors reunited for Sheffield production of Othello. The Guardian, 26 May. Available from http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2011/may/25/the-wire-actors-othello- sheffield [Accessed 19 August 2017].

Oakley, R. et al. (2011). Are you saying I’m racist?: an evaluation of work to tackle racist violence in three areas of London. Runnymede Trust. Available from http://www.runnymedetrust.org/companies/173/276/Are-You-Saying- Im-Racist-.html [Accessed 19 August 2017].

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This is a book with more than two authors

This is a book with two editors

This is a journal article

This is an online first journal article with two authors

This is a chapter in a book with more than one editor

This is a book

This is an online newspaper article

This is a webpage item, with more than two authors