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weekonerepliestocalssmatesdisscussionboards.docxChristina Sanchez
week 1 Discussion 1 (scientific aticle)
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Does Hepatitis E Virus need to be Considered as a re-emerging problem in both industrialized and developing countries?
I came across an article wrhich was very interesting to me. The five authors - Zhang, Wu, Zhong, Xiao, and Dong observed that Hepatitis E (HEV) as a virus which is now considered by some scientists as an emerging issue as HEV is not only prevalent in developing countries but increasingly detected in industrialized nations (p. 275). I learned that this disease affects the liver and there are over 20 million cases resulting from HEV every year. To give a quick history about hepatitis E, in was in India, in 1978 when the first out break which hit the area and resulted in 52,000 cases and 1,700 deaths all due to water-borne HEV disease (Zhang et al. 2018). At first they did not know how or what this disease was that was killing and people become infected until a Russian scientist in 1983, by the name of Mikhail Balayan, took some stool samples and samples from autopies which had damaged livers and had been infected with this virus and studied it. His team then classified it as Hepatitis E (HEV). I learned from reading this article that there are currently eight known HEV genotypes (parts of the genetic makeup of a cell that determines the phenotype of a specific organism) (Zhang et al. 2018). Some genotypes can infect humans and some animals and some both.
What was most interesting in this article was it included the transmission, symptons, prevention, spreading, and awareness to the public about HEV. I think it is important to known especially for someone like me who wants to travel to other countries where different environments are not as santizied as the comfort we have here at home. Furthermore, HEV infection is high and shows a trend of increasing, which leads to the conclusion and proves there hypothesis that HEV is a re-emerging disease (Zhang et al. 2018).
To give a brief description about HEV, HEV can be transmitted through food consumption, blood transfusion, organ tranplants, pathogens in fecal particles from one person, uncooked foods, raw animal products, close contact with pigs and swine hunters (Zhang et al. 2018). Some of the symptons which many believe they have the cold or the flu are fever, vomiting, faintness. Some other characteristics of symptons can be jaundice, itching skin, pale stools, darkened urine, which lead to chronic HEV diseases. Prevention is mainly with a HEV vaccine, especially for paties who require blood or organ transplants. Lastly, awareness to the public about ways to protect oneself when encountering persons who may be infected, blood donation, eating handling raw foods, or animals, etc.
Dusica Zecevic
Week One Discussion
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The cave art was inspirational research topic for many scholars and scientists. Among them was the anthropologist Whipps (2008), who revealed an interesting findings of scientist Reznikoff about another ritualistic skill people from the upper Paleolithic era possessed. Through their winter residential time in caves, it was found that this early painters were sining too (p.2). To be able to conduct an evidences for this incredible findings, in collaboration with Archaeologists, trained vocal specialists and sound professionals, the scientists made several conclusions. One of them indicated that this people were looking for a specific place in cave to paint, where the voice had the clearest sound. In addition, they understood the differences between the quality of sound and that echoing voice can reach further than light, as they were exploring caves. Music was a ritualistic addition through their process of life portrayed on cave walls. The bone whistles and flutes purposefully founded in many high resonance cave areas, indicated that music and singing was an important part of their life in caves (p.3).
This article I found relevant to week one topic the metric system, because the sound is measured by sound unit, decibel. To measure the accurate acoustics of cave, scientists needed to take in account the size of cave, the height and type of material the place was made of.
References
Whipps, H. (2008, July 2). Live Science: Cave Man Loved to Sing. Livescience Retrieved from <https://www.livescience.com/2647-cave-men-loved-sing.html>
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Week 1 Discussion
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The article I have selected is from the ScienceDaily website. This article from Brown University discusses the changes in memory that occurs from the effects of alcohol. To do this, they utilized fruit flies and observed as well as manipulated the 100,000 neurons in fruit flies. The purpose in doing so, is to observe why there is a multitude of negative effects of drug intake, but we recall the positives more often (Brown University, par. 3). The team for this experiment utilized genetic tools to selectively “turn off” genes while training the flies to find alcohol. This enabled the team to observe what proteins were required for the “reward behavior” (Brown University, par. 8).
After their observations, they acknowledged the “dopamine-2-like receptor” being involved in whether a memory is pleasing or aversive (Brown University, par. 12). Therefore, this memory related receptor is manipulated by alcohol and cravings are formed. The team also mentioned that if this is like human individuals, the pathway could potentially return to normal after one glass of wine in an hour, but three glasses would initiate a twenty-four hour wait time for a closed pathway (Brown University, par. 16). Based on that information, one could assume that may increase risk for addiction as the pathway remains open. Research in this area is being continued to observe addiction and its relation to genetics.
References
Just a few drinks can change how memories are formed. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/10/181025142050.htm
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