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Week8Presentation.pptxDihydrogen Oxide (Water)
A compound consisting of two hydrogen atoms
and one oxygen atom H2O
- Water is the most abundant compound on Earth
- Water is recognized as the universal solvent, most natural substances decompose in water over time in a process known as hydrolysis
- During hydrolysis the water molecule is split into a hydrogen atom and a hydroxide radical.
- NaCl + H(OH) HCl + Na(OH)
Pure Water is water which contains no other
Elements other than hydrogen and oxygen in a
2:1 ratio (i.e. distilled water)
- Water which contains substances other than hydrogen and oxygen is referred to as Impure Water, and come in many forms
-Polluted Water: water which contains substances which alter the waters physical characteristics such as color, odor or taste (pollutants)
- Turbid Water: water which contains substances which gives the water a cloudy appearance, such as air bubbles and silt
- Contaminated Water: Water which contains poisonous toxins
- Hard Water: Water which contains soluble Calcium, Magnesium, or Iron salts. Calcium in water used to embalm may promote blood clotting
- Soft Water: Water which contains soluble Sodium or Potassium based salts created by an ion exchange
-Potable Water: Water which is fit to drink, either through mechanical filtration, distillation, or by adding chemicals such as Iodine
Hydrogen Peroxide
- a chemical cousin to water
- contains one additional atom of oxygen H2O2
- a colorless liquid with a faint but recognizable odor and a bitter taste
- it is toxic to living organisms so therefore…
- it is used as a disinfecting agent
- also works well as a bleaching agent
- unstable in the presence of light or air
- it can easily lose the extra atom of oxygen and become water
- when in the presence of formaldehyde based substances it forms formic acid
- formic acid will cause human tissue to imbibe water
- causing the formation of edema
Ammonia
A molecule containing one Nitrogen atom
and three hydrogen atoms NH3
- Is produced during the decomposition of protein molecules
- Will bind with formaldehyde based substances to form a neutral compound known as urotropin
- It is recommended to use ammonia to neutralize formaldehyde if spilled during the embalming process
Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH)
- the measure of the relative strength of an acid or base
- actually measures the hydrogen ion
[ H+1 ] concentration found in a solution
- measured on a scale of Zero (0) to 14
- if the pH (or hydrogen ion concentration) is BELOW 7 then the solution is said to be
- an acid (or acidic)
- the further below 7 the pH is….
- the stronger the acid
- pH of 7 is neutral
- if the pH (or hydrogen ion concentration) is ABOVE 7, then the solution is said to be
- a base (or basic or alkaline)
- the further above 7 the pH is…..
- the stronger the base
Acids
The word acid is derived from
- the Latin word "Acidus" which means sour
- therefore they have a sour taste
The constituents of acid compounds are hydrogen and some non-metal element or non-metal radical such as sulfate/sulfite or phosphate/phosphite
will ionize and yield hydrogen ions when placed in water
- the strength of an acid depends upon the number of hydrogen ions released during a hydrolysis reaction
- a strong acid will release a relatively large number of hydrogen ions
- a weak acid will release a relatively small number of hydrogen ions
- have a pH of less than 7
- non-metals tend to form acids
Base Compounds
The original word used to describe base compounds is
- alkali
- alkali means “ash"
- when Saltwort plants are burned, the resulting ash has a bitter taste
- therefore, base compounds generally taste bitter
(or bitter-metallic)
The consitutents of base compounds are metal elements or metal radicals and…..
- hydroxide
will yield hydroxide ions when placed in water
- the strength of a base depends upon the number of hydroxide ions released during a hydrolysis reaction
- a strong base releases a relatively large number of hydroxide ions
- a weak base releases a relatively small number of hydroxide ions
- have a pH of greater than 7
Amphoteric
- any compound that can act as both an acid and a base in solution
- such as an amino acid
Buffers
- something that will resist changes in the pH
- substances that, in solution, are capable of neutralizing, within limits, both acids and bases and thereby maintaining the original or constant pH of the solution
Salt Compounds
An inorganic salt is a compound which contains metal elements (or metal radicals) and non-metal elements (or non-metal radicals)
- will yield both metal and non-metal ions upon hydrolysis
- OR…..
- substances that ionize and produce ions OTHER than H+ or OH-
- the joining together of an acid and a base yields a salt and water (oxide)
- this chemical reaction is referred to as
- a Neutralization reaction
- a neutralization reaction includes all four classes of inorganic compounds
1) 3)
2) 4)
Acids
Bases
Salts
Oxides
- the pH scale doesn’t work for measuring the strength of a salt solution
- when a salt molecule is hydrolyzed, the metals and non-metals present will ionize but no additional hydrogen or hydroxide will be added to the solution
Acid + Base Salt + Oxide
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O + Heat
Hydrochloric Acid + Sodium Hydroxide
- a compound consisting of oxygen combined with only one other element
Oxide Compounds
