SCIENCE DISCUSSION(NO PLAGIARISM, A++ WORK, QUALITY, ON TIME)

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W7: From Academics to Your Profession (No more than 300 words)

Must post first.

In this week’s discussion you’re going to take a moment to look back at what you’ve learned and accomplished over the course of the Sports Management Program. This will provide an opportunity for each of you to share how the work you’ve done has, hopefully, enhanced your educational experience, and how the work transfers to your chosen profession. Do you feel you are better prepared to take on the responsibilities and challenges of your chosen profession whether it’s a career or job change, or it is a move up your current career ladder.(It’s a move up because its my passion)

Please share with your classmates some of the coursework, projects, etc. you’ve completed during your studies, and how they have impacted you. Please also share how you feel the work has prepared your for your chosen profession. If you are already working in your chosen profession(High School Coach), please share how the work has helped you in your chosen profession.

Kowalski, K. (2020). Coaching. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 51(1), 12–14. https://doi.org/10.3928/00220124-20191217-04

Hackman, J. R., & Wageman, R. (2005). A Theory of Team Coaching. The Academy of Management Review, 30(2), 269–287. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2005.16387885

Today, on the evening of Thursday, September 2nd I had the privilege of interviewing Bill Colin. Mr. Colin has applied for the open Defensive Coordinator position here at our school. Mr. Colin brings a great deal of experience and knowledge with him, and I thoroughly enjoyed our conversation as I got to know him a little better. Below you will see some key points I took out of our interview.

The first thing that stuck out to me regarding Mr. Colin was his experience in not only football, but also life. Bill has 22 years of experience in the military, this stood out to me as I know it will lead to discipline and structure for our student athletes. He also has experience in football and working with different diversities and cultures. His commitment to a goal shows he is determined and will complete whatever he is tasked with.

Mr. Colin also informed me of his desire to give back to the community. Being a presence is a great look for our university and Bill would look forward to the opportunity to make appearances at youth programs and other community events. The traits he would look for in athletes also stuck out to me, as he mentioned family, character, and their grades. All of which are great qualities for a football player representing our university to possess.

I would like to bring Mr. Colin in for a sit-down interview. I’m a little curious about his experience in football and would like to hear more about that. As far as his character and standards go, I believe he would be a good fit. If he is able to provide some insight on his knowledge of the game and experiences, I believe we are looking at someone who could do a great job of representing our team and university.

Coaching

Willie Collins

AMU/APUS

Coaching Philosophy

My philosophy is to

Develop players passion

Provide sufficient tools and equipments

Provide positive and safe environment

Insist on technical, tactical, physical and psychological skills

Shun micromanage games

Do not sacrifice health, safety, and long-term development for winning games.

All players and their parents and community matter

My coaching philosophy is to develop all rounded players in safe and well equipped environments. This is why I insist on the four fundamental training skills that are objective. These are technical, tactical, physical fitness and psychological skills. I let the players grow and develop into sensible community embers and thus do not micro-manage games but adhere to collective responsibility of transforming each other towards set game objectives. Player development is important far above short term winning goals. the community and parents of the players are critical in the development and growth of the player (Jenkins, 2010).

Coaches Responsibilities

Recruits players based on interest and talent

Coach is in charge of the players discipline

Schedules training and gaming times

Informs players of trends in sports and policies

Create responsible members of the society

Plans traveling schedules and provisions

Networks players for potential development

As a coach, the responsibility of developing all rounded players begin with individual interest, capability and talent. Coach shapes the discipline of players, schedules and performs their training, informed players about current trends in the sport, and develop individuals that are responsible community members. It is also important for a good coach to network players and allow exploitation of better pastures out there (Seitz et al., 2014).

Team Rules

First rule is general discipline

Members have to be orderly and organized

Time management/consciousness

Emphasize on effective communication

Respect, empathy, resilience, teamwork

Receptive to constructive criticism

Positive self image and motivation

Every team is guided by certain set standards, rules and regulations that direct their conducts, dressing and communication channels. The team is sound and has well structured rules and regulations. However, the rules guide individual conducts with the rest, public presentation and personalities. We emphasize on the orderliness and organization, respect, resilience, time consciousness, and teamwork. Being a positive member of a team is important in developing psychological skills of dealing with pressure in life (Jenkins, 2010).

Player Conduct

Players conducts defines the character

Emphasize on character and skill building

Players should value teamwork

Avoid conducts that are culturally insensitive

The image of the player reflects the team

Respect community values and leadership

Always presentable and hospitable

Any team is defined by the discipline and conducts of every player. Players must be respectful, and of good character. We encourage and develop character just as we do develop individual skills. Many strategies are used to attain this. Adherence to community norms and values is important. A team has to reflect the image of the community (Jenkins, 2010).

Community Involvement

A community plays a big role in defining team

Community is a catchment of players

It supports players with accessories/equipments

It provides moral support and sense of belonging

It provides safe playing ground

It defines the teams norms and values

It is the source of managerial skills and support

A community plays a critical role in the establishment and performance of any team. For instance, a community produces managers and sponsors of the team. The players that join the team come from that community. During games, community members cheer the team giving them moral support and safety. Again, the team image is defined by the community moral standards and values (Druckman et al., 2015).

Drugs Use

Use of stimulant drugs is uncompromised

Drugs have many side effects

Long term player development overrides wining

Habitual testing and drug documentation

Adhere to international drug policies

Drug users are rehabilitated on voluntary basis

Unruly drug addict players are dismissed

Many teams collapse because of drug abuse. Good players lose sense of morality when they begin using substances. Using drugs jeopardizes the long term developmental goals for players. Use of drugs encourage short term wining goals. drugs are prohibited internationally. Again they have many side effects that may negatively affect the players performance (Druckman et al., 2015).

Team Formation

Team formation procedure is formidable

Emphasis is on character, talent and capacity

Willing to learn and availability is considered

Every team member is resourceful

Making a team entails the very specific processes of team formation. However, individuals must agree to form mutual goals that will direct their interactions. Our process is formidable and emphasizes on character, talent and ability. Individual character may cause high degree of learning new skills and abilities. Individual player has to be available and willing to learn to attain these goals. every member is resourceful and thus respected in that capacity (Sherlin et al., 2011).

Determining Playing Time

Playing time is crucial for skill and fitness growth

Playing time is fixed externally

Training time is determined collectively

Communication is made verbal and tabulated

Flexibility allows for other social responsibility

Family and personal development time is reserved

Team development stage also impacts time

Playing time is important in learning different skills and knowledge. However, a good playing time is determined collectively with players and coach involved. Tournaments plying time is determined by the sponsors or managers of the game. Our playing time is flexible and inclusive. It is designed collectively depending on the individuals personal goals and roles in the team.

Travel Guidelines

Team traveling schedule is key in performance

Planning takes place on a separate day

Team members take part in making it

A convenient and cost-effective schedule

Members should be on time and fully equipped

Always 24 hours before playing

International travel guidelines are observed

Every team travels to and fro different matches. Traveling guide gives the rules and regulations that must be met before the team commences its journey. For instance, every instance involving raveling must be planned for early enough (Sproule, 2015). The coach and players plan for it. every member is expected to observe the traveling guides and respond appropriately. Time consciousness and cost effectiveness is fast considered. For better performance, our guide recommends that team players travel 24 hours before the game.

Training Programs

Technical, tactical, physical & psychological skills

Beginners- Establish self-worth and passion

Younger players-Technical proficiency

This is followed by tactical flexibility

Mature players-Physical strength & endurance

Program aims at:

longer-term development of well-rounded players

Player attain maximum potential

Every team’s training program must be SMART. In our team, the program aims at establishing all rounded players that are capable of meeting the challenges in the field. Four fundamental skills are emphasized here. These are tactical, technical, physical and psychological. These skills are learnt progressively and encourage development of long term winning team (Todd, 2011).

Sample Practice Plan

Here is a sample practice program that runs for 4 week. Every day, players must perform specific activities that build up their muscular strength, endurance, flexibility and speed.

Motivational Messages

A well trained player is a skillful player

I do not micromanage teams or games

Every player is important irrespective of age

Every player should be respected &listened to

Availability and hard work shapes player skills

Parents & community members form a team

A coach transforms a team

It is important to note that players are human beings and basic motivational messages uplift their morale and performance. giving the coach's philosophy, individual expectations and team abilities encourages players to live to the standard.

Game Expectations

Players are expected to develop and grow

Long-term development-attain full potential

Wining or losing with dignity

Respectable means justify the results

Develop self determination and identity

Grow team and community image

Responsibility in the community

In games, many coaches have different expectations. For this case, it is the desire of every team members that every one grows and develops to the full potentials. We expect wins but even when lost, it should be with dignity, because means justify the results (Sproule, 2015).

Offensive and Defensive Philosophies

OFFENCE

Play exciting and enjoyable brand

Play up tempo style that fatigues opponent

Emphasize assertiveness, attacking team

Score in first half

Utilize close and distant chances

Make memorable shots from free throw line

Our offensive philosophy is that we play exciting and enjoyable game. We should use the best strategies that will make our opponents fatigued. This way, we will get a chance to maneuvers and make a win. Therefore assertiveness, resilience, teamwork and attacking spirit is important. Always, we aim at making scores as soon as possible (Sproule, 2015).

Offensive and Defensive Philosophies cont…

DEFENSE

Create unfathomable pressure for opponent

Pile pressure that makes opponent blunder often

Aim is control the game by:

Applying full court an half court defense

Use switching tactic to confuse the opponent

Penetrate and defend opponents shots

Minimize “silly” fouls and challenge all shots

Defense philosophy, we aim at piling substantial amount of pressure on the opponent until we gain control of the game. After that we should maintain half court game and attack every shots with tactics that make opponents foul and blinder often (Sproule, 2015).

References

Druckman, J. N., Gilli, M., Klar, S., & Robison, J. (2015). Measuring drug and alcohol use among college student‐athletes. Social Science Quarterly, 96(2), 369-380.

Jenkins, S. (2010). Coaching philosophy. Sports coaching: Professionalisation and practice, 233-242.

Seitz, C. M., Wyrick, D. L., Rulison, K. L., Strack, R. W., & Fearnow-Kenney, M. (2014). The association between coach and teammate injunctive norm reference groups and college student-athlete substance use. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 58(2), 7-26.

Sherlin, L., Gervais, M., Talley, C., & Walshe, A. (2011). Comprehensive sport performance program. Biofeedback, 39(3), 119-122.

Sproule, J. (2015). The importance of a coaching philosophy. Practical sports coaching, 54-68.

Todd, T. (2011). Improving optimal performance—and life—for young athletes. Biofeedback, 39(3), 109-111.

ppt

order_141159_3739741.ppt

Baseball Minor Carolina League

Name

University

Date

Instructor

Introduction

This presentation focus on target market.

The 5Ps are principle elements are utilized in marketing strategy.

They are used to meet the customers satisfaction in a target market.

The 5Ps are commonly used to by business managers and owners to control and satisfy customers in their target market, add value to their business and help differentiate their business from competitors . Products entails functionality, appearance, warranty, quality and packaging. Prices entails selling price, discounts, payment arrangements, price matching services and credit. Promotion entails sponsorships, advertising, public retentions activities message and media. Place distribution channels, logistics, service levels, location and marketing coverage. Marketing positioning is the business niche or how you want your customers to think about your products or services.

Target market

The residents of Charles town WV include:-

Whites

Hispanics

African Americans

Asians

The composition of the residents of Charles Town WV comprise of the white who are the majority, they are 75 percent of the total population, followed by the Hispanics who contribute 10 % , African Americans 9 %, Asians 3% and other races 2%. This means that the town is a multicultural city.

The residents will provide cultural entertainment in the minor baseball league.

Cont. Target market

The business that would be interested in the league include:-

Hotel industries

Sports industry

Health and nutrition industry

Groceries stores

Club houses

Sports arenas

The terms that would be coming to Charles town WV to participate in the minor league baseball will need a place to stay. They will be bedding down in different hotels and club houses within the town. The visiting teams will stock the club houses with sports attires and equipment's purchased in local sports industries . To feed the teams and audience and to ensure high nutrition the visiting teams will stock their club houses with food stuffs from local restaurants capital markets and grocery stores. They are provided with enough food for pregame and postgame nourishments. The league will be hosted various sports arenas and parks within the city. Healthcare industrie will take care of any health emergencies and injuries.

Market segments

Behavioral segment.
Geographic segment.
Psychographic segment.
Demographic segment.

Market segmentation is a commonly used process in marketing to define and create distinct market segment from a lager target market segment.

Segmenting markets offer tremendous advantages to companies and marketing firms in Charles Town WV during baseball league.

Demographic entails measurable aspects of each team member such as age, race, education, gender and relationship status.

Geographic information plays a key role on how to target the customers because it means a great deal to the advertisers and the minor baseball league event.

Psychographic information allows media professionals to examine an audience and team plays based on the concept like personal values, interest and attitude.

Income segment give information on different social statues

Products

Baseball shoes

Bronx Baseball bat

Leather Baseball ball

The products offered by the business include Baseball shoes ,Bronx Baseball bat and Leather Baseball ball. These products are of high quality, well packaged, appealing appearances , and long term warranty. These products are essential in baseball sport and would be of high demand before and during the minor baseball league.

Pricing

Baseball shoes prices $59-$79

Bronx Baseball bat prices $35-$89

Leather Baseball ball prices $89-$100

Pricing is done using the prevailing market prices, demand, quality, quantity, and sizes. The high the quality of the product the higher the pricing. When the customer purchases more products a discount will be offered after sales services. Being minor league the size of the products will also determine the pricing.

Place

Sports houses in Charles town

Leading hyper stores

Hosts sporting arenas

Online sales across the entire city and beyond

Place is determined by distribution channels, logistics, service levels, location and marketing coverage. The chosen place are located in heart of Charles town city the host city. In addition, these place will be frequently visited by the teams, umpires and funs. The places are strategy located and hence will make marketing logistics easer.

Promotion

Online promotion
Alcoholic brands
Billboards
Media

In 21st century, digital advertising is the best promotion and consumer awareness utilized is online advertising. Alcohol brands went beyond just linking their products to celebrities but also to the sports. In fact, some are explicit in their encouragement to consume alcohol as part of the regular baseball sneakers, balls and bats sport promotion and they use messages to suggest that alcohol consumption should be a normal part of baseball sport equipment experience and the team identification. More than 70% of Americans consciously view the Billboards messages while driving and may learn about high quality baseball sneakers, balls and bats used in minor baseball league in Charles Town WV. Media such as the local news in TVs or newspapers will motivate funs to come out to the baseball league venues to come and watch.

Positioning

Linking baseball shoes, Bronx baseball bat and leather Baseball ball products with specific beneficial value.

Offering competitive pricing.

Constant exemplary marketing.

Associating the products with high quality.

The object of market positioning is to establish the image or identity of the product so that the consumers can perceive it in a specific way.

There are several types of positioning strategies for instance product attribute and benefits. Linking baseball shoes, Bronx baseball bat and leather Baseball ball products with specific beneficial value. In addition, the price may be associated with the product competitive pricing. Similarly, the consumers can be made to believe that your products are better than those of your competitors by constant and exemplary marketing.

Conclusion

Marketing strategies in sport science is very important

Well developed marketing strategies provides cutting edge advantage of the competitors.

Target market is essential in sport marketing because it highlight key marketing factors.

References

Carlson, J., & O’Cass, A. (2012). Optimizing the Online Channel in Professional Sport to Create Trusting and Loyal Consumers: The Role of the Professional Sports Team Brand and Service Quality. Journal of Sport Management, 26(6), 463-478. https://doi-org.ezproxy1.apus.edu/10.1123/jsm.26.6.463

Westberg, K., Stavros, C., Smith, A. C. T., Munro, G., & Argus, K. (2018). An examination of how alcohol brands use sport to engage consumers on social media. Drug & Alcohol Review, 37(1), 28-35. https://doi-org.ezproxy2.apus.edu/10.1111/dar.12493

White, R. D. (2019, Feb 17). THE SNEAKERS ISSUE; HOW JORDANS SOARED; the meeting that gave rise to the basketball sneaker branding market almost didn't happen. Los Angeles Times Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/docview/2182030011?accountid=8289

Women in SPorts

order_130595_340437 (1).pptx

Gender Issues: Importance Sports Program for Women

Student’s Name

Institution

Demographics

Sunshine University is located in Michigan

It has a population of 10,547 students; 7,201 male and 3,346 female

1,897 students engage in different sports such as soccer, rugby, basketball, hockey, volleyball, tennis, and running among others

The sports are played at an unprofessional level

Sunshine university has a population of more than 10,500 students. There are more male than female students in the university. More than 1800 of the students engage in different sports such as soccer, basketball,rugby, and among others.

Importance of keeping the women’s sports program

Sports are important for everybody that engages in them

Institutions should support sports programs for different reasons

Women need regular exercises as it is good for their bodies

It keeps them fit physically and mentally

Different sports have different benefits

It is important to have a female sports program in a learning institution because of the advantages associated with it. The program enables students to be physically fit and psychologically stable (Leeds, 2013).

1. Healthy

Sports keep women healthy

Regular exercising reduces the risk of breast cancer

The disease affects 1 in 8 American women

Through sports, the risk is reduced by 60%

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women. One out of every 8 women in the United States suffers from breast cancer. Through sports the risk of breast cancer is reduced by up to 60%. This enables the female students to stay healthy (Smith, 2010).

2. Improves confidence

Sports such as soccer improve confidence in women

It enables them to feel good about themselves

Their self-esteem is greatly boosted

It also enables them to effectively deal with depression

Sports also enable women to feel good about themselves. Is significantly boosts their self-esteem as well as confidence (Leeds, 2013). This is a form of inspiration and motivation for them to handle other duties and responsibilities effectively.

3. Physical Fitness

Women are very much concerned about their body image

Sports help them to burn excess fat

They become physical fit

This also boosts their psychological health

Physical fitness is an essential element in everyday life. One of the best ways to achieve this is to engage in regular physical exercises. By investing in the women sports program, the women will benefit because it will help them to be physically fit and have a positive body image of themselves.

Benefits to the institution

Sunshine University is also set to benefit form the women’s sports program

It will basically receive positive reviews for being gender sensitive

This will make it a choice for many female students

It will create a friendly environment for sports lovers

The institution also benefits in different ways through the women sports program. Despite the fact that they do not perform so well when they compete with others, the presence of the program in the school is beneficial especially from the perspective of an external stakeholder (O’Reilly & Cahn, 2007).

1. Increased performance

Sports such as soccer have a positive impact on mental health

This helps students to concentrate in class

They will eventually perform better because they are relaxed

This is beneficial to the institution since it will attract more students

One of the major benefits of the sports program in the institution is improved performance. The impact on their mental health will help them to concentrate in class (Cabri, 2017). This will help them to improve in their class performance which will create a positive image of the institution.

2. Discipline

All sports have instructions

The participants are trained to be obedient

This helps them to also obey school rules

It enables the school to breed highly disciplined students

It makes it easier for the institution to manage the students

Sports are about following instructions from the coach and those in charge. This assists the students to develop a culture of following instructions and being disciplined. It will give an easy time for the institution to manage the students because the sports department will be assisting to ensure the students are disciplined.

3. Better Leadership

Sports have leadership positions such as the captain

It gives students a chance to learn leadership skills

The institution will end up breeding leaders who will apply their skills in the outside world

Sports also have areas of possibilities that the captain or the team manager. This ensures that the students are equipped with leadership skills that can be applicable outside the institution after completing their studies. It enables the institution to breed leaders that will be effective in the outside world. Many students will be interested to join such an institution.

Conclusion

As much as the women do not perform well in sports, there are benefits in sports

Sports enable the to be healthy physically and mentally

They learn to follow instructions and be leaders

The institution also benefits through improved performance

Even when the students are not performing well in sports, it is important to have the program in place due to the other benefits associated with it (Cabri, 2017). The female students will benefit through improved health while the institution will benefit by producing leaders and disciplined citizens.

References

Cabri, J. (2017). Sports Science Research and Technology Support. New York: Springer.

Leeds, M. (2013). Handbook on the Economics of Women in Sports. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

O’Reilly, J. & Cahn, S. (2007). Women and Sports in the United States. Boston: Northeastern University Press.

Smith, L. (2010). Sports Psychology. Hoboken: Wiley.

SPMT 610 FINAL

PROJECT.pptx

Nola babycakes Financial Project

Willie collins

Amu

27 November 2020

Introduction

This presentation will include the following:

Financial concepts.

Capital budget for the stadium

Operational budget for one year.

A five-year Return on Investment (ROI)

Capital structure of the project

Financial Concepts

Capital Budget– It is the process that a business uses to determine which fixed proposed fixed asset it should accept and which it should decline.

Operations budget- it comprises of revenues and expenses over a period of time which is typically a year.

Capital budgeting is the process a business undertakes to evaluate potential major projects or investments. The operating budgets include the budgets for sales, manufacturing costs, selling expenses and general and administrative expenses (Lusardi 2019).

Financial Concepts cont.’

Return on investment (ROI)- it is a performance measure used to evaluate the efficiency of an investment or compare the efficiency of a number of different investments.

Capital Structure- Corporate structure is the way in which the project finances its assets through some combination of equity, debt or hybrid securities.

To calculate ROI, the benefit/return of an investment is divided by the cost of the investment. The result is expressed as a percentage ratio. A goof ROI should be above 6%. Capital structure refers to the make up of the project’s capitalization. It is the composition of its liabilities. It is a combination of debt and equity used by an organization to finance its overall operations and growth (Lusardi 2019).

Capital Budget

Year	Cashflow	PVIF,10%	PVCIF
1	186,000.00	0.9091	169,092.6
2	218,160.00	0.8264	180,287.4
3	194,735.00	0.7513	146,304.4
4	282,480.00	0.683	192,933.8
5	314,640.00	0.6209	195,360.0
∑PVCif '000'			883,978.2
PVCoF '000'			126,000.0
NET PRESENT VALUE			757,978.2

The table above shows the project appraisal using the net present value criteria assuming a 10% cost of capital. It is evident that the cashflows are greater than the present values thereby making the investment a profitable option.

Capital Budget Cont.’

The column chart represents the cashflows as well as the PVCIF for the project. The cashflows are represented by the green columns while the Present values are represented by the orange columns. This clearly shows that the project is visible as the cashflows generated from the operations will be higher than investing the money where it will earn a 10% interest.

Graph Showing the NPV of the Project

cashflow 1 2 3 4 5 186000 218160 194735 282480 314640 PVCiF 1 2 3 4 5 169092.6 180287.424 146304.40549999999 192933.84000000003 195359.976 PVIF,10%, 1 2 3 4 5 0.90910000000000002 0.82640000000000002 0.75129999999999997 0.68300000000000005 0.62090000000000001

Year

Amounts

Capital Budget Cont.’

Investors will analyze the capital budgeting decision to ensure profit maximization. They will focus on increasing the prices of the tickets or reduce the costs of operating the arena.

In this case, the project should be accepted.

The project will be accepted since the rate of return for the project is less than the cost of capital. Some of the factors to consider before making a decision will include the availability of funds, the government policy, taxation policy among others (Fehrenbacher, Kaplan & Moulang 2020).

Operational Budget

Operational Budget
For the year Ended xx/xx/xx/
Sales (tickets)	$600,000
other revenues generated from the stadium	$100,000
Total Revenues		$700,000
Direct Materials	$70,000
Direct Labour	$100,000
Overheads	$214,000
Prime Cost		$384,000
indirect costs		$130,000
Total Costs		$514,000
Profit		$186,000

The information provided above shows the operational budget for one year. This represents the amount of profit that the stadium is expected to earn in the first year of operations. Their main activity is selling of tickets which carries 85% of their revenues. The organization also has its expenses which have been classified as the prime costs and the indirect costs. The prime cost is the sum of all direct costs within the stadium. This means that any expense that involves the stadium such as paying the employees that work within the stadium, electricity, water and other utilities used in the stadium, will be expensed in the prime cost sections. The indirect costs include the administrative expenses which are essential for the business. Profit is generated from getting the difference between the total revenues and the total cost. If he revenues are greater than the expenses, the organization will earn a profit, as evidenced above. If the expenses are greater than the revenues the organization will suffer a loss (Amir 2020).

Operational Budget cont.’

The graphical representation shows the proportion of revenues to expenses. The revenues are represented by the green column while the expenses are represented by the purple column. From the look of the graph, it is evident that the revenues exceed the costs.

Revenues and Expenses

Total Revenues 2 700000 Total Costs 2 514000

Amounts

Operational Budget cont.’

The management will look at the following elements to ensure profitability:

The number of seats

Ticket price for the seats

Spectator attendance for all games

The organization has to ensure profitability (Amir 2020). This is by checking whether the stadium has enough seats to accommodate large crowds of people who will be attending different matches. They will also look at the market. There is a great spectator demand. The organization has to ensure that they understand the income of these persons. They have to ensure that tickets prices are fair enough for all persons. They will also look at tournaments that are in great demand. They will work. This will go hand in hand with the prices for the tournaments. In case of a tournament that is expected to have full capacity of spectators, the administration can adjust the price upwards to cater for the small revenues earned in small tournaments.

Five Year- Return on Investment (ROI)

Return on Investment has the following benefits.

It is a better measure of profitability.

One can achieve goal congruence

It can be used for comparative analysis

It can be used for performance investment decision.

A ROI relates net income to investment made in a division giving a better measure of divisional profitability. All managers know that their performance will be judged in terms of how much they have utilized assets to earn profit. This will encourage them to make optimum use of assets. ROI also ensures congruence between the different departments and the firm. An increase in departmental ROI will bring improvement in overall ROI of the entire organization (Brockway et al. 2019).

ROI helps in making comparison between different business units in terms of profitability and asset utilization. It may be used for inter firm comparisons, provided that the firm whose results are being compared are of comparable size and of the same industry. ROI is significant in measuring the performance of investment division which focuses on earning maximum profit and making appropriate decisions regarding acquisition and disposal of capital assets (Brockway et al. 2019).

Five Year- Return on Investment (ROI) Cont.’

Year	Cashflows	Total Cashflow
0	-1,000,000	-1,000,000
1	186,000.00	-814,000
2	218,160.00	-595,840
3	194,735.00	-401,105
4	282,480.00	-118,625
5	314,640.00	196,015

The organization used $1,000,000. future cashflows will be calculated by subtracting the projected expenses related to the facility from projected revenues from the facility.

Five Year- Return on Investment (ROI) Cont.’

Number of years prior to full recovery= 4 years.

Unrecovered cost at start of the year 4= $118,625.

Cashflow during the full recovery year (Year 5)= $314,640

ROI= 4+ (118625/314640)= 4.377.

It will take 4.377 years to fully recover the initial $1,000,000 spent to construct the facility.

Payback period= Number of years prior to full recovery + (unrecovered cost at start of the year/cash flow during full recovery year.)

Capital Structure of the project

Debt structure draws on the concept of debt which is a sum of cash a borrower must repay through periodic installments or in a lumpsum.

Debt Structure
Short term debt	$ 75,969
Accounts payable	$ 20,620
Long-term debt	$ 180,985

Debt structure provides a historical window into the organization’s liabilities, indicating to investors the maturity dates of corporate debts. The accounts payable are at the lowest amount possible. This is brought about by the credit purchases of inventory and services that the stadium will pay as per the agreed upon policy. The long term debt carries a huge proportion of the debt structure. The amount is obtained from the financing institutions such as bank loans with low interest rates. The stadium should work to reduce the amount of debt as the higher the debt structure, the higher the interest rates which is bad for business (Klasa et al. 2018).

Capital Structure of the project Cont.’

Equity structure comprises of an organization’s common and preferred stock plus retained earnings. It is considered invested capital and it appears in the shareholder’s equity section of the balance sheet.

Equity Structure
Common Equity	541,900
Preferential Shares	107,943
Approved Reserves	72,583

Capital Structure of the project Cont.’

A healthy capital structure reflects a low level of debt and high level of equity. This is a positive sign of investment quality.

The organization will prefer equity financing to debt financing.

the project requires external money to maintain their operations and invest in future growth. The main benefit of equity financing is that funds do not require to be repaid. Equity financing is a greater risk to the investor than debt financing is to the lender. As result, the cost of equity is always higher than the cost of debt (Klasa et al. 2018).

References

Lusardi, A. (2019). Financial literacy and the need for financial education: evidence and implications. Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics, 155(1), 1.

Fehrenbacher, D. D., Kaplan, S. E., & Moulang, C. (2020). The role of accountability in reducing the impact of affective reactions on capital budgeting decisions. Management Accounting Research, 47, 100650.

References Cont.’

Amir, A. (2020). Public Policy Implementation: Study on Educational Budgeting of Palopo. Journal La Sociale, 1(1), 5-11.

Brockway, P. E., Owen, A., Brand-Correa, L. I., & Hardt, L. (2019). Estimation of global final-stage energy-return-on-investment for fossil fuels with comparison to renewable energy sources. Nature Energy, 4(7), 612-621.

References Cont.’

Klasa, S., Ortiz-Molina, H., Serfling, M., & Srinivasan, S. (2018). Protection of trade secrets and capital structure decisions. Journal of Financial Economics, 128(2), 266-286.

wk 6 Ppt

Coaching.pptx