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Week 7 Overview: Neurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders

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Every day is a new learning experience. Proud of the progress I've made, no matter how small. #Neurodiversity #CognitiveGrowth

This week, you will learn about disorders that typically manifest early in life, often before a child enters grade school. Neurodevelopmental disorders include intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), communication disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), specific learning disorders, and motor disorders.

Children can be diagnosed with many of the disorders found throughout the DSM (APA 2022), including depressive disorders and anxiety disorders. However, it is necessary to use different criteria for diagnosing some of these disorders in children and adolescents. For example, in the diagnosis of a major depressive episode, a child might express irritability rather than sadness; in the diagnosis of a social anxiety disorder, the child's fear may be expressed by crying or tantrums.

When evaluating a child, it is important to consider the larger systems that impact his or her behavior, including the family the child lives with, school and classroom environments, neighborhood or social community, and the influence of the medical system's approach to defining and treating presenting symptoms. The child's sociocultural background (religion, language, values, and beliefs) also plays a significant role. Factors such as adequate housing and nutrition, health, safety, and access to social services should all be considered carefully.

A child's evaluation and diagnostic information may sometimes become part of their permanent medical and school records; these could impact how others will view the child in the future. Therefore, it is extremely important to take the time to complete a thorough assessment of the child. Observing the child in more than one setting and obtaining permission to interview others who interact with the child regularly (such as relatives, other caregivers, teachers, and physicians) can provide valuable perspectives. Treatment planning usually involves working with the child in individual or group counseling sessions, but often includes counseling sessions with the child's family.

Reference

American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.).

Week 7 Prepare: Assignment Preparation

Begin working on your assignment for Week 8 to ensure you have enough time to complete it. This assignment requires a great deal of preparation due to the need to plan and review all of the resources. Please review in advance the entire assignment instructions and each resource provided in the Week 8 assignment.

This assignment will require you to utilize assessment tools to aid in the diagnosis of clients as part of the assessment strategy. Some of the assessments listed in the List of Assessment Tools for the assignment in Week 8 may be familiar to you from a previous assessment course you have taken. You will want to take time to review these assessments using the resources provided to help you prepare for the assignment. In addition, you will want to view the video vignettes of the clients and the assignment template provided. Finally, review the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) resource on psychopharmacology. This resource identifies many types of medications used to treat mental disorders and discusses their efficacy and side effects.

Refer to the assignment description, its related rubric, and the template for information on how you will be graded. Contact your instructor if you have any questions.

Week 8 Overview: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

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Found clarity amidst confusion today. My thoughts don't define me, but my actions do. #SchizophreniaSupport

The schizophrenia spectrum includes schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, schizotypal disorder, and brief psychotic disorder. There are psychotic disorders within this category, including substance-induced psychotic disorders and psychotic disorders associated with other medical conditions. Take some time to become familiar with the key symptoms typically seen in this category:

· The positive symptoms of schizophrenia (hallucinations, delusions [bizarre and nonbizarre], and disorganized thinking and behavior).

· The negative symptoms of schizophrenia (affective flattening, alogia, and avolition).

Refer to the following reading for the definitions and examples of these terms:

· Week 8: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic DisordersLinks to an external site..

As with the other disorders included in the DSM-5-TR, it is important to understand a client's unusual symptoms (such as hearing voices of spirits or having a vision of a deceased relative) within his or her own cultural and religious belief systems. Strongly held beliefs seen as delusional within one sociocultural group may be thought of as normal in another.

For further discussion on disorders included in the DSM-5-TR, refer to the reading in the following reading list:

· Week 8: Culture and Psychiatric DiagnosisLinks to an external site..

https://doi-org.library.capella.edu/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.Culture_and_Psychiatric_Diagnosis

Reference

American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.).

What You Need to Know for Week 8

Readings

Use your Abnormal Psychology text to read the following:

· From Chapter 8, "Schizophrenia Spectrum and Psychotic Disorders," pages 238–278.

DSM Review

Refer to the following reading list:

· Week 8: DSM-5-TR ReviewLinks to an external site..

Multimedia

· Click the Client Case Studies landing page to view the following:

· The Case of Kimi.

· The Case of Julio.

· The Case of Daneer.

· The Case of Reese.

Case Summary: Kimi

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My husband left me about six months ago. That's really where it all started again. I had a lot of trouble when as a teenager, well, all the way through college. I just eat a lot sometimes. Usually when I'm feeling bad. Then I throw up. I just ate so much, I just throw up, and it's just the relief. I know that sounds gross, but I just feel such a release. When I'm feeling bad, it can just really help me just feel better. But anyway, my husband left about six months ago. He left me for a younger woman. He was cheating.

I thought I had a handle on all this. I'm a professional woman, and feel on top of the world. My career is going great. I was on top of my weight. Just since he's gone, I just feel really awful again, and the only thing that makes me feel better is just sitting down, when I'm home alone at night. It's not every night, but maybe a couple times a week. I just eat. I eat and eat. I mean I can do a whole thing of ice cream, and a whole tray of cookies. Just go through it, and then I just throw up. I hate myself, because of course I'm going to gain weight. I mean, I know that. But then once I get rid of it, just kind of washes over me that I just feel better.

Case Summary: Julio

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Since I was young, as long as I can remember, this has been a thing with me. Focusing, it's been a problem, and now it's affecting my career. It's always affected me career to some degree, but now it's really kind of affecting things in a bigger way. I'm making a lot of careless mistakes and that's a problem. At times my boss will be talking to me and I won't even know it. I'll just be spaced out somewhere, I won't even know he'd talking to me and then someone will knock me in the side and I'll realize it. For example, they tasked me with organizing office events and things like that sometimes. They did a couple times, until I screwed them up so many times, but it was always the details, I just forgot the details and certain things that would make things fall apart. I lose things a lot and forget important dates, and just basic information all the time too, and so it's a frustrating thing. It's something that's been going on for a while and something that's definitely been affecting me.

Case Summary: Daneer

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I was at this party the other day. There was this fine looking woman over there. I thought, "I'll do my old shtick like I always do. I'll see if I can pick her up, take her home, have my way with her." I went over there, I approached her and then she was a fat chick, so I figured she probably needed some help. I let her know that I was around so that maybe she could come home with me. She's kind of desperate. I was thinking maybe I could do like I did with the last chick that I had, the last girl I picked up here at this bar. That one went okay but she seemed like an angel but then I found out later she was a devil. I mean she caused me a lot of pain. I got really, really mad with her. In fact, I even told her, I said, "If you don't do what I ask you to do, what I tell you to do, I'm gonna kill myself."

I was thinking about that when I approached this woman. Well, she wasn't too excited about hanging out with me. I thought for sure being the good looking guy that I am, that it wouldn't be any trouble. I approached her, she was not interested, so I went out and I slashed her tires because I saw what she drove in. Then I went home. Then I thought about it a little bit more and I thought, "I wonder what would happen if I slashed my wrist? Maybe I'd get her attention at that point." What do you think?

Case Summary: Reese

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Hi. I am chief master Sargent Reese Matthews. The United States Air Force. I pride myself on the 27 year Air Force veteran and I quite enjoy the structure that my job allows me to have. Life has been wonderful pretty much. I come from a very structured background. Here recently, though, things have kind of fallen apart. I've been married for a bit, and a part of being married is that of course I tell my husband or I told my husband what I expected of him and made it very clear to him what's expected in being a husband by writing it down. He agreed to it. He's in the Air Force as well. That has worked well for both of us. We like our routine. That's very important to us.

Here lately, I've been struggling because things have fallen apart in my marriage. I suspect that will impact my structure at my job. A part of my marriage contract with my husband was that we would save a certain amount of money so we could have children eventually. Specifically, we needed to save $497,000 so that everything would be perfect when we had a baby. Well, we have not saved $497,000. We have saved only $383,000. I discovered that we are going to have a baby. I don't know what to do. This is so far out of our plans. This is not something that we bargained for. this is not something that I bargained for. I don't want this to happen like this. I don't know what to do with this situation.

We are struggling through that process. I feel let down or I feel disappointed because a part of our marital contract was that my husband would earn rank like I did. Of course, he didn't. I'm very disappointed because I did all the work, earned the rank, and he has been goofing off. He has not earned the rank that he should have earned. I have tried to help him. I've given him lesson plans, helped him study to earn his rank and yet he has not done that. In addition to not earning the rank, that's one part of the plan that's falling apart and now we're having a baby. That's a second part of the plan that's falling apart. I am really truly, truly at wits end. I don't know what to do because everything in life has fallen apart. My life is a shambles of a mess right now. I don't know what to do.

Of course, I have done a very, very good job of sticking to the list of things that I'm supposed to do as a wife and I've done that. The same as what I've done as a member of the military. I've done everything that's on my list to do. It is my husband who has not done everything that's on his list to do. He doesn't seem to understand that he has to do these things and these things have to be done in the order that he is supposed to do them. Now I am stuck, literally stuck in this crazy place that I can't figure out what I need to do next or what we need to do next because he had wrecked all the plans. We had a perfectly laid out set of plans that we could easily follow, that anybody could easily follow, that he should have easily followed. I followed the plan. I did everything step by step by step that I was supposed to have done. Now he has wrecked the plan. He really has just screwed up our marriage.

Now, it's easy to see that the fault here is not mine. The fault is my husband's. Although he has been whining about this for years. He says, "Oh my goodness, Reese. You are just too rigid. Oh my goodness, Reese. We don't have to follow this list." I keep telling him we do have to follow a list of things to do. For example, I make a list for him all the things we have to do on Mondays and then all the things we have to do on Tuesdays. That has worked for us. That has worked for us for the last 15, 20 years. Even when we were dating, he would make little snide remarks about it. About the fact that I'm too rigid, I'm too structured, I'm too regimented. That I make all these crazy, crazy lists and he has to follow things in this rigid order, but it has worked. It has worked very, very well up until now. I think that he is just sabotaging everything that I have worked so hard to achieve.

Week 8: List of Assessments and Supporting Resources (8)

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Article Path analysis of the SCL-90-R: Exploring use in outpatient assessment

Grande, T. L., Newmeyer, M. D., Underwood, L. A., & Williams, C. R., IIIMeasurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development47(4)2014271 - 290

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