PPT _ Cell phone technology

Throughout this paper, we will cover the effects of cell phones on human health, behavior, and relationships. Also, we will conduct an in-depth review of some of the most current research that has been done showing the effects cell phones have on humans and how cell phones have changed the way humans interact. Also, we will explore the impact of this technology on society and the environment. Humans use cell phones daily, and this can cause some major effects. The excessive use of cellphones has caused health issues, abnormal behavior, and relationship issues. Cell phones have also caused parents and teenagers to build better relationships. We will also explore how cell phones cause people to interact with others around them. The intent is for people to realize that good technology can have a negative impact if we do not manage it correctly.

Keywords: Health, Behavior, Relationships

Table of Contents – Jared Altic Abstract 2 Cell Phone Technology: Health, Behavior, & Relationships 5 Historical Timeline 6 Predecessors Assessment 7 Mobile Telephone Service 7 Post Office Radiophone Service 8 1G and AMPS 8 2G 8 3G 9 4G 9 Smartphones 9 Analysis of Impact 10 Social Impact 10 Cultural Impact 10 Political Impact 10 Economic Impact 11 Environmental Impact 12 Ethical Implications 12 Health 12 Behavior 16 Relationships 22 References 27 Figures 30

Cell Phone Technology: Health, Behavior, & Relationships

All over the world, technology has received great embracement and perceived as a move towards a more automated world. The common is a term that the world is just a village on one's palm. The claim has been affected by the rise of cell technology with mobile industries and companies growing each new day like bush fire. New applications and operating systems are joining the market aimed at reaching new markets and simplifying things for mobile phone users. Developers are working tirelessly to identify any flaws in the use of technology and return to provide a suitable solution. Network coverage in the different parts of the world has been boosted to enable everyone to enjoy the device they got to hit customer satisfaction. The mobile phones have impacted peoples' lives at greater depth. The effects of cell technology are very much evident all over and profoundly felt. Efforts have been made by researchers to examine in the broader stance the impact of mobile phones on people's lives. The results from those researchers indicated that cell phone users portrayed majorly positive implications of the cell phone technologies, but also some adverse effects linked to the constant use of the cell phones were raised. Every individual can see how cell phone technology has changed their way of life with the effects spreading to groups, companies, governments, and generally different life sectors. The impacts can thus be looked at from sector levels for relaxed discussion and analysis. Positive and negative effects of cell phone technology have been witnessed on behavior, social behavior, relationship, and health sectors.

1908- Wireless telephones were invented.

1946 June 17th- Bell Labs began offering Mobile Telephone Service for motor vehicles in St. Louis Mo.

1948- Mobile Telephone Service was offered in about 100 towns.

1949- AT&T launched its version of Mobile Telephone Service

1952- A-Netz Network launched in West Germany.

1957-1961- Russia inventor, Leonid Kupriyanovich, developed several mobile devices that looked like today’s devices.

1959- Manchester, United Kingdom launched its Post Office Radiophone Service.

1960’s- Researchers create the First Cellular Network.

1965- London received Post Office Radiophone Service.

1972- Post Office Radiophone Service branched out into major cities in the UK.

1972- B-Netz Network launched in West Germany.

1973- The first mobile telephone call was made by Motorola researcher named Martin Cooper.

1979-1981- 1G Cellular Network was deployed throughout Japan, Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Denmark.

1983- 1G Cellular Network was introduced in North America as Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS).

1983 March 6th- DynaTAC, the world’s first cell phone, was launched.

1990- AMPS was replaced by Digital AMPS (D-AMPS).

1990- 2G Cellular Network started to emerge.

1993- The first SMS text message was sent in Finland.

1993- The world’s first smartphone was released as The Simon Personal Communicator.

2001 May- 3G launched in Tokyo.

2008- 3G launched in the USA with the launching of the iPhone 3G.

2008- All AMPS was shut down across the USA.

2010- 4G was introduced to the USA.

Mobile Telephone Service was the first service offered to the public. It was originally designed to go inside of motor vehicles so that people can have access to a phone while on the go. Bell Labs began to offer this service in St Louis MO to customers on June 17, 1946 (Hur, 2018). They were inspired by the military. Beginning in World War I and continued through World War II, military forces around the world began to test radio-based cell phones on the battlefield. After Bell Labs began its service, AT&T began to offer a very similar service. This service was only available to a small number of people. In 1948, the service had spread to about 100 cities and functioned similarly to a walkie-talkie (Hur, 2018). Users had to hold a button down to talk and release it to listen. There were only 3 channels available so only 3 people could use the service at one time. When a user wanted to make a call, they would have to be manually connected by an operator. This service was very expensive. It would cost users $15 a month which converts to $200 in today’s dollars (Hur, 2018). AT&T eventually created a new and improved Mobile Telephone Service called Improved Mobile Telephone Service. This service eliminated the need for the operator, added more radio channels, and the high demands caused many customers to have waiting times of 30 minutes or more.

In 1959, Manchester, UK launched its Post Office Radiophone Service. This service was connected by an operator and it allowed people to be connected to subscribers across Great Britain. This service became very popular and was offered in major cities across the UK in 1972. This service was very similar to the Mobile Telephone Service that AT&T offered in the USA.

1G was first accessible in Tokyo in 1979 (Hur, 2018). It spread throughout the rest of Japan and into Sweden, Finland, Denmark, and Norway in 1981. It was not accessible in North America until 1983 and was known as Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) (Hur, 2018). AMPS was not a secure network and it was vulnerable to eavesdropping using a basic scanner. During this time, people were not worried about security, so it did not matter if their phones were susceptible to security breaches. With the invention of 1G, the world’s first cell phone, the DynaTAC, was created and launched on March 6th, 1983 (Hur, 2018). This phone was created by Motorola and was priced at $3,995 when it was available to the market.

The creation of 2G was a major development for the phones we have today. It began emerging in the 1990s and it used digital transmission technologies instead of an analog technology (Hur, 2018). This upgrade in technology allowed for better security and faster networking. This development also allowed for SMS messaging communication to be available. This is how the first SMS message was sent in Finland in 1993 (Hur, 2018). This was a major development for today’s world because text messaging is one of the major uses of our cell phones.

The first 3G network was launched in Tokyo on May 2001. This allowed for faster-transmitting speeds. The USA did not see 3G until the launch of the iPhone 3G. This was launched by AT&T and Apple. This phone introduced apps to people and made touchscreens the hot new thing. Apple has made important contributions to the cell phone world and this first iPhone helped introduce the USA to media streaming over the internet.

4G was introduced before the end of 2010. It was created to increase the speed of devices by up to 10 times the speed of 3G. This is what phones today use. This is important because of all the features that cell phones today use. Between social media, text messaging, media streaming, and emails a faster network was needed to improve the growing number of bandwidth-intensive applications.

The first smartphone was released in 1993. This smartphone was known as the Simon Personal Communicator. It had a calendar, clock, PDA, address book, notepad, email service, QWERTY keyboard, and touchscreen (Hur, 2018). It had a stylus, predictive texting, and apps. This is what the smartphones we have today were designed after. It was marketed and sold across the United States. It did well, selling 50,000 units between August 1994 and February 1995 (Hur, 2018). It sold at $899 with a two-year contract or $1099 without the contract. It was sold by Bell Labs and was offered to each of their 15 states that they provided services to.

The social impact of cell phone technology can be seen all over the world. Company’s such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram are good examples of the social impact of cell phone technology. Now, with the touch of a screen, we can be socially connected to individuals from all over the globe. The days of social gatherings being the only way to communicate with friends are long gone, thanks to the development of smartphone technology. Social interactions are no longer limited to in-person contact. We can now stay connected with family and friends via cell phones, and this can all be accomplished without ever leaving your home.

The continuous growth of smartphone technology is quickly making the world a smaller place. With instant access to information for everyone being a daily occurrence, smartphone technology has bridged the gap between different cultures and made the world a more accepting place. Not only can we reach people from different cultures all over the world, but we can communicate with them too. With a multitude of different translation apps available, communication barriers are becoming a thing of the past. The more we communicate, the more we can learn, and the possibilities to learn from different cultures are endless.

Cellphones have been a central topic to the most recent political movements. Cell phones, specifically smartphones, have been the main communication channel to spread ideas and learn about new political campaigns. They allow users to stay up to date on political campaigns and gain information easily. For example, in the last months, we have had an increasing number of people attending Fridays for the Future. The movement started with one person in Sweden and now it is a worldwide movement in which more than a million people are participating. Another example is Egypt in which the use of social media allowed people to show the reality of their living conditions and helped them to remove the president from power. The use of cell phones and their access to social media has created transparency in social movements and has helped people to spread their ideas. People can share their political views with anyone using their cell phones. However, by enabling everybody to share and load information, we are increasing the possibility of having a bias or untruthful information.

Cell phones have a huge economic impact. With the continued development of new phones and services, it creates the ability for companies to generate income. There is always a need for a new better phone. Every year, companies, like Apple and Samsung, create new and improve phones that are placed on the market to sell. These phones are purchased around the world and those sales help our economy to grow. The more of a product that a company sells, the better it leaves our economy. Creating new products also creates new jobs and fulfills the need for that product. Therefore, cell phone companies constantly create a new cell phone that can offer more options for users. This will appeal to their needs and cause them to purchase the phone and increase the company’s profit.

Finally, one of the most critical impacts is environmental. It is believed that by 2040 the cellphones will have the biggest carbon footprint in the tech industry. According to research, the smartphone components such as the motherboard and the chip require the most amount of energy to be produced. While these phones consume little energy to operate, 85% of their emissions are generated during the manufacturing process. Not to mention that they have a short shelf life and users constantly upgrade their phones for a marginal change. It is worth to mention that the network companies also consume a significant amount of energy to operate. Humans must understand their relationship with the environment to move forward with technological advancements while using resources rationally and preserving nature. This will require a complete renovation of our current economic and political structure. If we continue to encourage development and expansion, we will see major effects not only in the climate change and in ecosystems, but also in societies and in the way, we relate to each other (Boylan, 2014). The cell phone has many effects on society and the most affected is the environment. On the topic of cell phone and environment, it has many effects that many may not be aware of. For example, a recyclable cell phone contains battery and carbon footprints (Boylan, 2014).

First, we will start talking about the health effects cell phones have on humans. Cell phones use electromagnetic radiations to receive and transfer data. During data transmission, the device gives off harmful radiation, which affects human health. The radiation cannot be felt and when released, the radiation penetrates the body affecting the DNA and structure of the human cell. (Borelli, 2013). The radiations are of different frequencies and wavelengths. Several diseases are induced by radiations such as infertility, hearing impairment, and brain tumors. Hearing impairment cans result from loud disturbance. Tumors result when the tissues of the body grow abnormally. Cell phone radiations lead to the death of somebody cells and during replacement by other cells, tumors may develop. Some tend to be cancerous such as the malignant brain tumor while others are non-cancerous like the benign tumor.

Besides, cell phones not only carry important personal data but also germs, which are harmful to the heath of a person. Most people who use cell phones tend to place them in different places where they may collect germs. A report from researches indicated that one in every six cell phones is contaminated with some sort of fecal matter. (Elsevier Health Sciences, 2011). This is probably because the owners of the phones do not wash their hands thoroughly with soap after using the restroom. The bacteria found on some of the cell phones was the E. coli bacteria, which is normally found in the fecal region. Ingestion of the bacteria leads to severe health problems such as diarrhea, vomiting, and fever. Dirty hands also have different kinds of bacteria, which can contaminate the phone. Thus, upon sharing the phone with another person, the bacteria may be transferred leading to health problems if the person fails to clean his or her hands thoroughly.

Bright screens and small texts also affect the health of the eyes. Since most cell phones are handheld, this means that they are being viewed at a close range. The user is required to constantly focus and reposition the device to process the text and graphics on the screen. According to the Vision Council, most people in the United States spend six to eight hours a day glued to their smartphones. As the frequency and length of usage time increases, the greater the potential of getting vision problems. (Borelli, 2013). Irritation and redness of the eye result from eyestrain. Blurred vision, neck pain, and headaches are also associated with the excess use of cell phones. Other than vision problems, cell phones also increase the risk of chronic pain. In most cases, the device is required to be in our hands when in use like when sending an email or a text message. The phone is normally held between the neck and the shoulder. Rapid responses to text messages in that position may result in the inflammation of the joints causing pains. Back pain is the most common for frequently mobile users. (Naeem, 2014). In extreme cases, cell phone usage can cause a person to arch the neck or develop a strange relaxation posture.

Cell phones increase the rate of absorption of the electromagnetic waves into their bodies. During the installation of the WLAN, a network is created using a router and the connected devices communicate through the network. During data transmission, electromagnetic radiations are emitted, and the presence of a child around may result in a major impact on the human physical structure of the child. Young children are at a greater risk than adults are because their skulls and neural systems are not fully developed. The effect of a cell phone on children at a young age is a very big topic in today’s time. Just as cell phones affecting young adults and older adults, we must not forget nor ignore the major effect on children at a young age. In today’s world, the requirement for both parents to work is at an all-time high. After long days at work, some parents give their kids their cell phone or iPad to play a game or watch videos to make them stop crying or keep them occupied (Sagoff, 2008). These behavior habits are creating an addiction to children. This has created many effects today with children developing health issues because they do not stay active. They would rather play video games or play on any device than to go outside and play. This has caused an increase in obesity and medical conditions occurring in children at young ages. For example, low vitamin D due to lack of doing outdoor activities. Anger issues because they are not interacting with others at a young age, they always think everything must be there way and once it does not happen, they have a tantrum (Sagoff, 2008).

Have you ever let your child use your cell phone just to keep them entertained? If you are a parent like me, I am sure you are guilty of doing just that. Have you ever stopped to think of the potential harm that you may be doing though? With the rapid advancements in technology, kids are being exposed to smartphones increasingly at a younger age. It is not uncommon to see children that are barely old enough to hold a cellphone, let alone operate one. I know most parents do not see a problem with this practice, especially if the child is learning something new. Unfortunately, there is a darker side to this all too familiar story. The use of smartphones by children can have tremendous effects on their behavior because smartphones are directly linked with the development of Attention Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), short-term and/or long-term emotional conditions, and various learning disorders such as dyslexia, dysgraphia, and dyscalculia.

The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) have published two studies in recent history concerning children and smartphones (Edwards, 2017). The first study, conducted in 2011, showed a direct correlation between the increase in ADHD diagnosis with the increase in reported screen time by the parents (Edwards, 2017). They conducted a follow-up study in 2016 that, not only confirmed their original data but showed the largest increase in ADHD cases reported to children that are born into lower-class families (Edwards, 2017). Putting all this information together, it is reasonable to conclude that smartphone use by children is potentially dangerous. Not only does it increase the likelihood of developing issues with attention, but it is also increasing the likelihood of developing additional behavioral problems in the future.

Secondly, we will discuss the effects of cell phones on humans and the social impact it carries. People have become very dependent on their cell phones. Cell phones have made people stop developing skills since they rely on them for many tasks. For example, nowadays most of us do not even know our cell phone number or the cell phone number of our family members. We have stopped looking at the street names and we rely on other people’s reviews to make a simple dinner reservation (Boylan, 2014). Another issue that cell phones have caused is the increase in stolen individual’s data due to phone hacks or the use of applications that gather information from our cell phones without our knowledge. Cell phones are so central to our lives that we do not stop to think about how much personal information our cell phones have. Cell phones not only have our birth date, blood type, height, weight, house address, work address, credit, and debit card information, and fingerprints/face recognition, it also has our daily routines such as, where we work, where we go after work, and also it knows what we read and what we listen. With all this information added in our cell phones, it is extremely easy for hackers or applications to have access to all this sensitive information. Also, when we download applications to our cell phones, we are giving them access to some of our data. This can lead the application developers to sell this information to companies without the individual’s knowledge. Our cell phones have more information about us than we acknowledge, and companies can make a profit from it. If you notice on most applications, they want access to your camera or/and microphone. This leads up to hackers getting access to photos or ear dropping on the conversation through the microphone. There has been an increase in the development of cell phone applications that big companies, such as Walmart, Target, and Best Buy, create as a convenient way of allowing you to scan an item to check the price. This requires the individual to allow access to the camera and photos (Deutsche, 2017). These little sneaky moves open the doors to hackers and immoral photos that may be on the individual’s phone could be stolen. Once the information is loaded in the system, the content can be shared or exploited without the owner realizing it.

Nowadays our primary means of communication is text messaging and social media. We do not use the cell phone to talk as we use too. It seems that today’s technology has eliminated our skills to talk and communicate; it is more convenient to send a text message or a message through social media than to grab the phone and talk in real-time. This type of communication can lead to misunderstanding. When texting sometimes things are taking out of context and may appear to some as flirting. That is one of the differences when interacting with people in person. You can see body language and facial expression while talking. This leaves no room for assumptions or for anything to be taken out of context.

As for individuals, socializing and getting to interact with new people has decreased significantly due to cell phones. Today, at your fingertips, they have applications that you can look for people you are compatible with and share the same interests and hobbies with. Before all this technology, people would go interact with others through school, parties, get together, and just hanging out with friends. I would like to add to this that in today’s time everyone is busy which makes interaction with others limited. Also, in new school models and work models (where you can study and work from home), social interaction is non-existent. This is causing most of our communication with the outside world to be through technology (Boylan, 2014). Cell phones have given us access to social networks such as Twitter, Facebook, Snapchat, and Instagram. These applications allow us to interact with the world by posting pictures or statuses of what we are doing at the current moment. These applications are a good way to communicate with friends and family that may be abroad and when communication is not easy due to time differences. On the other hand, if the above issues are not a problem, I see these applications as a disadvantage because it can cause jealousy or envy among people you share these precious moments with. Also, several comments can be taken out of contexts, not to mention that companies are using social media to determine the type of person you may be before they hire you. Even the immigration office of the United States is using social media as a means to gather data from people coming to the US under a VISA (Geser, 2005).

Cell phones are having a negative influence on social interaction in today’s environment. Some interesting question has arisen from this topic. Would you break up by sending a text message? How much of your social life do you conduct through text messages? Do you schedule face-to-face time? Do you track where your friends are by texting? Do you have conversations with text messages (Hyman, 2014)? In recent studies that have taken place about cellphones, usage in different age categories reviles some interesting information. The study analysis individuals from ages 18-24, 25-34, 35-49, and 50-68. The research concluded that young adults use cellphones in many ways. Such as text-messaging adults are the mean of communication with others as for older adults, they may average 10 text messages per day. As for calling, it is surprisingly almost the same. About 90 percent of both age groups got less than 10 calls per day (Hyman, 2014). Therefore, the quick message is that younger adults are texting in more situations, using it to contact friends and see texting as acceptable. On the other hand, some people try to explain young adult’s behavior as they are socially interacting by using their cell phones and it is not an addiction. Older adults should not make judgments about cell phone use in younger adults, we should withhold the negative evaluations of people constantly checking their cell phones. Perhaps instead we can respect the cell phone and internet natives. These young adults have grown up using cell phones and the internet (Hyman, 2014).

Traffic hazards are associated with cell phone usage. Some people do not realize the dangers accompanying with using a cell phone while driving. In most countries, almost 60 drivers talk once on their phones within a week when driving. The usage may be receiving a call, sending a text message or replying to an email. Such activities hold the attention of the driver more than any other distractors. The driver ends up paying less attention to the road, which is dangerous. (Borelli, 2013). Younger drivers who are around their early and late 20s pose the highest levels of cell phone distractions leading to a high rate of fatal accidents. The blame does not only fall on the drivers but also pedestrians who are always on their phones

Third, the communication aspect of cell phones is what influences the relationship between teens and their parents. Parents often struggle with communication between their adolescent children and themselves. Teenagers and their phones are often inseparable. Teenagers use their phones for everything. That is how they are easily reached by anyone. In 2008, it was reported that 79% of teens owned a cell phone (Weisskirch, 2011). This allows for more parents to communicate and keep track of their teens. That is important because many times, as children get to certain ages, they began to go places without their parents, and this can cause parents to worry about their safety. Cell phones serve as a portable means of communication. Parents will not have to worry about their children or their whereabouts. They can simply pick up the phone and call their child and make sure that everything is okay. Being able to contact your child whenever you want is a great thing for parents but doing it excessively will cause teens to become agitated and secretive. A survey was done, and it was determined that parents experienced greater communication and closeness when the teens initiated the calls and the calls were more about social topics. Teens found greater conflict when their parents contacted them about schoolwork or to track their locations (Weisskirch, 2011). Teens would rather contact their parents and talk about what they want to talk about instead of their parents contacting them about what they deem as a negative topic. This can be difficult for parents because their main thought is to contact their child when they believe that they need to either get information or tell them some information. Teens want to initiate the conversation on their terms. This does build a better relationship between parents and teens.

Cell phones also allow families to become more organized. This is done by making sure that everyone is on the same page when it comes to important events. Many families have started to create group text messages. This helps with making sure chores get done and knowing who will perform what task. If a parent sends their child to the store to pick up some groceries, they can send them a text with a grocery list and their teen will know what to get. This can take the place of notes being left around the house and it ensures that any message is received and seen by their teen.

There is always a fight between teens and being socially accepted by their peers. In Japan, students have become very dependent on their Keitai, which is a Japanese phone. Many of the students reported that being able to email on their Keitai was useful for their friendships (Kamibeppu & Sugiura, 2005). Many students that participated in the survey stated that they found themselves not being able to live without their Keitai and send emails to their friends more than 10 times a day. Even though this was done in Japan, many of our teenagers experience the same affects. Cell phones are used to keep in contact with friends outside of school. This is how teens build relationships when school is out, including weekends and summer break. This is their main source of communication. They can get to know people, and in return, they feel more socially accepted.

Teens also struggle with peer relationships. They are very dependent on the relationships between them and their peers. They want to build friendships with others. This can cause them to become dependent on their phones. If teens feel that their peer relationship attachment is poor, they will look for ways to satisfy that need. They will do this by establishing and maintaining peer relations via social networking services activities on their cell phones (You & Lim, 2019).

Cell phones have become a huge distraction between couples. Many times, couples are together physically, but not mentally due to one or both being on their cell phones. This is known as phubbing in the article, and it has an impact on the satisfaction of the relationship. A relationship is considered satisfying when both parties are physically and mentally available to their partners. This means that when they are together, they are giving each other their undivided attention. Phubbing causes problems in relationships (Roberts & David, 2015). People do not want to feel ignored when they are in the presence of someone else. This causes a negative feeling within those relationships. People allow their phones to be more important than the people that should matter most. This is where the problem comes in. The phones are not the issue, but the constant use and dependency on them are what causes the issues. This can make your significant other not feel wanted or needed. The use of cell phones causes conflict within the relationship.

Relationships can be negatively impacted by cell phones because they can allow the trust to be broken by individuals. Many times, cell phones can be used to be unfaithful to your partner. It also can serve to be accused of things that you are not doing. If your significant other feels that you are spending too much time on your cell phone, it can cause issues within the relationship. This will cause couples to place restrictions on the usage of them. Many couples like to dictate who their significant other can and cannot communicate with on their cell phone. They also like to establish what they feel is appropriate use and what they feel is not. Many couples set rules in place and this helps them to avoid the repercussions of monitoring calls and texts that may be considered inappropriate (Miller-Ort, et al, 2012). This can help eliminate issues that may arise from a lack of trust. If couples do not set the rules in place, they can end up doing things that can cause conflict within their relationship. There is a direct correlation between satisfaction with cell phone usage and the relationship (Miller-Ort, et al, 2012). If couples are satisfied with how they are using their cell phones, their relationship will be in good standings. If they are having problems with their cell phone usage, then they will have issues within their relationship. This is a major impact on their relationship.

Nowadays, cell phones carry an important status in society. People always want the most up to date cell phone out there. In today’s market, cell phones cost a lot of money with most starting at $999. These companies are introducing cell phones along with many other electronic devices every year. Cell phones can impact all of us through our health, social behaviors, and relationships. Through proper monitoring, we can use cell phones so that we see the positive impact versus what can be deemed as a negative impact. Cell phones are a great source of communication and they can benefit us in our daily lives. Discovering the effects that cell technology has on our lives can help us to better understand how we can turn all the negative impacts into positive impacts. Our health, behaviors, and relationships are important to us and the environment around us.

References Borelli, L. (2013). 5 Reasons Why Cellphones Are Bad for Your Health. Retrieved 30 September 2019, from https://www.medicaldaily.com/5-reasons-why-cellphones-are-bad-your-health-247624 Boylan, M. (2014). Environmental ethics (2nd Ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. Deutsche Welle. (n.d.). Smartphones - not so smart for the planet: DW: 06.03.2017. Retrieved from https://www.dw.com/en/smartphones-not-so-smart-for-the-planet/a-37824142 Edwards, C. (2017). Portable Device Fears Show Power of Social Development: How do small screens impact young minds? Communications of the ACM, 60(10), 21–22. https://doi.org/10.1145/3131271 Elsevier Health Sciences. (2011). Dangerous bacteria found on cell phones of hospital patients. ScienceDaily. Retrieved 30 September 2019, from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110531115416.htm Geser, H. (2005). Book Review: The Mobile Connection. The Cell Phone’s Impact on Society. New Media & Society, 7(2), 283–286. https://doi.org/10.1177/146144480500700208 Hayman, Ira Cell Phones are Changing Social Interaction. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/mental-mishaps/201401/cell-phones-are-changing-social-interaction Hosokawa, R., & Katsura, T. (2018). Association between mobile technology use and child adjustment in early elementary school age. PLoS ONE, 13(7), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199959 References Continued Hur, J. (2018, December 4). History of Mobile Cell Phones: The First Cell Phone to Present Time. Retrieved October 15, 2019, from https://bebusinessed.com/history/history-cell-phones/. Kamibeppu, K., & Sugiura, H. (2005, June 6). Impact of the Mobile Phone on Junior High-School Students’ Friendships in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area. Retrieved from https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cpb.2005.8.121 Miller-Ort, A. E., Kelly, L., & Duran, R. L. (2012, January 30). The Effects of Cell Phone Usage Rules on Satisfaction in Romantic Relationships. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01463373.2012.642263 Naeem, Z. (2014). Health risks associated with mobile phones use. Retrieved 30 September 2019, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4350886/ Nurullah, & Sadat, A. (2009, October 4). The Cell Phone as an Agent of Social Change. Retrieved from https://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=102065004071023077092010014072031077054008067084052039088086081121111007072071000065097018031059009044096125004065024003097001031069088002093019085109076064112067027083041067005066089012113121007028105080077076106003087004008070017113069006112001001&EXT=pdf Roberts, J. A., & David, M. E. (2015, August 15). My life has become a major distraction from my cell phone: Partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction among romantic partners. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563215300704 References Continued Ružić-Baf, M., Rajović, R., & Debeljuh, A. (2017). ICT, Digital Rest (or Tiredness?) Spending Free Time in Front of a Screen. TEM Journal, 6(4), 883–887. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM64-31 S., C., Marieta, G. G., Melinda, F., Monika, C., Csilla-Júlia, B., & I., G. G. (2016). Smartphone Use and Addiction Vulnerability Related to Specificities of Physical Activity in School-Aged Children. Acta Medica Marisiensis, 62, 91–92. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com.proxy.devry.edu:5050/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=121629627&site=ehost-live Sagoff, M. (2008). The economy of the earth: philosophy, law, and the environment. New York: Cambridge University Press. Schweizer, A., Barrense-Dias, Y., Akre, C., Suris, J.-C., Berchtold, A., Schweizer, A., & Berchtold, A. (2017). Adolescents with a smartphone sleep less than their peers. European Journal of Pediatrics, 176(1), 131–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-016-2823-6 Weisskirch, R. S. (2011, July 18). No Crossed Wires: Cell Phone Communication in Parent-Adolescent Relationships. Retrieved from https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cyber.2009.0455 You, S., & Lim, S. A. (2019). Effect of Parental Negligence on Mobile Phone Dependency among Vulnerable Social Groups: Mediating Effect of Peer Attachment. Psychological Reports, 122(6), 2050–2062. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294118799339

Figure 1, Source: Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project, March 15-April 3, 2012. Tracking survey. N=2,254 adults ages 18 and older, including 903 interviews conducted on the respondent’s cell phone. The Margin of error is +/-2.6 percentage points based on cell phone owners (n=1954).

Figures continued

Figure 2 Source: Cell Phone Cost Timeline: How Much Do Cell Phones Cost? (2019, October 17). Retrieved from https://www.ooma.com/blog/cell-phone-cost-comparison.