Week 10 Assignment 2

1. Brand Name of Medication

CELEXA

2. Generic Name of Medication

CITALOPRAM

3. Drug Class

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

4. Manufacturer

ALLERGAN

5. Indicated Diagnoses

Patients diagnosed with depression close to DSM-III and DSM-III-R category for major depressive disorder.

6. Contraindications

Those taking ECT treatment, allergic to citalopram, have heart problem, those with eye condition known as glaucoma and those have used an MAO inhibitor in the past 14 days.

7. Pregnancy

Those already or trying to become pregnant should not use Citalopram.

8. Potential for Dependency

Dose-dependent QT prolongation and sudden death.

9. Precautions of Use

· Do not stop its use abruptly.

· Abnormal bleeding may occur when used with other drugs such as NSAIDs, aspirin.

10. Allergic Reaction

Hives, rashes, swelling of lips and throats and breathing problems.

11. Common Side Effects

Sweating a lot, dry mouth, sleeping problem and tiredness.

12. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention

Seek medical attention when following signs show up:

· Constant headaches, repeated muscle cramps and unending confusion.

· Suicidal thoughts.

· Experience painful erection that last about 4 hours.

· Chest Pain and shortness of breath.

13. Dose Range

· It is in the doses that ranges from 10mg to 40mg.

· Normal dose for adult is 20mg but can be started at lower dose and increased gradually.

· 20mg is recommended dose which is increased depending on how condition responds to treatment.

· For children, recommended dose is 10mg per day but may be increased gradually to 40mg per day.

· Adult over 65 years or those with liver problems, recommended dose is 20mg per day.

14. Types of Administration

Tablets: 10mg, 20mg and 40mg and oral solution:10mg/5ml.

15. Pharmacodynamics

SSRIs inhibit central nervous system neuronal re-uptake of serotonin. This increases concentration of serotonin at the synapse which facilitates transmission of serotonergic neuronal. It is clinically argued that deficiency of serotonin is pivotal to depression. Therefore, when serotonin is increased, it is clinically believed to improve signs of depression.

16. Half-Life

With administration of a dose range of 10-60mg/day, a mean-half-life of 35 hours are projected. Further, steady state of plasma concentration is attained in about 7 days assuming a dose is administered once daily.

17. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)

Alcohol taking is not recommended to patients that are on Citalopram because mixing the two may lead to overdose.

18. Source

https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/020822s047lbl.pdf

https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/5152/pil#gref

https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-1701/citalopram-oral/details

1. Brand Name of Medication

Lexapro

2. Generic Name of Medication

Escitalopram

3. Drug Class

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

4. Manufacturer

ALLERGAN

5. Indicated Diagnoses

Major depressive for adolescent and adults aged 12-17 years, Generalized Anxiety Disorder in the adults.

6. Contraindications

Serotonin Syndrome and MAOIs, do not use Pimozide and known hypersensitivity to escitalopram or citalopram

7. Pregnancy

Can harm unborn babies. Should be used only when clearly needed and under monitoring of healthcare provider.

8. Potential for Dependency

Lexapro can be abused by those take to control depression and anxiety but is not addictive drug.

9. Precautions of Use

· Tell doctor if allergic to Lexapro or citalopram/.

· Share your medical history with healthcare provider before using medication.

· Never drive or operate heavy machines when under medication until when sure you can undertake such activities safely.

10. Allergic Reaction

Rare allergic reaction but when occur following symptoms are noticed: rashes, itching, trouble breathing, swelling on face/ tongue/ throat and dizziness.

11. Common Side Effects

Nausea, dry mouth, increased sweating, constipation, dizziness and trouble sleeping.

12. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention

· Decreased sex interest.

· Easy bruising.

· Changes in sex ability.

· Tarry stools.

· Irregular heartbeat.

· Seizures.

13. Dose Range

· 10mg-30mg/day.

· Daily dosage may be increased gradually to 20mg.

· Gradual dose reduction is recommend to discontinue clients from medication.

· No additional benefit gained by administering dosage higher than recommended amount.

14. Types of Administration

Tablets: 5mg, 10mg and 20mg.

Oral solution: 1mg per ml.

15. Pharmacodynamics

Escitalopram is in a class of antidepressants called SSRIs works by increasing of serotonin, natural substance in the brain that helps to maintain mental balance and reduces symptoms of depression and anxiety. Therefore, escitalopram is linked to potentiation of serotonergic activity in the central nervous system (CNS) resulting from its inhibition of CNS neuronal reuptake of serotonin (5-HT).

16. Half-Life

Mean terminal life is 27-32 hours. Administering once-daily dosage, steady plasma concentration is attained after one week.

17. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)

Medication interacts with alcohol hence consumption of alcohol is not recommended to the patients under medication.

18. Source

https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/021323s047lbl.pdf

https://www.medicinenet.com/escitalopram-oral/article.htm

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a603005.html

1. Brand Name of Medication

Prozac

2. Generic Name of Medication

Fluoxetine

3. Drug Class

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

4. Manufacturer

Orion Pharmaceuticals

5. Indicated Diagnoses

Major depressive disorder(MDD), obsessive compulsive disorder(OCD), panic disorder(PD), bulimia Nervosa(BV) and treatment resistant depression (depression has not improved with at least 2 other treatments).

6. Contraindications

Allergic to fluoxetine hydrochloride or any of the ingredients in fluoxetine, if taking Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOI) or stopped taking MAOI in last 14 days.

7. Pregnancy

· Small risks of Fluoxetine (Prozac) on pregnancy and breastfeeding mothers.

8. Potential for Dependency

Misuse of this drug can lead to addiction.

9. Precautions of Use

Fluoxetine can make one sleepy or interfere with decision making ability. Therefore, driving or operating machines should be avoided when under medication.

10. Allergic Reaction

Serotonin Syndrome, sweating, trouble breathing, hives, swelling face/tongue/ throat/ lips.

11. Common Side Effects

Unusual dreams, sexual problems, loss of appetite, fatigue, sweating, change in sleeping habits, nervous, hot rashes and vomiting.

12. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention

High fever, rapid changes in heartbeat, stiff muscles and loss of consciousness.

13. Dose Range

· Capsules dosage: 10mg, 20mg and 40mg.

· Tablets dosage: 10mg, 20mg and 60mg.

· Oral solution: 10mg/5ml.

· Initial dosage should 20-60mg/day for MDD, 20-60mg for anxiety disorder and 10-60mg/day for PD.

14. Types of Administration

Capsules, tablets and liquid. It taken with or without food in the morning or twice a day (morning and noon).

15. Pharmacodynamics

Prozac is antidepressant drug in the class of SSRISs which works by blocking reabsorption of serotonin, a neurotransmitter, in the brain. This makes Serotonin available improving transmission of messages between neurons. Enough serotonin enhances a feeling of well-being attributable to improved communication between brain cells. This reduces anxiety and depressive symptoms and causes an individual feel relaxed, less anxious, improved sleep and appetite, improved focus and greater interest.

16. Half-Life

2-4 days

17. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)

Clients are recommended not to take alcohol while they under medication.

18. Source

https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/202133s000MedG.pdf

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a689006.html

https://reference.medscape.com/drug/prozac-sarafem-fluoxetine-342955

https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/fluoxetine-prozac/

1. Brand Name of Medication

Pristiq

2. Generic Name of Medication

Desvenlafaxine

3. Drug Class

Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI)

4. Manufacturer

Pfizer, Inc.

5. Indicated Diagnoses

Irritability, Sadness, Nerve Pain and anxiety disorders.

6. Contraindications

Allergic to ingredients in Pristiq such as desvenlafaxine succinate; discontinued taking MAOI in past 14 days or still taking it and lastly, being treated using antibiotic linezolid.

7. Pregnancy

Those expectants should talk to healthcare provider and get to register with National Pregnancy Registry for Antidepressants.

8. Potential for Dependency

Powerful drug that causes addiction when it is misused.

9. Precautions of Use

Do not drive or operate heavy machines and also should avoid taking alcohol.

10. Allergic Reaction

Difficulty in breathing, skin rashes, swelling on throat, tongue, face or lips.

11. Common Side Effects

Headache, sweating, nausea, anxiety, dizziness, dry mouth, sexual functional problems, loss of appetite and constipation.

12. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention

Increased blood pressure, gastrointestinal bleeding, suicidal thoughts, eye pain or changes in eye vision and unusual bleeding.

13. Dose Range

Recommended dose is 50mg that should be taken daily. Administering higher dose worsens situation rather than improving.

14. Types of Administration

Oral tablets: 50mg per dose.

15. Pharmacodynamics

Clinically, SNRI increases absorption of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain hence improving the mood of client which results to reduction of anxiety and depression. Normally, Pristiq inhibits reuptake of serotonin and epinephrine after they are released by the nerves. Reduction uptake of serotonin and epinephrine increases working of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain hence reducing depression.

16. Half-Life

11 hours. This means, once an individual takes 50mgs of Pristiq, 50% is expected to in the system after 11 hours and pattern of ingesting will continue and by the end of 7days, no traces of drugs can be traced in the system.

17. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)

Alcohol should not be used while one is taking Pristiq medication. Alcohol causes drowsiness and when combined with Pristiq, interaction increases drowsiness and could lead to coma or even death.

18. Source

http://labeling.pfizer.com/ShowLabeling.aspx?id=497&section=MedGuide

https://www.medicinenet.com/desvenlafaxine_pristiq/article.htm#what_is_desvenlafaxine_pristiq_and_how_does_it_work_mechanism_of_action

https://www.pfizerpro.com/product/pristiq/mdd/dosing-and-administration

https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/pristiq-addiction/how-long-stay-in-system/

1. Brand Name of Medication

Asendin

2. Generic Name of Medication

Amoxapine

3. Drug Class

Dibenzoxazepine

4. Manufacturer

Wyeth Ayerst Inc. and Lederle Cyanamid Inc.

5. Indicated Diagnoses

Depressed mood, loss of weight, tiredness, and guilt, agitation and concentration problems.

6. Contraindications

Suicidal thoughts, manic-depression, neuroleptic malignant syndrome and increased pressure.

7. Pregnancy

Pregnant and those planning to be expectant should communicate to healthcare provider for direction.

8. Potential for Dependency

Abuse may lead to addiction.

9. Precautions of Use

Unexpected mental health may change, allergic client should tell doctor, and client with preexisting heart conditions issues and those that have undergone ECT should inform healthcare provider before Amoxapine is administered to them.

10. Allergic Reaction

Difficulty in breathing, skin rashes, swelling on throat, tongue, face or lips.

11. Common Side Effects

Drowsiness, anxiety, blurred vision, nausea, headache and sweating.

12. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention

Sedation, dry mouth and constipation.

13. Dose Range

Take 50mgs two or three times per day for the adults. Dosage may be increased based on the Doctor recommendation but should not be more than 300mgs per day. Older people are recommended to start with 25mgs which should be administered two or three times per day. In nutshell, effective dosage should be 200-300mgs daily.

14. Types of Administration

Oral tablets.

15. Pharmacodynamics

Amoxapine is Tricyclic antidepressant of dibenzoxazepine class. It contains a mild sedative component. Clinically, actions of Amoxapine is not well understood. However, in animals, Amoxapine reduces uptake of nor-epinephirine and serotonin improving signs of depression.

16. Half-Life

8 hours

17. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)

Alcohol should be avoided but instead should be taken with food because food reduces irritation.

18. Source

https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00543

https://www.rxlist.com/amoxapine-drug.htm#description

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682202.html

1. Brand Name of Medication

lithobid, Eskalith, Lithonate, Lithotabs, Eskalith-CR

2. Generic Name of Medication

Lithium

3. Drug Class

Bipolar Disorder Agents

4. Manufacturer

Apotex Corp

5. Indicated Diagnoses

Hyperactivity, rushed speech, poor judgment, reduced need for sleep, aggression, and anger (bipolar disorder) and mania.

6. Contraindications

Allergic to lithium, an individual with serotonin syndrome, high amount of calcium in the blood and low sodium level in the blood, pregnancy, breast feeding mothers, decreased kidney function, significant loss of water and organic mental disorder.

7. Pregnancy

Potential harm to unborn baby.

8. Potential for Dependency

Lithium toxicity reduces abuse and client dependency on the drug. Long-term use of drug can reduce life span by 10 years or cause chronic tubulo-interstitial nephritis,

9. Precautions of Use

· Do not use lithium when expectant.

· Do not crush, chew or break lithium tablet.

· Do not use if allergic to medication.

· Taking overdose cause lithium toxicity which can lead to death.

10. Allergic Reaction

Hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.

11. Common Side Effects

Drowsiness, trouble in walking, urination, increased thirst, loss of appetite and blurred vision.

12. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention

Sign of lithium toxicity which include: muscle weakness, twitching, drowsiness, feeling light-headed, mood changes, blurred vision, ringing in your ears, irregular heartbeats, confusion, slurred speech, clumsiness, trouble breathing, or seizures.

Others sign that need medical attention: symptoms of serotonin syndrome, increased pressure inside skull, thyroid problems and dehydration symptoms.

13. Dose Range

Recommended dosage:

· 1800mg/day for acute control.

· 900-1200mg/day for long-term control.

14. Types of Administration

Tablet, capsule and liquid administered 600mg 3 times per day for acute control and 600mg 2 times per day for the long-term control.

15. Pharmacodynamics

Clinical finding have not explicitly explained how lithium works. It is believed that lithium increases activity of chemical messenger in the brain. This prevent bipolar disorder by helping BD patients to have control over their emotions. Further, it makes manic less severe and rare.

16. Half-Life

24-36 hours

17. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)

Caffeine, tobacco and alcohol are not recommended to be used with lithium.

18. Source

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00377/full

https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-5887-795/lithium-carbonate-oral/lithium-controlled-release-oral/details/list-contraindications

https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1065/lithium

https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/lithium-oral-route/before-using/drg-20064603

1. Brand Name of Medication

Seroquel

2. Generic Name of Medication

quetiapine fumarate

3. Drug Class

atypical antipsychotics.

4. Manufacturer

AstraZeneca

5. Indicated Diagnoses

Schizophrenia, major depression and bipolar disorder

6. Contraindications

Hypersensitivity

7. Pregnancy

No risk to pregnancy but is not recommended for breast feeding mothers.

8. Potential for Dependency

No significant evidence that demonstrates habit forming nature of the drug or its misuse.

9. Precautions of Use

· Do not drive or operate machinery.

· Do not take alcohol.

· Not approved for children less than 10 years.

10. Allergic Reaction

Hives, difficulty breathing, swelling of face/lips/tongue/ throat

11. Common Side Effects

Dry mouth, dizziness, abdominal pain, weakness, sore throat, weight gain and rapid heartbeat.

12. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention

Suicidal thoughts, high blood sugar, high fat levels in the blood, worse anxiety, insomnia, restless and worse irritability.

13. Dose Range

Schizophrenia:

· Day 1:50mg and increased 25-50mg every 8-12 hours to 300-400mg per day. Dosage range is 150-750mg/day.

Mania:

· Day 1-100mg, Day 2-200mg, day 3-300mg and day 4-400mg that is divided 12 hours.

· Dosage is increased and range of 400-800mg/day is maintained.

Major depressive disorder: 150-300 mg/day

14. Types of Administration

Tablets:25mg, 50mg, 100mg, 200mg, 300mg and 400mg.

15. Pharmacodynamics

Quetiapine works in the brain where it affects neurotransmitters, in particular Serotonin (5HT) and dopamine. Dopamine and serotonin are neurotransmitters known to be involved in regulating mood, behaviour, thinking and perception. Quetiapine works by blocking the receptors in the brain that dopamine acts on. This prevents the excessive activity of dopamine and helps to control symptoms of schizophrenia and manic depression.

16. Half-Life

6 hours.

17. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)

Alcohol should not be consumed by clients taking medication.

18. Source

https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/020639s055MG.pdf

https://reference.medscape.com/drug/seroquel-xr-quetiapine-342984

https://www.rxlist.com/seroquel-drug.htm

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3819904/

1. Brand Name of Medication

Lamictal

2. Generic Name of Medication

Lamotrigine

3. Drug Class

phenyltriazine class,

4. Manufacturer

GlaxoSmithKline

5. Indicated Diagnoses

Bipolar depression, partial seizures, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, mania and mood swings.

6. Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to o lamotrigine or its ingredients, if using Valproic acid and drug interferes with urine drug screen.

7. Pregnancy

Medication is pregnancy risk.

8. Potential for Dependency

Lamotrigine is habit forming. It is subject to abuse by the individuals that after releasing stress.

9. Precautions of Use

· Inform doctor if allergic to Lamotrigine.

· Inform doctor if using hormonal medications.

· Inform doctor if you had suffered from an autoimmune disease.

· Mental health may change unexpectedly such as suicidal thoughts.

10. Allergic Reaction

Hives, difficulty breathing, swelling of face/lips/tongue/ throat

11. Common Side Effects

Fever, dizziness, blurred vision, headache, nausea, skin rashes, vomiting, tremor, back pain, tiredness, dry mouth and insomnia.

12. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention

Serious rashes, seizures that happens more often and unusual bleeding.

13. Dose Range

· Initial dose is 25mg which is increased gradually to range of 100-400mg/day for bipolar disorder.

· Epilepsy, adults and children above 12 years, dose range 100-700mg/day.

14. Types of Administration

Tablets-25mg(white), 100mg(peach), 150mg(cream) and 200mg(blue); chewable dispersible tablet -2mg(white), 5mg(white), 25 mg(white ); and orally disintegrating table- 25 mg (white to off-white), 50 mg (white to off-white), 100 mg (white to off-white), or 200 mg (white to off-white).

15. Pharmacodynamics

Lamotrigine selectively binds sodium channels, stabilizing presynaptic neuronal membranes and inhibiting glutamate release. Lamotrigine stabilizes mood swings by lifting depression instead of suppressing mania. Lamotrigine delays the time between mood changes and manic or depressive states in people with bipolar disorder by decreasing the intensity of irregular electrical activity in the brain. Its antidepressant properties helps it to achieve and sustain moods over time.

16. Half-Life

29 hours.

17. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)

Using alcohol and cigarettes when under medication is not recommended because of interaction property that inhibits operational efficiency.

18. Source

https://www.rxlist.com/lamictal-drug.htm#description

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a695007.html

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470442/

1. Brand Name of Medication

Ambien

2. Generic Name of Medication

ZOLPIDEM

3. Drug Class

Nonbenzodiazepine

4. Manufacturer

Hikma Pharmaceuticals

5. Indicated Diagnoses

Troubled sleeping, Insomnia.

6. Contraindications

If allergic to anything in the medication,

7. Pregnancy

Not right medication when pregnant or breast feeding.

8. Potential for Dependency

· No significance evidence for habit forming.

9. Precautions of Use

· Do not drive or engage in dangerous activity that demand attention.

· Do not take alcohol when under medication.

· Do not take medication when under other sleepy drugs.

· Take when you can stay in bed 7-8 hours.

10. Allergic Reaction

Symptoms are swelling of the tongue or throat, trouble breathing, and nausea and vomiting.

11. Common Side Effects

Drowsiness, dizziness, diarrhea and drugged feelings.

12. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention

Memory loss, abnormal thoughts and behavior and severe allergic reaction symptoms.

13. Dose Range

6.25 -12.5 mg is the recommended dose. Overdose could be poisonous.

14. Types of Administration

Tablets: 6.25mg or 12.5mg which should be swallowed whole.

15. Pharmacodynamics

Zolpidem is a hypnotic agent with a chemical structure they bind selectively to the α1 subunit of the GABAA receptor, leading to sedation that creates calming effects causing one to sleep to about 7-8 hours.

16. Half-Life

2.5-3 hours.

17. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)

Do not take medication when taking alcohol.

18. Source

https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/Zolpidem.pdf

https://www.rxlist.com/ambien-cr-drug.htm#clinpharm

1. Brand Name of Medication

Sonata

2. Generic Name of Medication

Zaleplon

3. Drug Class

Nonbenzodiazepine

4. Manufacturer

Pfizer Inc.

5. Indicated Diagnoses

Insomnia

6. Contraindications

Allergic to Zaleplon, sleep apnea, decreased lung function and complex sleep behaviors.

7. Pregnancy

It is not recommended to expectant clients.

8. Potential for Dependency

Medication may be habit forming. Misuse can cause to addiction, coma or death.

9. Precautions of Use

· Do not drive when under medication.

· Do not take for more than 5 weeks.

· Avoid taking medication during normal activities.

10. Allergic Reaction

Hives; difficult breathing; nausea and vomiting; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.

11. Common Side Effects

Feeling light-headed, dizziness, numbness and coordination problems.

12. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention

Abnormal thoughts and behavior, memory loss, anxiety and severe allergic reactions.

13. Dose Range

5mg-10mg.

14. Types of Administration

Capsules taken before bed time.

15. Pharmacodynamics

Sonata (zaleplon) is a hypnotic agent which interacts with GABA-BZ receptor complex. Subunit modulation of the GABA-BZ receptor chloride channel macromolecular complex is responsible for some of the pharmacological properties of benzodiazepines, which include sedative, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, and anticonvulsive effects.

16. Half-Life

1 hour

17. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)

Do not drink alcohol. Could lead to dangerous side effects or even death.

18. Source

https://www.rxlist.com/sonata-drug/patient-images-side-effects.htm#info

https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/020859s015lbl.pdf

1. Brand Name of Medication

Lunesta

2. Generic Name of Medication

Eszopiclone

3. Drug Class

sedative-hypnotics.

4. Manufacturer

AUROBINDO PHARMA LTD and SUNOVION PHARMS INC

5. Indicated Diagnoses

Troubled sleeping/ Insomnia.

6. Contraindications

Allergic to eszopiclone, if ever taken sleep medication, complex sleep behaviors, severe liver disease, alcohol intoxication and suicidal thoughts.

7. Pregnancy

No significant risk assigned.

8. Potential for Dependency

Eszopiclone may be habit-forming. Misuse can cause addiction, overdose, or death.

9. Precautions of Use

· Do not drive while under medication.

· Do not use medication when allergic.

· Do not use medication during normal working hours.

· When situations worsens, call doctor.

· Do not take alcohol.

10. Allergic Reaction

Hives; nausea, vomiting; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.

11. Common Side Effects

Dry mouth, anxiety, unusual taste in mouth, rash and flu symptoms-fever, runny nose and body aches.

12. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention

Memory loss, anxiety, extreme sleepiness during day, doing activity when not fully awake, complex sleep behavior and severe allergic reaction.

13. Dose Range

Initially start with 1mg which can be increased gradually to 3mg.

14. Types of Administration

Tablets taken by mouth.

15. Pharmacodynamics

It works by slowing activity in the brain to allow sleep. Ideally, eszopiclone interacts with GABA-receptor complexes at binding domains located close to it leading to sedation.

16. Half-Life

1 hour

17. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)

Avoid drinking alcohol. Dangerous side effects or death could occur. Vitamins and herbal products can affect working of medication.

18. Source

https://www.rxlist.com/lunesta-drug/patient-images-side-effects.htm#missdose

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a605009.html

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/nonbenzodiazepines

1. Brand Name of Medication

Librium

2. Generic Name of Medication

Chlordiazepoxide

3. Drug Class

Benzodiazepines

4. Manufacturer

Legacy Pharmaceuticals

5. Indicated Diagnoses

Anxiety disorder, agitation, fear and acute alcohol withdrawal.

6. Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to the drug, Allergy to Librium, Xanax, Klonopin, diazepam and other medication should be reported to doctor and narrow-angle glaucoma.

7. Pregnancy

Increased risk of congenital malformations hence use of medication should be avoided.

8. Potential for Dependency

Habit forming ability. Addiction prone-individuals should under careful monitoring to avoid habituation and dependence on the medication.

9. Precautions of Use

· Do not take alcohol and tobacco.

· Do not operate machines or drive.

· Dosage to elderly should be limited to smallest effective dosage <10mg /day.

10. Allergic Reaction

Hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat

11. Common Side Effects

Drowsiness, ataxia, confusion, vomiting, swelling, nausea, skin rash, constipation, blurred vision, tiredness, headache and dizziness.

12. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention

Blood dyscrasias, trouble urinating, depression, hyperactivity, and trouble walking, jaundice and changes in the sex drive.

13. Dose Range

5-10mg. Initial dose is 5mg that is 2 to 4 times daily. When increased to 10mg that is administered 2 to 3 times.

14. Types of Administration

Capsules: 5mg, 10mg and 25mg.

15. Pharmacodynamics

Librium contains antianxiety, sedative, appetite-stimulating and weak analgesic actions. Drugs works by decreasing abnormal electrical activity in the brain. The drug blocks EEG arousal from stimulation of the brain stem reticular formation hence decreasing abnormal excitability.

16. Half-Life

24-48 hours.

17. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)

Concomitant use of alcohol or other CNS depressants can have addictive effect and could also reduce efficiency of the medication.

18. Source

https://www.rxlist.com/librium-drug.htm#description

https://www.drugs.com/sfx/librium-side-effects.html

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682078.html

1. Brand Name of Medication

Klonopin

2. Generic Name of Medication

Clonazepam

3. Drug Class

Benzodiazepines

4. Manufacturer

Roche

5. Indicated Diagnoses

Panic disorder, seizures disorders and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.

6. Contraindications

If patient is allergic to Clonazepam, sleeping medications such as Ambien, acute narrow angle glaucoma and significant liver disease.

7. Pregnancy

Malformations may be experienced such as limb defects and cleft palate

8. Potential for Dependency

Clonazepam may be habit forming medication. Case of abuse and addiction is inevitable.

9. Precautions of Use

· Do not take opioid medication because would result to profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma and even death when under medication of Klonopin.

· Doses should be limited to minimum required.

10. Allergic Reaction

Hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat

11. Common Side Effects

Drowsiness, dizziness, loss of coordination, fatigues and increased saliva production.

12. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention

Suicidal thoughts, mood problems, unusual eye movements, shallow breathing and worsening seizures.

13. Dose Range

· Seizures disorders; 1.5mg/day into in 3 doses. Dose can be increased by 0.5-1mg until seizures are adequately controlled. Maximum dose is 20mg/day.

· Panic disorders: Initial dose is 0.25mg/day which is gradually increased to 4mg/day.

14. Types of Administration

Available as tablet which should be swallowed with water as a whole.

15. Pharmacodynamics

Clonazepam enhances activity of GABA, major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Benzodiazepine receptor associated GABA(a) receptors exist both peripherally and in the CNS, which enhances various effects like sedation, hypnosis, skeletal muscle relaxation, anticonvulsant activity, and anxiolytic action. Further, with neuro-inhibitory activity of GABA, clonazepam facilitate in decreasing any excessive electrical nerve activity in the CNS that might be contributing to seizures.

16. Half-Life

30-40 hours.

17. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)

Alcohol, narcotics, barbiturates, nonbarbiturate hypnotics, antianxiety agents potentiates CNS-depressant action of clonazepam.

18. Source

https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/017533s059lbl.pdf

https://www.rxlist.com/klonopin-drug.htm#precautions

https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01068

1. Brand Name of Medication

Valium

2. Generic Name of Medication

Diazepam

3. Drug Class

Benzodiazepines

4. Manufacturer

Pfizer Inc.

5. Indicated Diagnoses

Anxiety, alcohol withdrawals , seizures, muscle spasms,

6. Contraindications

If patient is allergic to diazepam or similar drugs (Klonopin, Xanax), patient has severe liver disease, breathing problem, sleeping apnea, glaucoma, asthma, suicidal thoughts and epilepsy.

7. Pregnancy

Can harm unborn baby and if to use, seek medical guidance.

8. Potential for Dependency

Medication can be habit forming.

9. Precautions of Use

· Do not take more than recommended dose.

· Do not take alcohol.

· Do not drive or operate machine when under medication.

10. Allergic Reaction

Hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat

11. Common Side Effects

Loss coordination, fatigue, drowsiness and muscle weakness.

12. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention

Slurred speech, slowed breathing, loss of control of body movements and uncontrolled shaking of body parts.

13. Dose Range

2-10mg/day.

14. Types of Administration

Tablet, solution and concentrate taken by mouth. Taken 1 to 4 times with or without food.

15. Pharmacodynamics

Diazepam increase response of the endogenous ligand) of the GABAA receptor complex, binding to a unique site on the alpha-gamma subunit interface. Diazepam interaction with these sites increases neuronal chloride-ion influx upon GABA binding, resulting in hyperpolarized postsynaptic membranes, thus enhancing CNS depression response to endogenous GABA. GABA potentiating actions have calming effects on neuronal processes which results in anxiolytic and antiepileptic effects. Diazepam’s potency, high bioavailability, and fast onset of action all account for its clinical efficacy and commercial success.

16. Half-Life

48 hours.

17. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)

Concomitant use with alcohol is not recommended due to enhancement of the sedative effect.

18. Source

https://www.rxlist.com/valium-drug.htm#clinpharm

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682047.html

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3990949/