Video Analysis: "The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross”: The Black Atlantic (1500-1800)

profilesajhal-1
Week6.ppt

African Americans:
A Concise History, Combined Volume, 5e
Darlene Clark Hine, William C. Hine, Stanley C. Harrold

Chapter 5

African Americans
in the New Nation
1783–1820

This recent photograph portrays one of several buildings used as slave quarters on Hermitage, Savannah, Georgia. Built during the mid-seventeenth century, the small brick building housed two African-American families into the Civil War years.

  • This photograph highlights how slavery is remembered and portrayed in the South, where slave quarters, cemeteries, and plantations have become tourist attractions for those interested the history of the period.

05/12/11

*

Learning Objectives

5-1 What forces worked for black freedom after the Revolution?

5-2 Why did slavery survive in the new United States?

5-3 What were the characteristics of early free black communities?

5-4 Who were the early black leaders in America and what were their varying ideas, tactics, and solutions for the problems faced by blacks?

5-5 How did the War of 1812 affect African Americans?

5-6 What impact did the Missouri Compromise have on African Americans?

05/12/11

*

Forces for Freedom

  • In postrevolutionary North, slavery not economically essential
  • Immigration bought cheap white laborers
  • Natural rights doctrines, evangelical Christianity add support to anti-slavery efforts

05/12/11

*

  • Slavery widespread but not economically essential in North after the revolution
  • White laborers resented slave competition
  • Slaveholders have difficulty defending slavery

Forces for Freedom (cont'd)

  • Missouri Compromise, 1820
  • A congressional attempt to settle the issue of slavery expansion in the United States by permitting Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state, admitting Maine as a free state, and banning slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36° 30' line of latitude

05/12/11

*

Forces for Freedom (cont'd)

  • Northern Emancipation
  • New England states moved quickly to emancipation
  • Massachusetts slave Quok Walker refused to stay in servitude; whites acquiesced
  • First U.S. census in 1790 finds no slaves in Massachusetts

05/12/11

*

  • Vermont and Massachusetts, certainly, and New Hampshire, probably, abolished slavery immediately during the 1770s and 1780s
  • 1783 Massachusetts Supreme Court ruling says “slavery is . . . as effectively abolished as it can be by the granting of rights and privileges wholly incompatible and repugnant to its existence.”

Forces for Freedom (cont'd)

  • Northern Emancipation (cont'd)

Struggle against slavery harder in mid-Atlantic states

Massachusetts had “free and equal” clause in constitution; black men have right to vote

Emancipation slow in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania

05/12/11

*

  • Connecticut and Rhode Island, the state legislatures, rather than individual African Americans, took the initiative against slavery
  • New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania - the investment in slaves was much greater than in New England
  • NY, NJ, PA had relatively large slave populations, powerful slaveholders, and white workforces fearful of free black competition
  • This map charts the gradual emancipation of northern slaves in the period after the earliest efforts at abolishing slavery in the late eighteenth century.

05/12/11

*

  • This table illustrates the rapid decline in slavery in the Mid-Atlantic states in the half-century before the Civil War.

05/12/11

*

  • This timeline highlights the events that led to the abolition of slavery in the North before the Civil War.

05/12/11

*

Forces for Freedom (cont'd)

  • The Northwest Ordinance of 1787

1787 Ordinance bans slavery from Old Northwest region

Region south of Ohio River open to slavery

Some remained slaves in Old Northwest

Ordinance set precedent for excluding slavery

05/12/11

*

  • Congress’s decides to limit slavery’s expansion
  • During the 1780s, the national government acquires jurisdiction over the region west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River
  • Increasing numbers of white Americans migrated across the Appalachians into this huge region during/after revolution
  • Jefferson proposes after 1800 slavery be banned from the entire region stretching from the Appalachians to the Mississippi River

Forces for Freedom (cont'd)

  • The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 (cont'd)

Northwest Ordinance, 1787

Based on earlier legislation drafted by Thomas Jefferson, it organized the Northwest Territory, providing for orderly land sales, public education, government, the creation of five to seven states out of the territory, and the prohibition of slavery within the territory.

05/12/11

*

  • Northwest Ordinance applied the essence of Jefferson’s plan to the region north of the Ohio River

Forces for Freedom (cont'd)

  • Antislavery Societies in the North and Upper South

Only whites participated in Quaker-dominated organizations

Abolitionists feared immediate emancipation

Elderly slaves would be abandoned

Slaves would require training before freedom

Many slaveholders opposed slavery in abstract, not practice

Antislavery societies in Upper South small, short lived

05/12/11

*

  • In 1775, Quaker abolitionist Anthony Benezet organized the first antislavery society in the world
  • In 1787, it became the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery, and Benjamin Franklin became its president
  • From 1794 to 1832, antislavery societies cooperated within the loose framework of the American Convention for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery and Improving the Condition of the African Race

Forces for Freedom (cont'd)

  • Antislavery Societies in the North
    and Upper South (cont'd)

Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery (Pennsylvania Abolition Society (1787–present)

An antislavery organization centered in Philadelphia and based on an earlier Quaker society; exclusively white, it promoted gradual abolition, black self-improvement, freedom suits, and protection of African Americans against kidnapping

05/12/11

*

  • By 1800, there were abolition societies in Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Virginia.

Forces for Freedom (cont'd)

  • Antislavery Societies in the North
    and Upper South (cont'd)

American Convention for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery and Improving the Condition of the African Race (1794–1838)

A loose coalition of state and local societies, dominated by the Pennsylvania Abolition Society, dedicated to gradual abolition

05/12/11

*

  • These societies aimed at gradual, compensated emancipation

Forces for Freedom (cont'd)

  • Manumission and Self-Purchase

Virginia repealed long-standing ban on manumission

Masters profited by self-purchase agreements

Slaves paid in installments for freedom

Self-purchase often left African Americans in financial trouble

05/12/11

*

  • After the Revolution, most southern states liberalized their manumission laws so masters could free individual slaves by deed or will
  • Motivated by religion or natural rights, hundreds of slaveholders in the Upper South freed slaves individually

Forces for Freedom (cont'd)

  • The Emergence of a Free Black Class in the South

Most of Upper South’s black population remained in slavery

In Deep South few masters freed slaves

Free black class identified with former masters

05/12/11

*

  • The free black population of the Upper South blossomed
  • Generally, masters in the Deep South freed only their illegitimate slave children, other favorites, or those unable to work
  • The emergence of a free black class in the South, especially in the Deep South, produced social strata more similar to those in Latin America

Forces for Freedom (cont'd)

f

LO 5-1. abolished slavery immediately during the 1770s and 1780s.

A: Pennsylvania and New Jersey

B: Maryland and Delaware

C: Virginia and Maryland

D: Vermont and Massachusetts

05/12/11

*

Forces for Freedom (cont'd)

f

LO 5-1. abolished slavery immediately during the 1770s and 1780s.

A: Pennsylvania and New Jersey

B: Maryland and Delaware

C: Virginia and Maryland

D: Vermont and Massachusetts

05/12/11

*

Forces for Freedom (cont'd)

LO 5-1. In 1787, Congress adopted the Northwest Ordinance banning slavery in the region north of the Ohio River.

A: True

B: False

05/12/11

*

Forces for Freedom (cont'd)

LO 5-1. In 1787, Congress adopted the Northwest Ordinance banning slavery in the region north of the Ohio River.

A: True

B: False

05/12/11

*

Forces for Slavery

  • Forces for slavery stronger than for freedom

05/12/11

*

  • Abolition took place in the North, where slavery was weak
  • In the South, where it was strong, slavery thrived

Forces for Slavery (cont’d)

  • The U.S. Constitution

Constitution major force in favor of continued slavery

Constitution prevented abolishment of slave trade until 1808

Gave masters power to pursue escaped slaves

Slaveholders claim acute labor shortages

Southern slaveholders given more representation

05/12/11

*

  • By the mid-1780s, wealthy and powerful men perceived that the Confederation Congress was too weak to protect their interests
  • Congress’s inability to regulate commerce led to trade disputes among the states
  • Congress’s inability to tax prevented it from maintaining an army and navy
  • Shay’s Rebellion in 1786 led to Constitutional Convention
  • Constitutional Convention made important concessions to southern slaveholders

Forces for Slavery (cont’d)

  • The U.S. Constitution (cont'd)

Fugitive Slave Act of 1793

An act of Congress permitting masters to recapture escaped slaves who had reached the free states and, with the authorization of local courts, return with the slave or slaves to their home state

05/12/11

*

Forces for Slavery (cont’d)

  • The U.S. Constitution (cont'd)

Three-Fifths Clause

A clause in the U.S. Constitution providing that a slave be counted as three-fifths of a free person in determining a state’s representation in Congress and the electoral college and three-fifths of a free person in regard to per capita taxes levied by Congress on the states

05/12/11

*

  • As a result of this clause, the South gained enormous political advantage
  • For many years, this clause contributed to the domination of the U.S. government by slaveholding southerners

Forces for Slavery (cont’d)

  • Cotton

Increased cotton cultivation fostered continued enslavement

Cotton gin removes seeds to increase production

Cotton became most lucrative U.S. import

Cotton reinvigorated the slave-labor system

05/12/11

*

  • Britain led the world in textile manufacturing by late 18th century
  • British demand for raw cotton rises as mechanization of textile trade makes spinning cotton cheaper
  • Cotton production in the United States rose from 3,000 bales in 1790 to 178,000 bales in 1810
  • Southern cotton production also encouraged the development of textile mills in New England, thereby creating a proslavery alliance

Forces for Slavery (cont’d)

  • Cotton (cont'd)

Cotton gin

A simple machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 to separate cotton seeds from cotton fiber; it greatly speeded this task and encouraged the westward expansion of cotton-growing in the United States

05/12/11

*

  • Cotton gin increases ability to process cotton, leading to greater demand for raw cotton, slave labor

Harpers Weekly printed this “conjectural work” in 1869. Although the clothing worn by the men and women shown reflects styles of a later era, the machine suggests how slaves used the gin Eli Whitney invented in 1793.

  • This engraving illustrates the early use of the cotton gin to increase production in the nineteenth century.
  • The background images of white planters examining cotton indicate the close scrutiny of slaves and their work output.

05/12/11

*

  • This chart illustrates the gradual expansion of plantation slavery in the Deep South in the decades leading up to the Civil War.

 

05/12/11

*

Forces for Slavery (cont’d)

  • The Louisiana Purchase and African Americans in the Lower Mississippi Valley

Louisiana Purchase accelerated westward progression of slavery

Demand for sugar, cotton caused harsh slave conditions

Tobacco, indigo earliest plantation crops

Many sold to slave markets in New Orleans

05/12/11

*

  • People of African descent were a majority of the New Orleans population and they consisted of two distinct groups:
  • First were the free people of color who called themselves Creoles, spoke French; usually craftsmen and shopkeepers
  • The second black group consisted of slaves, most of whom had come directly from Africa and worked on Louisiana plantations
  • In 1770 Louisiana had a slave population of 5,600; by 1820 the slave population numbered 149,654`

Forces for Slavery (cont’d)

  • Conservatism and Racism

Increasing proslavery sentiment among white Americans

Response to radicalism of French Revolution

American valued property rights, including human property

Race used to justify slavery

Blacks supposedly unsuited for freedom

Laws implied blacks only place was as slaves

05/12/11

*

  • A more intense racism among white people was important in strengthening slavery
  • In the North and the Chesapeake, whites became less willing to challenge the prerogatives of slaveholders, more willing to accept slavery
  • France’s bloody class and religious warfare, disruption of the social order, and redistribution of property led white Americans to value property rights—including rights to human property—and order above equal rights
  • New scientific racism supported this outlook: great chain of being from lesser to higher creatures created by God

Forces for Slavery (cont’d)

  • Conservatism and Racism (cont'd)

Domestic slave trade

A trade dating from the first decade of the nineteenth century in American-born slaves purchased primarily in the border South and sent overland or by sea to the cotton-growing regions of the Old Southwest

05/12/11

*

  • During the 1790s, Congress expressed its determination to exclude African Americans from the benefits of citizenship in “a white man’s country”

Forces for Slavery (cont’d)

f

LO 5-2. The Constitution strengthened the political power of slaveholders through .

A: the Second Amendment

B: banning slavery only in the north

C: the Three-Fifths Clause

D: banning the importation of slaves

05/12/11

*

Forces for Slavery (cont’d)

f

LO 5-2. The Constitution strengthened the political power of slaveholders through .

A: the Second Amendment

B: banning slavery only in the north

C: the Three-Fifths Clause

D: banning the importation of slaves

05/12/11

*

Forces for Slavery (cont’d)

LO 5-2. Four factors that fostered continued enslavement of African Americans included increased cultivation of rice, the Louisiana Purchase, declining revolutionary fervor, and the spread of abolitionist sentiment.

A: True

B: False

05/12/11

*

Forces for Slavery (cont’d)

LO 5-2. Four factors that fostered continued enslavement of African Americans included increased cultivation of rice, the Louisiana Purchase, declining revolutionary fervor, and the spread of abolitionist sentiment.

A: True

B: False

05/12/11

*

The Emergence of
Free Black Communities

  • Earliest black community institutions were mutual aid societies

Provided for members’ medical and burial expenses

Helped support widows and children

  • Societies spread to every black urban community
  • Societies maintained Christian moral character

05/12/11

*

  • Competing forces of slavery and racism, freedom, and opportunity shaped the growth of African-American community
  • Blacks wanted institutions that would perpetuate African heritage
  • They knew they would have inferior status in white organizations, so they needed to form their own
  • First mutual aid societies formed in Newport, Rhode Island, 1780, followed by Free African Society in Philadelphia, 1787

The Emergence of
Free Black Communities (cont'd)

  • Black Freemasons particularly important
  • Prince Hall, most famous Black mason
  • Organized first lodge in Boston
  • Authorized black lodges in other cities
  • Prince Hall Masons
  • A black Masonic order formed in 1791 in Boston under the leadership of Prince Hall. He became its first grand master and promoted its expansion to other cities

05/12/11

*

  • An entrepreneur, abolitionist, and an advocate of black education, Hall is founder of the African Lodge of North America, popularly known as the

Prince Hall Masons

  • Masons provide mutual aid also opportunities to socialize, network

This late eighteenth-century portrait of Prince Hall (1735?–1807) dressed as a gentleman places him among Masonic symbols. A former slave, a skilled craftsman and entrepreneur, an abolitionist, and an advocate of black education, Hall is best remembered as the founder of the African Lodge of North America, popularly known as the Prince Hall Masons.

  • This engraving of Prince Hall underlines the ability of free African-Americans to rise into the ranks of the middle class in the North after the American Revolution.

05/12/11

*

The Emergence of
Free Black Communities (cont'd)

  • The Origins of Independent Black Churches

African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church

Founded in Philadelphia in 1816, it was the first and became the largest independent black church

05/12/11

*

  • African-American churches attend to the spiritual needs of free black people and slaves
  • Their pastors also became the primary African-American leaders

Raphaelle Peale, the son of famous Philadelphia portraitist Charles Wilson Peale, completed this oil portrait of the Reverend Absalom Jones (1746–1818) in 1810. Reverend Jones is shown in his ecclesiastical robes holding a Bible in his hand.

  • This painting of the Reverend Absalom Jones by Raphael Peal demonstrates the importance of clergy as leaders in the African-American community.

05/12/11

*

The Emergence of
Free Black Communities (cont'd)

  • The First Black Schools

Blacks found own schools dating to early 1700s

Schools faced great difficulties

Blacks couldn’t afford fees

Some blacks thought education pointless

Whites feared educated blacks would encourage slave revolt

Threats of violence against black schools common

05/12/11

*

  • North and South: white clergy ran the schools as did Quakers, abolition societies, Anglican missionaries
  • Free black people in Baltimore supported schools during the 1790s; similar schools open in Washington D.C. in early 1800s
  • Philadelphia’s Mother Bethel church starts first school with black teachers and students

The Emergence of
Free Black Communities (cont'd)

f

LO 5-3. In 1816, Philadelphia became the birthplace of the

.

A: first benevolent aid society

B: the first black schools in America

C: the black Episcopal church

D: African Methodist Episcopal Church

05/12/11

*

The Emergence of
Free Black Communities (cont'd)

f

LO 5-3. In 1816, Philadelphia became the birthplace of the

.

A: first benevolent aid society

B: the first black schools in America

C: the black Episcopal church

D: African Methodist Episcopal Church

05/12/11

*

The Emergence of
Free Black Communities (cont'd)

LO 5-3. The earliest black community institutions were mutual aid societies, which were similar to insurance companies and benevolent organizations.

A: True

B: False

05/12/11

*

The Emergence of
Free Black Communities (cont'd)

LO 5-3. The earliest black community institutions were mutual aid societies, which were similar to insurance companies and benevolent organizations.

A: True

B: False

05/12/11

*

Black Leaders and Choices

  • Clergy prominent among educated black elite
  • Influential ministers include Richard Allen, Absalom Jones, Jupiter Hammon, John Chavis
  • Prince Hall, James Forten - African-American entrepreneurs

05/12/11

*

  • By the 1790s an educated black elite existed in the North and the Chesapeake
  • Elites were acculturated, patriotic; had attained some well-being and security, but also knew of failure of American revolutionary principles
  • Vying with clergy for influence were African-American entrepreneurs such as Prince Hall

Black Leaders and Choices (cont'd)

  • Leaders often differed about what was best for African Americans
  • Hammon, Chavis condemned slavery but were not activists
  • Allen, Jones, Hall, Forten: blacks mold own destiny

05/12/11

*

  • Allen, Jones, Hall, and Forten were more optimistic than Hammon and Chavis about blacks’ prospects in America
  • Although he was often frustrated, Hall pursued a strategy based on the assumption that white authority would reward black protest and patriotism

MyLab Media

Document: Richard Allen, "Address to the Free People of Colour of these United States," 1830

http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/history/MHL/US/documents/Allen_Free_People_of_Colour_1830.html

James Forten, portrait by an unknown artist.

  • A wealthy businessmen and active abolitionist, James Forten gained a great deal of influence in Philadelphia and throughout the north by organizing other free African-Americans and clergy members to lobby for equal rights and women’s suffrage.

05/12/11

*

Black Leaders and Choices (cont'd)

  • Migration

African Americans could establish societies outside U.S.

Back to Africa: Freetown in Sierra Leone

Coker leads group to new colony of Liberia

Paul Cuffe, black advocate of Africa colonization

Saw it as way to end slave trade

05/12/11

*

  • In 1787, British philanthropists, including Olaudah Equiano, established Freetown in Sierra Leone
  • In 1816, influential whites organized the American Colonization Society

Black Leaders and Choices (cont'd)

  • Migration (cont'd)
  • American Colonization Society
  • An organization founded in Washington, D.C., by prominent slaveholders; it claimed to encourage the ultimate abolition of slavery by sending free African Americans to its West African colony of Liberia

05/12/11

*

Black Leaders and Choices (cont'd)

  • Slave Uprisings

Some slaves joined revolutionary movements to destroy slavery

Louverture led Haitian uprising, inspired African Americans

In Virginia, Gabriel prepared massive slave insurrection

Gabriel caught before uprising; convicted and hanged

05/12/11

*

  • Slaves pursue a variety of types of strategies to gain freedom
  • Slave revolts in Richmond, VA and New Orleans raise hopes of freedom
  • Philosophical principles drive many rebellions: desire to gain natural human rights
  • Mass hangings of plotters in VA, New Orleans response to plots

Toussaint Louverture (1744–1803) led the black rebellion in the French colony of St. Domingue on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola that led to the creation of the independent black republic of Haiti in 1804. Louverture became an inspiration for black rebels in the United States.

  • This engraving illustrates Toussaint Louverture’s ability to take command of a massive black rebellion, overturn colonial French authority in Haiti and terrify much of the planter class across the Caribbean and American South.

05/12/11

*

Black Leaders and Choices (cont'd)

  • Slave Uprisings (cont'd)

Deslondes initiated Louisiana Rebellion; plundered, burned plantations

U.S. troops slaughtered rebels

Deslondes found guilty of rebellion and shot

05/12/11

*

  • Well-armed white men slaughtered 66 rebels, captured 30, convicted 22, and shot them

Black Leaders and Choices (cont'd)

  • The White Southern Reaction

Fearing race war, whites make black bondage stronger

Southern states outlaw assemblies; increase patrols

Whites assume local free blacks involved in uprisings

Whites advocate forcing blacks to leave U.S.

05/12/11

*

  • Beginning with South Carolina in December 1800, southern states also place curfews on slaves and free black people
  • Also make manumission more difficult
  • White southerners became suspicious of outsiders, assuming slave rebellions were supported by abolitionists

Black Leaders and Choices (cont'd)

f

LO 5-4. In addition to organizing a black fraternal organization, Prince Hall petitioned the Massachusetts legislature to support efforts by black Bostonians to .

A: establish a colony in Africa

B: establish the first black-owned bank

C: create an African American church

D: end slavery in the state

05/12/11

*

Black Leaders and Choices (cont'd)

f

LO 5-4. In addition to organizing a black fraternal organization, Prince Hall petitioned the Massachusetts legislature to support efforts by black Bostonians to .

A: establish a colony in Africa

B: establish the first black-owned bank

C: create an African American church

D: end slavery in the state

05/12/11

*

Black Leaders and Choices (cont'd)

LO 5-4. In reaction to slave rebellions, beginning in 1800 southern states made manumissions easier in order to lessen tensions.

A: True

B: False

05/12/11

*

Black Leaders and Choices (cont'd)

LO 5-4. In reaction to slave rebellions, beginning in 1800 southern states made manumissions easier in order to lessen tensions.

A: True

B: False

05/12/11

*

The War of 1812

  • Britsh, French struggled for control of Atlantic world
  • U.S. didn’t gain Canada, war was a draw
  • Blacks feared, not allowed to be militia
  • Southern states refused to enlist blacks
  • British offered blacks freedom in return for help

05/12/11

*

  • British military support for American Indian resistance in the Old Northwest draw U.S. into Franco-British war
  • Americans desire to annex Canada
  • U.S. fails annexation of Canada; Washington D.C. burned by British, supported by African American troops
  • Most white southerners joined John Randolph of Virginia in regarding African Americans as “an internal foe.”
  • African-American men fought at two of the war’s most important battles: Lake Erie, 1813 and Battle of New Orleans, 1815

The War of 1812 (cont'd)

  • Blacks did fight Battle of New Orleans
  • General Jackson offered blacks equal pay, benefits

05/12/11

*

  • Battle of New Orleans fought in January 1815, about a month after a peace treaty had been negotiated but not ratified
  • This map illustrates the wide-ranging battles that characterized the War of 1812, and the ability of the British to penetrate deep into American territory.
  • African Americans played a role in defending New Orleans.

05/12/11

*

The War of 1812 (cont'd)

f

LO 5-5. In the War of 1812, American forces won important victories but failed to conquer Canada, , and allowed the war to end in a draw.

A: lost control of the Great Lakes region

B: suffered the burning of Washington, D.C.

C: lost most naval battles with the British

D: suffered the burning of much of New York City

05/12/11

*

The War of 1812 (cont'd)

f

LO 5-5. In the War of 1812, American forces won important victories but failed to conquer Canada, , and allowed the war to end in a draw.

A: lost control of the Great Lakes region

B: suffered the burning of Washington, D.C.

C: lost most naval battles with the British

D: suffered the burning of much of New York City

05/12/11

*

The War of 1812 (cont'd)

LO 5-5. The threat the British army posed to Philadelphia and New York led to the first active black involvement in the War of 1812 on the American side.

A: True

B: False

05/12/11

*

The War of 1812 (cont'd)

LO 5.5. The threat the British army posed to Philadelphia and New York led to the first active black involvement in the War of 1812 on the American side.

A: True

B: False

05/12/11

*

The Missouri Compromise

  • After 1815, North, South sectional issues revived
  • First political parties, Federalist, Republican
  • Increasingly pro-slavery administrations after 1800
  • Missouri territory applies for admission as slave state, 1819
  • North fears it would expand slavery elsewhere
  • Jefferson, southerners fear restrictions

05/12/11

*

  • The Federalist and the Republican parties failed to confront slavery as a national issue
  • The northern wing of the modernizing Federalist Party had abolitionist tendencies
  • The victory of the agrarian and state-rights-oriented Republican Party in 1800 fatally weakened the Federalist party
  • African Americans appreciate the significance of Missouri crisis

The Missouri Comprise (cont'd)

  • Compromise allows Missouri as slave state
  • Maine admitted to union a free state
  • Slavery banned north of old Louisiana Territory

05/12/11

*

  • After compromise, a new black and white antislavery militancy soon confronted the white South
  • This map highlights how the Missouri compromise initiated territorial battles between free and slave states that would characterize the decades between 1820 and 1860.

05/12/11

*

The Missouri Comprise (cont'd)

f

LO 5-6. The victory of the agrarian and state rights-oriented Republican Party in 1800 .

A: led to a revitalized Federalist party after 1812

B: led to the founding of the Democratic party in 1808

C: strengthened the Whig party

D: fatally weakened the Federalists as a national party

05/12/11

*

The Missouri Comprise (cont'd)

f

LO 5-6. The victory of the agrarian and state rights-oriented Republican Party in 1800 .

A: led to a revitalized Federalist party after 1812

B: led to the founding of the Democratic party in 1808

C: strengthened the Whig party

D: fatally weakened the Federalists as a national party

05/12/11

*

The Missouri Comprise (cont'd)

LO 5-6. The Missouri Territory, which had been carved out of the Louisiana Territory, applied for admission to the Union as a free state in 1819.

A: True

B: False

05/12/11

*

The Missouri Comprise (cont'd)

LO 5-6. The Missouri Territory, which had been carved out of the Louisiana Territory, applied for admission to the Union as a free state in 1819.

A: True

B: False

05/12/11

*

Conclusion

  • Northern emancipation contrasted with stronger southern racism, slavery
  • Though new opportunities, most African Americans remained slaves
  • White southerners wanted permanent black bondage

05/12/11

*

  • Freedom for those who had gained it in the Upper South and North was marginal and precarious
  • Rebellions convinced most white southerners that black bondage had to be permanent
  • These timelines focus on the development of the African-American community and the efforts to limit slavery in the four decades after the American War for Independence.

05/12/11

*

Chapter Discussion Question

Why did the forces in favor of continued enslavement decisively defeat those in favor of black freedom in the period between 1782 and 1820?

05/12/11

*

Resources

  • 1. Slavery and the Making of America
  • http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/
  • The accompanying website for the 2005 PBS series provides a wealth of primary source material on many aspects of African-American history prior to emancipation.
  • 2. Slavery in the North
  • http://www.slavenorth.com/
  • This website provides a strong overview of the entire history of African-American slavery in the northern states, including the era after the Revolution.
  • 3. Nat Turner: A Troublesome Property
  • http ://www.pbs.org/independentlens/natturner/slave_rebellions.html
  • This site accompanies a PBS documentary on the issue of Nat Turner’s 1831 slave rebellion and provides information on slave rebellions in U.S. history prior to 1831, including Gabriel’s and Vesey’s. An interactive timeline and links to further documents are also provided.
  • 4. African American Odyssey
  • http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/
  • Part of the American Memory series created by the Library of Congress, this site contains many documents about the era after the Revolution that deal with African-American history. It also covers a wide range of subjects in African-American history in general.
  • 5. Missouri Compromise
  • http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Missouri.html
  • Part of the Library of Congress’s Primary Documents in American History website, this page provides congressional documents surrounding the debate to ratify the Missouri Compromise of 1820. The site is useful for providing Congressional perspective on the issue.