Answer questions in paragraphs

POLITICAL SCIENCE 423: DIPLOMACY & GLOBAL COMMAND

Professor Hartman Week 6-8

POLS 423 - Security Studies

The State Department •  Mission:

•  Represent U.S. interests overseas •  Conducts diplomatic relations with other nations •  Devise foreign policy strategy, negotiating positions,

etc. •  Staff embassies

•  Civil Servants; Foreign Service Officers •  180 Overseas embassies

POLS 423 - Security Studies

Funding Disparity •  State Department (2017)

•  $50 billion •  14,000 FSO/Specialists •  8,000 Civil Servants •  60% serve overseas

•  Defense Department (2017) •  $583 billion •  1.3 million Military Personnel (active-duty) •  820,000 Reserve/National Guard •  750,000 DOD staff •  22% serve overseas

POLS 423 - Security Studies

Culture of State Department •  Relaxed Hierarchy

•  Independent culture of strategic planning.

•  Network Diplomacy •  Rise of social networking has allowed for diplomatic coverage to

become 24/7 and empower more agents.

•  Non-career Ambassadors/Diplomats •  Trajectory of political appointments has weakened the standing and

effectiveness of department.

POLS 423 - Security Studies

Structures of State Department •  Country Teams

•  Conduct conversations and country specific programs.

•  Regional Directors on NSC Committees •  Quadrennial Diplomacy & Development Review

•  Unified Commands & Diplomats •  Organize foreign support and assistance for military activities and

interest.

•  USAID Partnership •  Promote humanitarian aid, education, and research

POLS 423 - Security Studies

US Agency for International Development •  Hearts & Minds (Soft Power)

•  Old – Economic Development •  New – Cultural, Educational, Social Development •  Long-term systems development.

•  Administration Prerogative •  EOP has tremendous control over the design and purpose of

agency. •  Primarily an ancillary program; independent in function. •  Limited access to NSC and staff committees.

•  Bottom-up structural model •  Agents work in the field. •  Close cooperation with Country Teams

POLS 423 - Security Studies

State v. USAID •  Historically, these two actors overlap in their areas of

interest and activities.

•  Modern division & specialization: •  State takes lead in political & security crises. •  USAID takes lead in humanitarian crises.

POLS 423 - Security Studies

United States Ambassador to the UN •  Independent of the State Department •  Key diplomatic liaison for President in United Nations •  NSC advisory position •  Lead diplomatic spokesperson for EOP

POLS 423 - Security Studies

Collective Security •  Directed outwardly toward potential external aggressor who

may threaten a group of states. •  Attack on one state in group is an attack on all. •  Focus to develop collective goods to enlarge membership.

•  Intends to keep the peace among internal members. •  Assumption: no state in group would attack another member

due to overwhelming response of others.

•  Subsumes traditional self-help techniques of states (alliance creation, declarations of war, individual and collective defense)

•  Establish a rule-based institution for international governance.

POLS 423 - Security Studies

Collective Security •  Presumption that the common interests of states are in

harmony or supersede national interest.

•  Assumption that members of a community of nations will have reasonable trust with other members and all will use rules to solve disputes.

•  Assists in U.S. goals to spread democratic values and institutions to world systems.

•  Assist in legitimizing U.S. foreign actions.

POLS 423 - Security Studies

Coercive Diplomacy

•  Effective bargaining requires a latent presence of coercion. •  How is this latency achieved?

•  Commitment to a broad use of punishment resources. •  Publicity of punishment structure. •  History of punishment. •  Legitimacy of punishment tactics.

POLS 423 - Security Studies

Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986 •  Restructured the Command Structure of the United States

Global Defense Structure •  Reaction to Inter-Service Rivalry, Bloated Budgets, & Inefficient/

ineffective military campaigns in Iran (1980), Lebanon (1983) & Grenada (1983)

•  Redefined the Chairman of JCS •  Formally adopted “Jointness” strategy •  Streamlined combat command structure •  Empowered the Unified Combatant Commanders

POLS 423 - Security Studies

Unified Combatant Command •  Current Global Defense Structure of the United States

•  10 Commands •  6 “Theater” Commands

•  Europe, North America, South America, Central, Africa, Asia/Pacific •  3 Logistics Commands

•  Transportation, Special Ops, Strategic

•  Command Structure

POLS 423 - Security Studies

POTUS Secretary of Defense UCCs

(Unified Combatant Commander)

Unified Combatant Commanders

POLS 423 - Security Studies

US Military Personnel Globally

POLS 423 - Security Studies

UCCs •  Unified Combatant Commaders (UCC)

•  Trained in Multiple War Colleges; from differing branches •  Trained in Joint Operations and Combat Procedures

•  Responsibilities •  Oversee combat preparedness of joint branches in designated

“theater” •  Submit budgetary & personnel requests to Strategic Command &

OSD •  Conduct military training with theater allies •  Engage in military diplomacy and engagement treaties

POLS 423 - Security Studies

Issues of UCCs •  Competing Visions/Mission

•  Offense v. Defense •  President v. Strategic Aims •  Support v. Acquisition •  Combat v. Nation-building •  State Department v. Military Diplomacy •  Policy-makers v. Subordinates

POLS 423 - Security Studies

Military Diplomacy •  Unified Combat Commanders (UCCs) provide greater

diplomatic relations •  The ability of UCCs to mediate crises and open lines of

communication leads to legitimacy of US presence

POLS 423 - Security Studies

Distribution of Power •  Power Distribution is a fluid model.

•  Changes can occur from internal development or loss. •  Changes can occur from external development or loss.

•  Balance of Power •  Peace is predicated on the distributional balance of power

capabilities by major actors. •  Given PD is fluid, “balancing” maneuvers are common and

recurrent. (Consider Security Dilemma and Spiral Model)

POLS 423 - Security Studies

Types of Balancing •  Balancing Behavior

•  States prefer to balance against stronger PD…will choose to join weaker of two coalitions.

•  As one coalition weakens, the other coalition will loosen.

POLS 423 - Security Studies

Types of Balancing •  External Balancing

•  Alliances, weapons assistance, strategic territory use. •  The “shadow of future” combined with costly process of power

accumulation draws states into Defensive Pacts.

•  Errors in External Balancing •  Alignments are more commonly determined by geostrategic

interest, rather than common socio-political alignments. •  Thus, miscommunication and disagreement stunt power growth. •  However, a balanced PD can more readily be achieve, thus making

it a more common practice. •  Can make for defensive-dominate world, as alliances can be self-

sustaining to membership.

POLS 423 - Security Studies

Types of Balancing •  Internal Balancing

•  Weapons production, research investment,

•  Errors in External Balancing •  While make certainty more likely, it initiates a Security Dilemma

(and a more rapid one). •  While there is less likelihood of miscalculation, there is a greater

incentive for first-strike capability making an offense-dominant world more likely.

POLS 423 - Security Studies

Balancing and Polarity •  Multipolar World

•  Many actors with common power capabilities. •  External balancing more prevalent. •  “Equalization” performed by only a few actors. •  Gives more influence to mid-level actors.

•  Bipolar •  2 dominant actors with similar power capabilities and spheres of

influence. •  Internal balancing more prevalent. •  Stability more determined by the resource sufficiency or spheres of

influence.

•  Unipolar •  Only a single dominant actor. •  Short-lived?

POLS 423 - Security Studies

Balancing vs. Bandwagoning •  Balancing = Alignment with weaker coalition.

•  Bandwagoning = Alignment with dominant-adversarial coalition. •  Motivated when spoils from dominant alignment outweigh the

power addition from typical balancing calculations. •  More motivated by smaller/weaker actors. •  However…

•  Hegemonic Stability in a Unipolar World

•  International Public Goods

POLS 423 - Security Studies

POLS 423 - Security Studies

END OF LECTURE

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!