help

Bio 143 Week 5 Outlines and Reflection Page 1 of 1

Your Name: Shanae Hampton

Bio143 Week 5 Outlines (10 pts) and Reflection (15 pts)

Chapter 14: Biotechnology

Chapter 16: How Populations Evolve

Outlines

Instructions: Write your outlines below. See the examples in Week 1 for formatting

Chapter 14: Biotechnology (p. 236-260)

14.1 What is Biotechnology? (p. 237)

Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering, Recombinant DNA, Transgenic, Genetically Modified

Organisms (GMOs).

Summary: Biotechnology is the alteration but also the use of Organisms, Cells, or

Biological Molecules to produce many things such as food, biofuel, drugs, and other such things.

It does this by combining DNA from different organisms and sometimes even different species.

When the DNA is transferred, they are then called Genetically Modified Organisms. This is used

in the modern world for solving gene disfunction, treating diseases, improving crops, and solving

crimes.

14.2 What Natural Processes Recombine DNA Between Organisms and Between Species? (p.

237-239

14.2a Sexual Reproduction Recombines DNA (p. 237)

14.2b Transformation May Combine DNA from Different Bacterial Species. (p. 237-238)

Transformation, Plasmids.

14.2c Viruses May Transfer DNA Between Species. (p. 237-238)

Summary: DNA recombination occurs naturally in instances such as sexual

reproduction, and bacterial transformation. Bacterial transformation is when bacteria acquire

DNA from plasmids or other bacteria.

14.3 How is Biotechnology Used in Forensic Science? (p. 239-245)

14.3a The Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplifies DNA (p. 239-240)

Polymerase Chain Reaction

14.3b Differences in Short Tandem Repeats Are Used to Identify by Their DNA (p.240)

Short Tandem Repeats (STRs)

14.3c Gel Electrophoresis separates DNA segments (p.241)

Gel Electrophoresis

14.3d DNA Probes Are Used to Label Specific Nucleotide Sequences (p.241-242)

DNA Probes

14.3e Unrelated People Almost Never Have Identical DNA Profiles. (p.242-243)

DNA Profile 14.3f Forensic DNA Phenotyping May Aid the Search for Criminals and Victims. (p.243-245)

Summary: Some specific parts of DNA can be amplified by a polymerase chain

reaction. The most common one is used in forensics, called short tandem repeats. It is often used

to match DNA at a crime scene with the DNA of the suspect or person in question. The accuracy

of this is extremely high since these sequences tend to be unique to that specific person.

14.4 How is Biotechnology Used to Make Genetically Modified Organisms? (p. 245-246)

14.4a The Desired Gene is Isolated or Synthesized. (p.245)

14.4b the gene is cloned (p. 245-246)

DNA Cloning, Restriction Enzymes

14.4c the gene is Inserted into a Host Organism. (p.246)

Transfecting

Summary: Three steps are used in making genetically modified organisms. 1) The

desired gene is extracted from another organism or synthesized. 2) The gene is cloned, so that

there are multiple copies of it. 3)The gene is then inserted into the host organism either by gene

guns or injection.

14.5 How are Transgenic Organisms Used? (p. 246-249)

14.5a Many Crops Are Genetically Modified (p. 246-247)

14.5b Genetically Modified Plants May be Used to Produce Medicines (p.247-248)

14.5c Genetically Modified Animals May Be Useful for Agriculture, Medicine, and Industry.

(p.248)

14.5d Genetically Modified Organisms May Be Used for Environmental Bioengineering. (p.

248-249)

Summary: Many plants have been modified to resist herbicides or insects. Plants

are also sometimes modified to produce human proteins, vaccines, or antibodies. Transgenic

animals are often modified for similar reasons. Often organisms that are transgenic can be

useful to contaminated areas or to help decrease disease.

14.6 How Is Biotechnology Used to Learn About Genomes of Humans and Other Organisms?

(p.249-250)

Summary: Biotechnology was used to discover the complete nucleotide sequence of

the human genome. The knowledge obtained from this was/is being used for medical purposes

and to better understand the relationship between humans and other organisms on the planet.

14.7 How is Biotechnology Used for Medical Diagnosis and Treatment? (p. 250-254)

14.7a DNA Technology Can be Used to Diagnose Inherited Disorders (p. 250)

Using PCR to Obtain Disease-Specific Alleles, Restriction Enzymes May Cut Different

Alleles of a Gene at Different Locations, Different Alleles Bind to Different DNA Probes

14.7b DNA Technology Can Be Used to Diagnose Infectious Diseases. (p. 251)

14.7c DNA Technology Can Help to Treat a Disease. (p. 251-254) Gene Therapy, Using Biotechnology to Produce Medicines, Treating Diseases with Gene

Therapy.

Summary: When a disease is inherited it is caused by a defective allele that are

crucial in development. Several different methods in biotechnology such as PCR, gel

electrophoresis and DNA microarrays are used to diagnose genetic disorders. Biotechnology is

also used to identify microbes that cause infectious diseases, as well as produce medicine and

vaccines.

14.8 What are the Major Ethical Issues of Modern Biotechnology? (p.254-258)

14.8a Should Genetically Modified Organisms Be permitted? (p. 254-256)

Are Foods from GMOs Dangerous to Eat? Are GMOs Hazardous to the Environment?

14.8b Should the Genome of Humans be Changed by Biotechnology? (p.256-258)

Summary: Using GMOs in agriculture is controversial for two main reasons. 1) The

safety of the food 2) Its effect on the environment. Although it is beneficial from a scientific

aspect to use them there is no way of determining how it will affect the environment until it is

already in place.

Genetically modifying human embryos is also highly controversial, as we could

potentially alter or enhance the genomes of our future children.

Chapter 16: How Populations Evolve. (p. 281-298)

16.1 How are Populations, Genes, and Evolution Related? (p. 282-298)

Population

16.1a Genes and the Environment Interact to Determine Traits (p. 282-284)

16.1b the gene Pool Comprises All of the Alleles in a Population (p. 283)

Gene Pool, Allele Frequency.

16.1c Evolution is the Change of Allele Frequencies in a Population (p.283-284)

16.1d The Equilibrium Population is Hypothetical Population in Which Evolution Does Not

Occur. (p.284)

Hardy-Weinberg Principle, Equilibrium population, Gene Flow.

Summary: Evolution boils down to a change in frequencies of the alleles within a

populations gene pool. Allele’s frequencies will only remain constant under these 5 conditions. 1)

There is no mutation, 2) No gene flow, 3) The population is large, 4) Mating is done at random,

5) All genotypes reproduce equally well. No natural selection occurs.

16.2 What Causes Evolution? (p. 284-291)

16.2a Mutations Are Original Source of Genetic Variability. (p.284-285)

Mutations, Inherited Mutations Are Rare but Important, Mutations Are Not Goal

Directed.

16.2b Gene Flow Between Populations Changes Allele Frequencies (p.285)

16.2c Allele Frequencies May Change by Chance in Small Populations. (286-290)

Genetic Drift, Population Size Matters, A population Bottleneck Can Cause Genetic Drift,

Population Bottleneck, Isolated Founding Populations May Produce Bottlenecks, Founder

Effect

16.2d Mating Within a Population Is Almost Never Random. (p.290)

16.2e All Genotypes Are Not Equally Beneficial. (p. 290)

Natural Selection

Summary: Evolution is caused by several different instances such as, mutation,

gene flow, small population size, nonrandom mating, and natural selections. Most mutations are

either neutral or harmful to the organism, even though they are rare. However sometimes they

can give the organism an advantage. Mutations also provide raw material for evolution.

Gene Flow is essentially the movement of alleles between different populations of the

same species. It also reduces differences.

Chance events occur most often in smaller populations by disproportionate the number of

individuals that carry a specific allele.

Phenotype influences the survival and reproduction of organisms. The phenotype

depends on some part of the genotype, natural selection tends to favor alleles that are

persistent.

16.3 How does Natural Selection Work? (p. 291-296)

16.3a Natural Selection Stems from Unequal Reproduction. (p.291-292)

Fitness

16.3b Natural Selection Acts on Phenotypes. (p. 292)

16.3c Some Phenotypes Reproduce More Successfully Than Others (p.293-294)

Adaptations, Competition, Coevolution, Predation, Natural selection does not cause genetic

changes in individuals, Natural selection acts on individuals, but it is populations that are

changed by evolution, Evolution by natural selection is not progressive; it does not make an

organism “better”

16.3d Sexual Selection Favors Traits That Help an Organism Mate. (p.294-295)

Sexual Selection

16.3e Selection Can Influence Populations in Three Ways. (p. 295-296)

Directional Selection, Stabilizing Selection, Disruptive Selection.

Summary: Natural selection is caused by differences in reproductive success across

different genotypes. It comes from the interactions of Organisms within living and nonliving

parts of their environments. When two different species interact frequently enough both may

evolve as result. Phenotypes help organisms mate and evolve by sexual selection.

Reflection

Instructions: Write your responses below in the green boxes.

NOTE: The green boxes will expand when you type to the end of them.

1. Questions. After reading Chapter 14 and 16, write one question from each chapter that you have about the information. Go to the Discussion Board for Week 5 and post one or both of your questions below.

Chapter 14 Question	Could we eradicate a disorder?
Chapter 16 Question	What cause genetic traits to arise?

2. Interesting Sections. Look at the Case Study, Science in Action, Health Watch, and Links to Everyday Life sections in each chapter. Pick ONLY one section from each chapter and in 3 sentences explain why that section was interesting to you.

	Why was this section interesting to you?
Chapter 14 Section
Chapter 16 Section

3. Design Perspective. Choose something in each chapter and explain in no more than 3 sentences how that information points to the designing work of a Creator. You will use these Design Perspective responses in your Critical Assignment, the Design Perspective Paper

	How does this information point to the designing work of a Creator?
Chapter 14
Chapter 16

Now Submit this completed Outlines and Reflection Document to Blackboard to be graded.