History essay 1
irsatha_9
week5Growingchangingcoloniesaudio.pptx
Growing Changing Colonies
1650s-1763
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Navigation Acts 1651, 1660, 1663
No trade in colonies from foreign ships
Non-English products had to be carried by English ships
Enumerated goods (tobacco, sugar, cotton, indigo, dye, wool, ginger) could be transported from the colonies only to English ports
Resulted in economic growth for England
Resulted in piracy and black markets in colonies
Stimulated shipbuilding
80 yrs war
The first navigation acts in 1651 were passed to take world trade domination from the dutch
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Triangular trade / Atlantic Slave Trade
Operated from the late 16th to early 19th centuries, carrying slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods between West Africa, colonies, and European colonial powers
Mercantilism
Only works if you have more land to supply it
Mercantilism economic model where country is in control of foreign trade. Supposed to provide a balance of trade where the same amount of goods exported are more or less imported. But for the colonies, this system only benefited England and they were stuck with higher tariffs making England the chief consumer of colonial goods and prevented colonial economic growth.
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Bacon’s Rebellion: unsuccessful revolt
1676 Virginia
Nathaniel Bacon v. Gov William Berkeley
Berkeley corrupt, giving favors to followers
1670 voting for landowners
1670s colonial poverty up
Issues with British government not sending troops to fight Natives for their land
Lower classes against the upper
Start of the American Revolution?
Resulted in Virginia Slave Code 1705
1662 – any child born to a slave, will remain
Tell me about the rebellion
Lots of tensions, like depressed tobacco prices, rising taxes, roaming livestock, and crowds of freed servants wanting Indian lands contributed to the rebellion + hatred of the current gov Berkely, who was treating the colony more like the traditional monarchical style, where only a few of his best buds received most of the benefits … in this case frontier land and public offices. His bffs then leivied large taxes from their seats in the assembly on the smaller farmers and servants.
As the IS pushed west, the Indians fought back, seeking revenge for their murdered chieftons. At one point, the fighting spread to one Nathaniel Bacon, where his overseer was killed as a result.
Berekely’s response was to suggest a series of forts along the frontier. But they would be costsly and do little to stop the actual fighting. Instead many suspected that these forts would instead serve Berkeley to help furnish a fur trade.
Bacon gathered up members of the lower classes, including slaves, to fight against the wealthiest and most politically in charge. But Bacon was also wealthy and hot tempered and desired power, land, and revenge on the Indians, more than democratic peace.
WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?
Began with indian massacres
Some respects a fight with the upper classes
Bacon promised land to his followers afterwards
Bacon was able to force Berkeley out of the colony after burnibng down Jamestown. Warships from England restored order – Berkeley hung 23 and confiscated estates. Bacon died of dysentery and Berkeley’s tactics got him recalled by the king
Shifted to slave code and started to get rid of IS so wealthy could have more control over lowest classes
Virginia’s wealthy planters were shaken by the fact that a rebel militia that united white and black servants and slaves had destroyed the colonial capital. In an effort to protect their superior status and economic position, the planters shifted their strategy for maintaining dominance. They abandoned their heavy reliance on indentured servants in favor of the importation of more black slaves.
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first appearance in print of the adjective white in reference to “a white man, a person of a race distinguished by a light complexion” was in 1671. Colonial charters and other official documents written in the 1600s and early 1700s rarely refer to European colonists as white.
As the status of people of African descent in the British colonies was challenged and attacked, and as white indentured servants were given new rights and status, the word white continued to be more widely used in public documents and private papers to describe the European colonists. People of European descent were considered white, and those of African descent were labeled black. Historian Robin D. G. Kelley explains:
Many of the European-descended poor whites began to identify themselves, if not directly with the rich whites, certainly with being white. And here you get the emergence of this idea of a white race as a way to distinguish themselves from those dark-skinned people who they associate with perpetual slavery.
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Glorious Revolution
November 1688
William and Mary, the daughter of King James II bloodlessly took the crown
Secured Protestant succession
Secured the power of representative government
English Bill of Rights 1689: powers parliament had over taxation and trial by jury, etc.
Remember how there were a bunch of issues of catholics vs protestants in England? These issues were usually under stress depending what religion the current monarch practiced, as he/she would often repeal any laws benefiting the other religion that their predecessor enacted. By 1685, catholic King James II had the crown. But he had no successor, so his two daughters, both protestant, were poised to take the crown.
But then he had a boy, and things got real for the protestants who desperately wanted him out of control.
In Nov 1688 Mary, and her husband Prince William of France, sailed England, marched on London, and James fled. By 1689, parliament crowned William and Mary.
End result: Taxes to pay for war social covenant going away independent spirit rising
Liberty of man was a birth right and king subject to rule of law
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New Groups in the Colonies
Scots-Irish 1720-1790
Opportunity
Religious persecution
Better transportation – more ships going
Convicts and impoverished
Transportation Act of 1718
Georgia 1733
50000-100,000 left for colonies in 1720
Bachelors who blended in
Scots irish 500000 with an irish pop of 2.5 mil by 1790
Transportation act of 1718 sought to correct the overcrowding of the jails and provide a form of rehab. Argued that the current form of dealing with criminals, namely jail, didn’t solve the problem, and that there was a greater need for labor in the colonies, parliament passed the act, which made the sentence for certain crimes transportation. This was especially helpful because anyone who had the means to go to the colonies, did so with the intention of being their own boss, not for working for someone else… but you still need all levels of labor.
the 1730s, England founded the last of its colonies in North America. The project was the brain child of James Oglethorpe, a former army officer. After Oglethorpe left the army, he devoted himself to helping the poor and debt-ridden people of London, whom he suggested settling in America. His choice of Georgia, named for the new King, was also motivated by the idea of creating a defensive buffer for South Carolina, an increasingly important colony with many potential enemies close by. These enemies included the Spanish in Florida, the French in Louisiana and along the Mississippi River, and these powers' Indian allies throughout the region.
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Cultural Changes
Urban Development
American Enlightenment 18th century
Scientific Revolution
Thomas Paine
Ben Franklin
Thomas Jefferson
Cities were growing
Boston pop doubled from 1687-1771, but the poor quadrupled. Crime grew likely bc of transportation. Boston hired a sherrif, but they were awful.. They kept falling asleep on the job. 1742 someone stole the door off the watchmens lodge while he slept on the job, replaced stolen a mo later
Enlightenment = result of scientific Revolution God in charge of all, but humans can figure out how he did it. That there is logic and reasoning to be discovered in the universe, not just superstition and stories. And through this knowledge, people can control their lives more.
Enlightenment brought about a lot of scientific discoveries a rhetoric
a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents include Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith
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(first) Great Awakening
1730-1750s Middle Colonies
Theodore Frelinghuysen – Calvinist
William Tennent – Presbyterian
Predestination vs Grace of God/ repenting
New Light (ranters and ravers revivalism)
Lower classes
Old Light (conservatives)
Upper Classes
Deists
Educated Upper Classes
Became more practiced in critiquing religious leaders
Religion on a downswing by the 18th century. For example, John Withrop’s grandson was investing in Connecticut real estate, not the faithful
Impossible to force people to be religious bc there were too many different denominations to enforce any laws requiring religious observance.
Also too spread out, frontiers and settlements were too sparsely populated to build a church or have a minister.
Those two guys practiced a type of sermon delivery full of evangelical zeal and spiritual enthusiasm practiced by priests in Germany and Methodists in England. Successful. End result was a revival of religion of some sort for most colonists.
Predestination is a theological line of thought where God already knows who will end up in heaven, thus, you’re chosen from birth to be saved, and kind of have no control over it. Thus your job on earth is to live as if you are one of the pre-saved. Grace of god follows more of the Romans/Acts line of thought where you can be one of the saved at any time in you life provided you repent your sins (and continually repent). Because no one is really truly good enough to get into heaven but by the Grace of God.
Deists – some type of higher being in control
Overall democratize the American religious experience, allowing people to choose more minute details of practicing their faith.
Why important? Continuation of religious importance of the US to control American culture.
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French/ Indian War (aka Seven Years War)
British v France
1754/ 1756-1763
Natives backed both sides
France abandoned North American Claims
Spain gave up Florida
Land grab around the colonies. The buffer between the two holds was dwindling. Indians involved because they either had trade relations on the line with a particular party. Others fought with the French because they thought they could use the French to defeat the british and then defeat the French. (classic reality tv strategy)
They all came to a head over Ohio, lord knows why.
Some colonists from Virginia settled, the Ohio Company, in French occupied areas. Across the Allegheny mountains into the ohio river valley. French built forts in PA as a way to say you shall not pass. British sent in troops, led by GW. French politely said no, and then British responded by building a fort of their own near modern day Pittsburg, but they go and find that the French have beat them to the punch. Young gw went to settle, instead the French informed him, “it was their absolute design to take possession of the ohio and by God they would do it.”
So GW, in an attempt to make a name for himself, try to ambush a French detachment. Killed 10 French soldiers and captured 21. the Indians then scalped several of the wounded, but still alive, soldiers,. And GW was all wtf off to the side. It became even WORSE when he found out afterwards that the French were there to peacefully discuss a resolution.
GW then made a crude fort, called Fort Necessity, which he immediately lost as soon as the French began attacking it. They killed/wounded 300 men, stripped them of their weapons and horses, and sent GW packing back home. Completely humiliating GW.
In one of the worst defeats of British army in the 18th century, near Ft. Duquesne General Braddock and GW’s troops were completely thrown off when the French showed up dressed like natives with the Ojibwa tribe in hand. They scattered and pandemonium ensued. Braddock died, and GW noted that the british soldiers “broke and run as sheep before the hounds,.” while the Virginians “behaved like men and died like soldiers.” Why important: The French demonstrated that in the backwoods of the colony, European styles of fighting would be unsuccessful.
Indians backed both France and England, choosing the side that benefited them
British were loosing until William Pitt started to fund colonial militias, acknowledging they knew how to fight in the terrain and natives better than the trained british army, and also in an attempt to make the entire war, which had spread to Europe, happen in the colonies.
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F/I importance
Territorial changes
Indian fighting styles
Colonial nationalism
Doubled Britain's national debt = more taxes
Pontiac’s Rebellion
Proclamation line of 1763
Ultimately leads to AR
Colonists participated a little, but only when their personal property was threatened. Then they were taxed more
Pitt’s treatment of the colonies as more like allies instead of subordinates, resulted in a growing sense of colonial nationalism leading in to the AR
Pontiac’s rebellion Natives against British post war policies (remember most of them were pro French) end result was the british determining that the colonists and natives should be kept a part, which the proclamation line was partly responsible for doing. But remember the colonists had just fought a war for the right to occupy the land west of the Line, so they were not too pleased.
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Foundations to the American Revolution
Bacon’s Rebellion
Lower classes can fight the upper
Glorious Revolution
People and parliament in charge
Urban Changes
More tensions and more smarts
American Enlightenment
Scientific Revolution applied to people = more use of logic and reasoning
Great Awakening
If you can question God, you can question the King
French and Indian War
Creates the conflicts that will lead to the American revolution and proves to the colonists that they are capable.
