Concept Map

Full reference for article (APA Format)

Purpose

Research Method

Participants

Data Collection

Study Findings

Limitations

Relevance to PICOT

Yawn, B., Bertram, S., Kurland, M., & Wollan, P. (2015). Repeated depression screening during the first postpartum year. Annals of Medicine. doi: 10.1370/afm.1777

The purpose of the study was to show that PDD screening between the 1st and 3rd month following birth improved outcomes for women

It was a qualitative study

Participants included women between 1 and 3 months postpartum, and then repeated at 6 months and 12 months post delivery

Data was collected through a Patient Health Questionnaire

Findings indicated that repeated screening at 6 and 12 months increased the number of women identified as having a risk of PDD, thereby suggesting that repeated screening was crucial in identifying depressive symptoms and intervening early enough

Some women at the baseline (1month to 3months), at 6 months and at 12 months failed to return their questionnaires

The study confirmed that screening ensured early interventions. It also emphasized on the benefits of conducting repeated screening during the first year postpartum.

Chi, X., Zhang, P., Wu, H., & Wang, J. (2016). Screening for Postpartum Depression and Associated Factors Among Women in China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01668

The purpose of the study was to explore the correlation between PDD and socio-demographic, cultural and psychological factors.

It was a cross-sectional study for a 3-year postpartum period

Participants included 23-years and older 506 Chinese mothers.

The online survey was used to collect information

Various factors contributed to high risk of PDD among the Chinese women, suggesting the importance of improving screening and designing interventions based on various socio-economic, psychological and cultural factors.

The study was done on Chinese women and therefore cannot be applied within a global population

The study showed that screening helped to discover underlying factors symptomatic of PDD that could be resolved through renewed design of interventions to facilitate further reduction in the occurrence of the condition

BANSAL, S. C., GANJIWALE, J. D., NIMBALKAR, S. M., & KHAROD, N. M. (2018). Screening for Postpartum Depression in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Postnatal Ward with Its Impact on Newborn Care Practices: A Hospital Based Survey. Journal of Clinical & Diagnostic Research, 12(8), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2018/28153.11844

The purpose of the study was to find the prevalence and related factors of PDD after hospital deliveries.

The research was conducted through a cross-sectional study of 14 months

Participants included 205 women in postnatal ward or those with babies under neonatal care unit.

Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and a separate questionnaires were used to screen for PPD

The findings indicated that women who cared and fed their infants poorly had higher odds of depression.

The study used 205 participants, future studies should utilize a larger sample

The study indicated that PDD screening during hospital deliveries could enhance early interventions such as supporting the women in caring for and breastfeeding their babies to improve maternal mental health outcomes.

Shainur Premji, Sheila W. McDonald, Amy Metcalfe, Peter Faris, Hude Quan, Suzanne Tough, & Deborah A. McNeil. (2019). Examining postpartum depression screening effectiveness in well child clinics in Alberta, Canada: A study using the All Our Families cohort and administrative data. Preventive Medicine Reports. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100888

The purpose of the study was to examine the effectiveness of early screening of PDD among those screened in the first year postpartum, and compare the results with those not screened.

The qualitative study utilized the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression scale to

Participants included women who had given birth

Data was collected through a face-to-face survey

Findings indicated that high-risk women were likely to get a PDD diagnosis and were likely to access drugs as compared to the unscreened population

The study failed to consider cost-effectiveness of PPD screening

The findings confirmed that screening leads to early diagnosis and treatment of PDD, thus reducing the occurrence of full blown PDD among the screened, unlike among the unscreened.

Zee-van den Berg, A., Boere-Boonekamp, M., IJzerman, M., Haasnoot-Smallegange, R., & Reijneveld, S. (2017). Screening for Postpartum Depression in Well-Baby Care Settings: A Systematic Review. Maternal & Child Health Journal, 21(1), 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-016-2088-8

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of early screening in Well-baby care (WBC) setting

Three electronic databases were searched

Six studies were included

A systematic review was conducted by two reviewers

Findings indicated that PPD screening in a WBC setting was valuable

There was a small number of available studies for a conclusive review

The available evidence showed that indeed, there were potential benefits of screening as it reduced the occurrence of PDD

Anokye, R., Acheampong, E., Budu-Ainooson, A., Obeng, E. I., & Akwasi, A. G. (2018). Prevalence of postpartum depression and interventions utilized for its management. Annals of general psychiatry, 17, 18. doi:10.1186/s12991-018-0188-0

The purpose was to determine PPDs prevalence and interventions for its management

A cross-sectional study design and a quantitative approach were used

Participants included 257 mothers who were screened

Data was collected through closed-ended questions

Findings showed that the condition was prevalent among those without psychosocial support

The sample was relatively small and future studies may require more participants

The study proved that screening was the only way that mothers with PPD would be diagnosed early enough to facilitate psychosocial support

O’Connor, E. et al. (2016). Primary Care Screening for and Treatment of Depression in Pregnant and Postpartum Women Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. American Medical Association. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.18948

The purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of PPD screening among pregnant and postpartum women

Two investigators reviewed abstracts independently

6 trials were included in the study

Data was collected through a systematic review of previous studies

Direct and indirect findings indicated that screening for PPD led to reduced depressive symptoms and prevalence within a population

Evidence for pregnant women was relatively sparse

Early screening among pregnant and postpartum women led to a reduction in the occurrence of PPD according to the review

Van den Berg et al. (2017). Postpartum depression screening in well-child care lowers maternal depression rates. Healio Psychiatry. doi:10.1542/peds.2017-0110.

The purpose was to compare the effects of PPD screening and non-screening during well-child clinics

The study included a comparative, prospective, quasiexperimental design

1843 women were screened while 1246 were not.

Data was collected at 3 weeks baseline, 9 months and 12 months using a screening tool

Results indicated that screening improved maternal depressive symptoms and their overall mental well-being

The researchers failed to disclose cost-effectiveness of screening for PPD

The findings were an appraisal for the implementation of screening tools because they indeed improve maternal depressive symptoms, thereby preventing the occurrence of PPD

Drake, E., Howard, E., & Kinsey, E. (2014). Online screening and referral for postpartum depression: An exploratory study. Community Mental Health Journal, 50(3), 305-11. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10597-012-9573-3

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of screening for PPD through the internet

The study utilized an exploratory study design

The participant were 18 women in their 2 to 3 months after delivery

Data was collected through focus groups and individual interviews, then lastly online screening

The findings indicated notable improvements among PPD symptoms among women who participated in online screening, suggesting higher efficacy for online screening

The number of participants was extremely low- 18 women

The article was relevant to the PICOT question because it showed that effective screening methods led to reduced occurrences of PPD

Tobin, C., Di Napoli, P., & Wood-gauthier, M. (2015). Recognition of risk factors for postpartum depression in refugee and immigrant women: Are current screening practices adequate? Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 17(4), 1019-1024. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10903-014-0041-8

The purpose of the study explored the effect of culturally appropriate PPD screening and follow up on immigrant and refugee women

The method of study was a retrospective chart review in a tertiary medical center

126 women participate in the study among which 43% did not speak English

Data was collected through a review self-administered checklist and an interview

Findings indicated that identification of risk factors and current screening techniques are inadequate especially among non-English speaking women.

The small sample was derived from a single institution, hence showing that the results may not be applied within a global population

The study is relevant to the PICOT question because it shows that even though screening for PPD leads to improved outcomes, some cultural factors can affect the effectiveness of screening, thus leading to the onset of PPD even after screening