Online discussion (for Hifsa)

Introduction

The policy literature is common with models, frameworks, theories and heuristics that allow changing in the public policies. John Kingdon modified the original garbage can model to develop his version of multiple streams model. This model attracted attention from scholars worldwide. Kingdon describe three streams that are important in policy formulation which are problem stream, policy stream and politics stream. The problem stream refers to the public’s issues that require attention. Some conditions are not considered as problem until there is something to do about it, i.e. a solution (a policy) that’s available and recognized by politicians. The policy stream refers to the proposal for changes. Decision makers must give an alternate solution, and make it available to put in place. The politics stream refers to the political issues such as elections, changes in administration, interest group campaigns or change in the public opinions (Cairney, 2016).

The policy-makers create policies by considering the values and problems. They make policies to meet goals and find the best solution to solve the problem. These policies should be modified over time. Most policymakers ignore the nature of the problem, but find ways to resolve the solution. They try to solve problems without understanding it. Therefore, there is a need of understanding the problem and finding the best solution. Also, it is important to make suggestions at the right time and choose the right solution from the policies given by other parties. Window policy allows politics to pay special attention to special problems (Cohen, 1972). Window opening and closing states that while the window is open, you take a step before closing it. In political agendas, the window keeps on opening and closing. Therefore, the decision should be made quickly.

Policy Entrepreneurs

Policies are made to describe a way and a procedure to solve a problem. Policies are made by policy makers who understand the nature of the problem and make different policies to solve them. They also consider the impacts of these polices. Policymakers use their references by considering the values and need of the policy. Their goal is to make the policy adoptable and fulfill all the requirements (Kingdon, 2010). Below are three stages for making policies:

Problem defining

There are many problems in this world to where the policymaker must be able to think about requirements and needs before making any policy (T, 2002). Some policy makers ignore the basic need and try to solve them using shortcuts.

Solution

Policies should be launched before it occurs. The reason why is because the process of policies making are usually late. There is a need of advancement in this process of making policies so that problems are resolved a lot faster.

Choice of solution

The policy makers should be able to select the solution on the basis of situations, national crises and requirements. Suggestions to other parties should also be considered as well.

Kingdon’s Stream Approaches

The success of an organization depends on the changing growth of social and cultural aspects. In order to move along changes, there is a need of policies and procedures. These policies and procedures should be modified with time. The stream model consists of three operations: policy stream, problem stream and politics stream. When these three streams are open, closed or coupled, the change of policy will occur (Kingdon, 2010).

Problem Stream

The process of making policy attention is required. There is a need to understand the nature of the problem for which a policy is required. There are some problems that don’t require any attention. Therefore, understanding the nature of a problem is important in order to deal with those policies. Attention should be given by understanding the nature of crisis and understanding how they are framed. Sometimes problem acquire attention just because of the nation’s mood or due to a small part of the problem that needs to be solved. The policy makers should have the ability to understand the situation and then solve it.

Policy Stream

When a problem occurs, it should be solved quickly, otherwise it creates issues. This can be a cause to another issue. So, the solution of any problem should be available. Kingdon describes ideas that was given by an actor; it was modified and reconsidered by others. When there is a disconnection between the solutions' making process, they have to accept policies from others. When policy making process is slow it can cause future problems. So, every problem should be considered at the right time.

Politics Stream

The policy makers need to pay attention to problems and find a solution. They may work according to the nation’s mood or encouragement from other parties. In some case the change of government is enough to motivate them.

Windows Policy

The windows policy is a way for politics to pay attention to their problems and find a solution. Change in political stream becomes the cause to open the window. This open window is actually the result of agendas. Policy window opens but does not stay open for a long time as the public policies have changes in it. The political stream and problem stream are the causes that affect the agendas. Change in the political stream and attention of the politicians are two causes due to which window opens. Closing of the windows depends on the following factors:

· Problems due to the decision enactment

· Participants unable to get action

· The reason to open the window is now ended

The windows sometime close due to unavailability of alternative. If the window goes without any action, it will not open again.

Analysis

The procedure behind the MNEC is analyzed by the stream models. Problem stream will open the window then the politics and policy stream will be opened. Policy is not considered to respond to the situation. A policy for which no one is ready to discuss, can be the cause of problematic situation of the government. Some problems stream open can make critical situation for the government.

Conclusion

When we compare and add the different streams with the policy that was created, there are some effects on other policies. These policies can be useful by using different streams. These streams needed to be coupled to open a policy window. The political stream and problem stream are the causes that affect the agendas. Change in the political stream and attention of the politicians are two causes due to which window opens. Politicians believe that they can sense changes in the political stream which helps them to make decisions. Also, turnover has a large effect on the agendas. When an item is on the agendas, the forces begin to have input trying to shape the policy to their advantage.

References

Agartan, T. I. (2015). Learn, frame and deploy? Cross-national policy: Ideas and comparisons in Turkey’s health reform. In Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis. (pp. 251–282.). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Cairney, P. a. (2016). Kingdon’s multiple streams approach: what is the empirical impact of this. In Policy Studies Journal (pp. 44(1), pp. 37–58). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.

Cohen, M. M. (1972). A garbage can model of organizational choice. Administrative. In Policy Studies Journal (pp. 17(1), pp. 1–25.). Ithaca: Cornell University: Cornell University press.

Garfinkel, M. S. (2006). A societal outcomes map for health research and policy. In American Journal of Public Health, (pp. 96(3), 441-446.). London: Longman Publishing Group.

Kingdon, J. W. (2010). Agendas, alternatives and public policies, updated Edition (2nd ed.). In International journal of management, Business and Administration, (pp. 169-178). America.

T, W. (2002). The applications of kingdon multiple streams. In journal of advance nursing (pp. 123-156). CA: master press.