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Bio 143 Week 4 Outlines and Reflection Page 1 of 1

Your Name: Shanae Hampton

Bio143 Week 4 Outlines (10 pts) and Reflection (15 pts)

Chapter 11: Patterns of Inheritance

Chapter 15: Principles of Evolution

Outlines

Instructions: Write your outlines below. See the examples in Week 1 for formatting

Chapter 11: Patterns of Inheritance (p. 174-197)

11.1 What is the Physical Basis of Inheritance? (p. 175-176)

Inheritance

11.1a Genes Are Sequences of Nucleotides at Specific Locations on Chromosomes (p. 175)

Genes, Locus, Alleles

11.1b Mutations Are the Source of Alleles (p. 175)

Mutations

11.1c An Organism’s Two Alleles May Be the Same or Different (p.175-176)

Homozygous, Heterozygous

Summary: Segments of DNA found in specific locations on chromosomes helps with the

units of inheritance which are known as genes. Genes may consist of two or more alternative

forms called alleles. When both homologous chromosomes carry the same allele at a given locus

it is homozygous. When two homologous chromosomes have different alleles at a locus it is

heterozygous.

11.2 How Were the Principles of Inheritance Discovered? (p. 176)

11.2a Doing It Right: The Secrets of Mendel’s Success (p. 176)

Self- fertilization, Cross- fertilization

Summary: Gregor Mendel concluded various principles of inheritance in the 1800s, before

the discovery of DNA, genes, chromosomes, or meiosis.

11.3 How Are Single Traits Inherited? (p. 177-180)

True-breeding, Hybrids

11.3a The Inheritance of Dominant and Recessive Alleles on Homologous Chromosomes

Explains the Results of Mendel’s Crosses (p. 177-179)

Dominant, Recessive, Law of Segregation

11.3b “Genetic Bookkeeping” Can Predict Genotypes and Phenotypes of Offspring (p. 179-180)

Punnett square method

Summary: An observable or measurable feature of an organism’s phenotype is called a

trait. The combinations of alleles in the offspring determine its phenotype. Dominant alleles

mask the expression of recessive alleles.

11.4 How Are Multiple Traits Inherited? (p. 180-182)

11.4a Mendel Hypothesized That Traits Are Inherited Independently (p. 181-182)

Law of Independent Assortment

Summary: Two traits are located on separate chromosomes. Those two traits are alleles that

assort independently of one another into the egg or sperm. Breeding two organisms that are

heterozygous at two loci on separate chromosomes produces offspring with nine different

genotypes.

11.5 Do the Mendelian Rules of Inheritance Apply to All Traits (p. 182-186)

11.5a In Incomplete Dominance, the Phenotype of Heterozygotes Is Intermediate Between the

Phenotypes of the Homozygotes (p. 182-183)

Incomplete Dominance

11.5b A Single Gene May Have Multiple Alleles (p. 183-184)

Codominance

11.5c Single Genes Typically Have Multiple Effects on Phenotype (p. 184)

pleiotropy

11.5d Many Traits Are Influenced by Several Genes (p. 185)

Polygenic inheritance

11.5e The Environment Influences the Expression of Genes (p.185-186)

Summary: Not all inheritances follow the dominant recessive pattern. In incomplete

dominance, heterozygotes have phenotypes. Codominance results when two alleles of a single

gene independently contribute to the observed phenotype. The environment influences that

phenotypic expression of virtually all traits.

11.6 How Are Genes Located on the Same Chromosome Inherited (p. 186-187)

11.6a Genes on the Same Chromosome Tend to Be Inherited Together (p. 186)

Gene Linkage

11.6b Crossing Over Creates New Combinations of Linked Alleles (p. 186-187)

Genetic recombination

Summary: Crossing over will result in some recombination of alleles on each chromosome.

Crossing over will occur more often the farther apart on a chromosome the genes are located.

11.7 How Are Sex and Sex-Linked Traits Inherited (p. 187-189)

11.7a In Mammals, the Sex of an Offspring Is Determined by the Sex Chromosome in the Sperm

(p. 187-188)

11.7b Sex-Linked Genes Are Found Only on the X or Only on the Y Chromosome (p. 188-189)

Sex-Linked

Summary: Sex is determined by sex chromosomes often X and Y. Females have 2 X and

males have one X, and one Y. Sex-linked genes are found on the X or Y chromosomes. Most Sex-linked chromosomes are found on the X.

11.8 How Are Human Genetic Disorders Inherited (p. 189-195)

Pedigree

11.8a Some Human Genetic Disorders Are Caused by Recessive Alleles (p. 190-191)

Carrier, Albinism, Sickle-cell anemia

11.8b Some Human Genetic Disorders Are Caused by Incompletely Dominant Alleles (p. 191)

11.8c Some Humans Genetic Disorders Are Caused by Dominant Alleles (p. 191-192)

Huntington disease

11.8d Some Humans Genetic Disorders Are Sex-Linked (p. 192-193)

Hemophilia

Summary: Molecular genetic techniques and analysis of family pedigrees are used to

determine the mode of inheritance of human traits. Some genetic disorders are inherited as

recessive traits. Some disorders are inherited as incompletely dominant traits. Other disorders

are inherited as simple dominant traits. Only one copy of the dominant allele is needed to cause

full disease symptoms.

Chapter 15: Principles of Evolution (p.262-280)

15.1 How Did Evolutionary Thought Develop? (p. 263-267)

Evolution, Population

15.1a Early Biological Thought Did Not Include the Concept of Evolution (p. 263)

15.1b Exploration of New Lands Revealed a Staggering Diversity of Life (p. 263-264)

15.1c A Few Speculated That Life Had Evolved (p. 264)

15.1d Fossil Discoveries Showed That Life Has Changed over Time (p. 264-266)

Fossils

15.1e Some Scientists Devised Nonrevolutionary Explanations for Fossils (p. 266)

15.1f Geology Provided Evidence That Earth Is Exceedingly Old (p. 266)

15.1g Some Pre-Darwin Biologists Proposed Mechanisms for Evolution (p. 266)

15.1h Darwin and Wallace Proposed a Mechanism of Evolution (p. 266-267)

Summary: The origin of species was the divine creation of each species in its present form,

and species were believed to remain unchanged after their creation. However, was challenged by evidence from fossils, geology, and biological exploration.

15.2 How Does Natural Selection Work? (p. 267-270)

15.2a Darwin and Wallace’s Theory Rests on Four Postulates (p. 267-270)

Natural selection

15.2b Natural Selection Modifies Populations over Time (p. 270)

Summary: Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace independently proposed the theory of

evolution by natural selection. Their theory expresses the logical consequences of four

postulates about populations including populations are variable, the variable traits can be

inherited, there is unequal reproduction, and differences in reproductive success depend on the

traits of individuals.

15.3 How Do We Know That Evolution Has Occurred? (p. 270-275)

15.3a Fossils Provide Evidence of Evolutionary Change over Time (p. 270)

15.3b Comparative Anatomy Gives Evidence of Descent with Modification (p. 270-273)

Homologous structures, Vestigial structure, Convergent evolution, Analogous

structures

15.3c Embryological Similarity Suggests Common Ancestry (p. 273)

15.3d Modern Biochemical and Genetic Analyses Reveal Relatedness Among Diverse

Organisms (p. 274-275)

Summary: Evidence that evolution has occurred includes Fossils of ancient species tend to

be simpler in form than modern species. Species thought to be related through evolution from a

common ancestors possess many similar anatomical structures. Stages in early embryological

development is quite similar among very different types of vertebrates. Living cells share

similarities in biochemical traits, such as the use of DNA as the carrier of genetic information.

15.4 What Is the Evidence That Populations Evolve By Natural Selection? (p. 275-)

15.4a Controlled Breeding Modifies Organisms (p. 275)

Artificial selection

15.4b Evolution by Natural Selection Occurs Today (p. 275-278)

Summary: Natural selection is the main component that changes in the characteristics of

species over time.

Reflection

Instructions: Write your responses below in the green boxes.

NOTE: The green boxes will expand when you type to the end of them.

1. Questions. After reading Chapter 11 and 15, write one question from each chapter that you have about the information. Go to the Discussion Board for Week 4 and post one or both of your questions below.

Chapter 11 Question	Do you think the Y chromosome really matter in a female or male?
Chapter 15 Question	Why do scientist always use rats as a tester? And compare them to humans?

2. Interesting Sections. Look at the Case Study, Science in Action, Health Watch, and Links to Everyday Life sections in each chapter. Pick ONLY one section from each chapter and in 3 sentences explain why that section was interesting to you.

	Why was this section interesting to you?
Chapter 11 Section	I figure that when it said all tall people have heart problems, I did not know that was a known fact, because I taught it all depending on your weight or a defect you were born with.
Chapter 15 Section	The wisdom teeth were good to read because I remember when they first started coming out and they use to hurt so bad in mouth, then when they were fully grown the dentist said they need to come out.

3. Design Perspective. Choose something in each chapter and explain in no more than 3 sentences how that information points to the designing work of a Creator. You will use these Design Perspective responses in your Critical Assignment, the Design Perspective Paper

	How does this information point to the designing work of a Creator?
Chapter 11	From the creator the women have different sex chromosomes, but they can only produce if they have a male and female to reproduce.
Chapter 15	The creator would want to make sure they have its surrounding, how the world is constantly changing the animals need to be able to adapt to change.

Now submit this completed Outlines and Reflection Document to Blackboard to be graded.